Lymphoma Of Cervix Research Articles

Abstract CT103: Rationale for flat dosing of AZD9150 by population pharmacokinetic analysis

Abstract Objective: AZD9150 (ISIS 481464) is a 16-nucleotide oligonucleotide antisense molecule designed to reduce expression of human STAT3 protein by targeted down-regulation of STAT3 messenger RNA and is currently in clinical development in advanced solid tumors. The recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D) for AZD9150 is 3 mg/kg, dosed based on ideal body weight (IBW) with three loading doses on day 1, 3 and 5 in week 1 followed by weekly dosing thereafter. The objective of the current analysis was to assess the effect of body size on AZD9150 pharmacokinetics (PK) to determine the appropriate dosing approach using population PK modeling. Methods: PK and demographics data from 3 phase I/II studies (481464-CS1 [NCT01563302], D5660C00001 [NCT01839604], D5660C00004 [NCT02499328]) in total of 126 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and squamous-cell carcinoma in head and neck (SCCHN), receiving doses ranging from 1 to 4 mg/kg as monotherapy or in combination with durvalumab, were used in the population PK analysis. Both 2-compartment and 3-compartment structure PK models were tested in the analysis. Patient characteristics including age, ideal body weight (IBW), race and sex were explored as covariates on relevant AZD9150 PK parameters in an automated forward inclusion followed by backward elimination procedure through use of the stepwise covariate modelling. Once a final model was identified, simulations (n=1000, body weight distribution 30 to 100 kg) were conducted to compare AZD9150 exposures at the RP2D of 3 mg/kg versus a flat dose of 200 mg. Results: A 2-compartment model with linear elimination well described the data. None of the covariates (inc. IBW) were found to significantly impact AZD9150 PK. The final PK model parameter estimate for clearance (CL), central volume of distribution (V1) and peripheral volume of distribution (V2) are 3.11 L/h, 5.56 L and 87.3 L, respectively. Model based simulations demonstrate that systemic exposure of AZD9150 was similar between 3 mg/kg versus 200 mg dose with slightly less overall between-patients variability with the flat dosing regimen. Conclusion: Population PK modeling supports the potential switch of dosing approach from 3 mg/kg dose to a flat dose of 200 mg. The AZD9150 flat dosing rationale and schedule has been granted approval by FDA (for IND 137525) and also by MHRA (for BISCAY trial) as the first protocol / IMPD to be approved in the EU. Flat dose of 200 mg is currently being evaluated in ongoing clinical studies. Citation Format: Xiao Tong, Ganesh Mugundu, Martin Scott, Carl Cook, Paul Lyne, Nidal Al-Huniti, Hongmei Xu. Rationale for flat dosing of AZD9150 by population pharmacokinetic analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr CT103.

NK/T-Cell Lymphoma Presenting as a Post-Operative Nasal Septal Perforation: A Diagnostic Challenge

Lymphoma of the nasal cavity represent only 0.2-2% of head and neck lymphomas. Treatment is medical with an overall low 5-years survival between 40% and 59%. There are high rates of relapse as well as radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance.

Incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients at a tertiary hospital in South Africa (2005 - 2016) and comparison with other African countries.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is the most common non-AIDS-defining cancer in HIV-positive patients. Studies on South African (SA) populations have described the prevalence as 7 - 17% of all lymphomas, 8 - 27% of head and neck lymphomas, 9% of lymph node biopsies and 4% of HIV-related malignancies. To describe the incidence of HL at our centre between 2005 and 2016 by year, gender, HIV status, histological subclassification and bone marrow involvement, and compare these findings with similar SA and African studies. This was a retrospective study of all incident HL cases diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town. Follow-up, relapsed and referral cases were excluded. A positive diagnosis of HL was confirmed by either lymph node or bone marrow biopsy and was based on morphological and immunohistochemical findings in accordance with the World Health Organization classification. There were 303 incident cases of HL diagnosed. The incidence increased from 2005 to 2011, with a spike in cases in 2008 and a subsequent decline overall after 2011. The highest proportion of cases was in the 25 - 49-year-old age category (51.1%). There were 77 HIV-positive patients (25.4%), of whom 53 (68.8%) had CD4+ counts <500 cells/µL. In keeping with other African studies, the main subtypes were nodular sclerosis HL (49.8%) and mixed-cellularity HL (23.1%). Bone marrow biopsy following lymph node diagnosis of HL confirmed involvement in 23.7% of patients. Absolute numbers of cases of HL at our centre have increased since the roll-out of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to the public sector. The recent change in policy to make ART available to all HIV-positive patients independent of CD4+ count suggests that patients will survive longer and are therefore at increased risk of developing HL. We anticipate that numbers of HL cases will increase or remain high in the coming years, and we need to prepare for this.

Expression of MSH2 in Head and Neck Lymphomas (A Study Utilizing Immunohistochemistry and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Expression of MSH2 in Head and Neck Lymphomas (A Study Utilizing Immunohistochemistry and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A Case of Co-Existence of Diffuse Large B cell Lymphoma in Parotid Gland and Follicular Lymphoma in Upper Neck

Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) rarely involves the parotid gland and its incidence is only 1.7% to 3.1% of all salivary gland neoplasms. The mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is the most common subtype of NHL, followed by follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, two distinct types of lymphomas occurring synchronously in the parotid gland and cervical lymph node have not been reported earlier. A 72-year-old man with rubbery-hard and fixed mass on the left parotid area came to our clinic. We performed the left total parotidectomy with ipsilateral excision of lymph node (level II), and he was finally diagnosed as DLBCL in parotid gland and FL in upper neck. It is presumed that the DLBCL appeared to be a transformation from FL. We report the unique and rare disease entity with brief literature review.

Thromboembolic events in cancer patients on active treatment with cisplatin-based chemotherapy: another look!

BackgroundThe risk of thromboembolic events is higher among cancer patients, especially in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Cisplatin-based regimens claim to be associated with a very high thromboembolic rate. In this study, we report on our own experience with thrombosis among patients on active cisplatin-based chemotherapy.MethodsMedical records and hospital databases were searched for all the patients treated with any cisplatin-based regimen for any kind of cancer. Thrombosis was considered cisplatin-related if diagnosed any time after the first dose and up to 4 weeks after the last. The Khorana risk assessment model was performed in all cases.ResultsA total of 1677 patients (65.5% males, median age: 50 years) treated with cisplatin-based regimens were identified. Head and neck (22.9%), lung (22.2%), lymphoma and gastric (11.4% each) were the most common primary tumors. Thromboembolic events were reported in 110 (6.6%); the highest was in patients with gastric cancer (20.9%) and the lowest in patients with head and neck cancers (2.3%) and lymphoma (1.6%). Thrombosis included deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 69 (62.7%), pulmonary embolism (PE) in 18 (16.9%) and arterial thrombosis in 17 (15.6%). A majority (51.1%) of the patients had stage IV disease and only 16% had stage I or II.In a multivariate analysis, significantly higher rates of thrombosis were associated with gastric as the primary tumor, advanced-stage disease, female sex but not age, and the Khorana risk score or type of cisplatin regimen. While the presence of CVC was significantly associated with the risk of thrombosis (p < 0.0001) in the univariate analysis, and such significance was lost in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 1.098; 95%CI, 0.603–1.999, p = 0.7599).ConclusionsThromboembolic events in cancer patients on active cisplatin-based chemotherapy were commonly encountered. Gastric cancer, regardless of other clinical variables, was associated with the highest risk.

Hodgkin lymphoma of the uterine cervix

An important cause of malignancy in women, cervical neoplasia commonly takes the form of either invasive squamous cell carcinoma or glandular neoplasms. Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma of the uterine cervix is rare with limited cases recorded in the 1960s and 70s.1–4 We present a case of classical Hodgkin lymphoma of the cervix in a 50-year-old immunosuppressed patient with known sarcoidosis, who presented with prominent B symptoms and radiographic features suggestive of cervical malignancy with associated nodal disease. The lesion was initially biopsied and treated with ABVD with radiographic nodal response but minimal response in the primary. Subsequent hysterectomy revealed a 35 mm cervical mass with cervical ulceration. Histologically, the mass comprised enlarged and atypical lymphocytes, many with Reed-Sternberg appearance, occurring amongst a mixed inflammatory background rich in eosinophils, with extensive fibrosis and focal necrosis. A classical Hodgkin lymphoma phenotype was seen on immunohistochemistry, with negativity for CD45 and CD20, strong positivity for CD30, MUM-1 and EBER-ISH, weak positivity for Pax-5, CD15 and Oct-2, but with complete negativity for BOB-1. EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcers, which histopathologically and immunohistochemically mimic classic Hodgkin lymphoma, have been reported in the literature5 usually occurring in immunocompromised patients. Clinical and radiological correlation is important when distinguishing between these two entities.

DNA and chromosome damage induced by bleomycin in mammalian cells: An update

Bleomycin (BLM) is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces verticillus. It has radiomimetic actions on DNA thus it has been widely used in clinical chemotherapy for the treatment of different types of cancer, including head and neck tumors, lymphomas, squamous-cell carcinomas and germ-cell tumors. Because of this, the study of BLM genotoxicity is of practical interest. This antibiotic is an S-independent clastogen and an agent that generates free radicals and induces single- and double-strand breaks in DNA. In the present review, we will summarize our current knowledge concerning the DNA and chromosome damage induced by BLM in mammalian cells, with emphasis on new developments published since 1991.

Anaesthetic Management in a Patient with Huge Lymphoma Neck Having Retrosternal Extension for Caesarean Section

Anaesthetic Management in a Patient with Huge Lymphoma Neck Having Retrosternal Extension for Caesarean Section

Characterization of Toxicities Associated with Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Lymphomas

Although toxicities for HNSCC are well described, toxicities of patients with HNL treated with modern low radiation doses and advanced RT techniques to involved site RT volumes are poorly characterized in the literature. Fear of toxicity may contribute to hesitancy to recommend RT by managing oncologists. Characterization of these toxicities would be helpful when counseling patients with HNL. This is a retrospective cohort study of HN patients treated with a first course of RT who had at least 3 months of follow-up. Toxicities were collected prospectively by care providers using CTC AE version 4.0 grading system that was built into progress note templates in the electronic medical record. From January 2007 to June 2016, 63 HNL patients were treated (50 with non-Hodgkin, 13 Hodgkin lymphoma), median age (64, range 26 to 85), 48% Stage I, 22% Stage II, 3% Stage III, 27% Stage IV. 66% were nonsmokers. As an internal control to validate our toxicity collection methods, we compared the HNL patients to 293 HNSCC patients (median age 60, range 6 to 92) whose toxicities were captured with the same method. Of the HNSCC patients, the majority (82.5%) had Stage IV disease, and 158 (54%) received concurrent chemotherapy. 43% were nonsmokers. Median RT doses were 66 Gy (range 28-80 Gy) for HNSCC and 30.6 Gy (range 18-50.4 Gy) for HNL patients. Rates of Grade 2 and higher toxicities were compared using Fisher’s exact test. The percentage of patients with Grade 2 and higher toxicities are reported in the Table. There was no significant difference in fatigue, however Grade ≥2 anorexia, xerostomia, mucositis, dysguesia, dysphagia, and dermatitis were all significantly lower in HNL patients. Although rates of Grade ≥2 toxicities were low in HNL patients (generally less than 20%), the rates of Grade 1 and higher occurred frequently despite the low doses (xerostomia 62%, dysguesia 41%, dysphagia 35%, dermatitis 51%).Abstract 3029; Table of Grade ≥2 ToxicitesHNSCC (%)HNL (%)p valueFatigue16190.582Anorexia43220.003Xerostomia1320.004Mucositis358<0.001Dysgeusia5111<0.001Dysphagia5017<0.001Dermatitis493<0.001 Open table in a new tab Radiation for HN lymphoma is far less toxic than for HNSCC, but there is still a reasonably high rate of grade 1 toxicities. These data will be useful for communicating expected toxicity rates to patients, dental professionals and referring providers.

Head and Neck Lymphoma in an Iranian Population.

This study is aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of head and neck lymphoma in a defined group of an Iranian population. In this retrospective study, 126,450 biopsy reports from two referral Pathology Departments, (Tehran, the capital of Iran) were evaluated. In cases with head and neck lymphoma, other variables such as age, sex, specific location of lesions, and histopathological findings were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to measure the prevalence and characteristics of head and neck lymphoma by means of SPSS soft ware, version 18. In total, 513 (0.4%) cases had head and neck lymphoma (46.9% male, 27.1% female) with a mean age of 46±6.2. Of the total lesions, 200 (0.15%) were Hodgkin lymphoma and 313 (0.25%) were non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Nodular sclerosis was the most common (62.5%) histopathological subtype among Hodgkin lymphoma. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (62.3%) had the highest frequency. In Hodgkin disease, classic Hodgkin lymphocytic rich, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion were only seen in the neck compartment. Bone involvement was only found in Hodgkin nodular lymphocytic predominant variation. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the tongue, palate, and vestibular mucosa were affected only by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Jaw bones were only involved with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma compared to other bony structures. T-cell lymphoma and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma were also found. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma especially in the tongue, palate, vestibular mucosa, and jaw bones.

Poster 444: Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodissection of Superficial Cervical Plexus in Patient with Severe Neck Pain after Neck Lymphoma Excision Surgery: A Case Report

Poster 444: Ultrasound-Guided Hydrodissection of Superficial Cervical Plexus in Patient with Severe Neck Pain after Neck Lymphoma Excision Surgery: A Case Report

A rare case of an extranodal head and neck lymphoma primarily diagnosed as sarcoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas-not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS) are a common lymphoid malignancy, being the most common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Typically, DLBCL-NOS arises in lymph nodes, however primarily extranodal involvement is possible, and it can present itself in various clinical and morphological types, posing a diagnostic challenge. In some cases, extranodal lymphomas may mimic non-lymphoid tumours, among them sarcomas. Treatment of DLBCL may involve chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant, while in the care of sarcomas surgery is an important modality of treatment. A-36-year-old male patient presented with a tumour of the left angle of the mandible which appeared a few days after a tooth extraction. It was first diagnosed as inflammation and treated with antibiotics. Afterwards, a biopsy indicated liposarcoma. A repeated biopsy and histopathological examination at an oncology centre revealed extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma- not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS). The patient was successfully treated with chemotherapy with rituximab and radiotherapy. Complete remission was achieved and the patient remains DLBCL-NOS free for over six years. It is vital for extranodal lymphomas to be thoroughly differentiated from other malignancies by experienced oncology centres, since a false diagnosis may lead to a dramatic mistreatment.

Trends in Radiation Therapy among Cancer Survivors in the United States, 2000-2030.

Background: Although the number of cancer survivors has increased substantially over the past several decades, the composition of survivors treated with radiotherapy is not well defined. Radiotherapy carries unique long-term toxicity risks for cancer survivors. This study describes the current estimates and future projections of the epidemiology of 5-year cancer survivors who receive radiation therapy.Methods: We used cancer incidence and survival data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) database linked to U.S. Census data to estimate the number of 5-year cancer survivors treated with radiation between 2000 and 2030. Future projections assumed continuing incidence and survival trends based on historical rates.Results: In 2016, there were an estimated 3.05 million cancer survivors treated with radiation, accounting for 29% of all cancer survivors. The number of radiation-treated cancer survivors is projected to reach 3.38 million by 2020 and 4.17 million by 2030. In 2016, breast (40%) and prostate cancer (23%) composed the majority of radiation-treated survivors, followed by head and neck cancer (5.8%), lymphoma (5.6%), uterine (3.9%), and rectal cancer (3.8%). The percentage of 70 years or older radiation-treated survivors steadily increased between 2000 and 2030.Conclusions: The next several years are projected to see a large increase in the number of cancer survivors treated with radiation.Impact: This group of cancer survivors has unique needs given the long-term risks of radiation, and increased research and awareness are required to optimize health of this growing population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 963-70. ©2017 AACR.

Efficacy, cost-utility and reach of an eHealth self-management application 'Oncokompas' that helps cancer survivors to obtain optimal supportive care: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundCancer survivors have to deal with a wide range of physical symptoms, psychological, social and existential concerns, and lifestyle issues related to cancer and its treatment. Therefore, it is essential that they have access to optimal supportive care services. The eHealth self-management application Oncokompas was developed to support cancer survivors with where they need to turn to for advice and guidance, as well as to increase their knowledge on the availability of optimal support. A randomised controlled trial will be conducted to assess the efficacy, cost-utility and reach of Oncokompas as an eHealth self-management application compared with care as usual among cancer survivors.Methods/designAdult cancer survivors diagnosed with breast, colorectal or head and neck cancer or lymphoma who are at 3 months to 5 years since curative treatment will be included. In total, 544 cancer survivors will be randomly assigned to the intervention group or a wait-list control group. The primary outcome measure is patient activation. Secondary outcome measures include self-efficacy, personal control, perceived patient-physician interaction, need for supportive care, mental adjustment to cancer and health-related quality of life. Furthermore, cost-utility outcomes will be assessed. Reach is defined as the percentage of cancer survivors who get access to Oncokompas within the context of this trial. Questionnaires will be administered at baseline, post-intervention and at 3- and 6-month follow-up.DiscussionIn this study, we will evaluate the efficacy and cost-utility of Oncokompas among cancer survivors, as well as the reach of Oncokompas. These are essential first steps in the translation of research into practice and contribute to sustainable adoption, implementation and maintenance of an evidence-based Oncokompas.Trial registrationNetherlands Trial Register identifier: NTR5774. Registered on 8 March 2016.

Role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in addition to revised international prognostic index (R-IPI) in patients with extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of head and neck.

e19032 Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most prevalent subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). One third of DLBCLs cases have a primary extranodal origin and head and neck localization is second most common localization after gastrointestinal tract. The Revised-International Prognostic Index (r-IPI) is commonly used as prognostic tool, but there is growing evidence that neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) also has prognostic significance in DLBCL. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of extranodal DLBCLs diagnosed between 2006 and 2016 at a single academic institution. Collected data included race, gender, primary site, baseline laboratory data, IPI score, pathology, treatment and survival. Results: A total of 33 patient were included, with 18 (54.5%) being females. Median age at diagnosis was 68 (range 28-92). 15% of patients had a r-IPI of 0, 30% a r-IPI of 1-2, 12% a rIPI of 3-5 and 36% a not evaluable (NE) r-IPI. Twelve (36%) patients had germinal center B cell subtype (GCB) and 17 (51%) patients had activated B cell subtype (ABC) by immunohistochemistry. Among all patients, 13 (39%) had pretreatment NLR equal or more than 3.5 and 11 (33%) patients had NLR less than 3.5 and 9 patients had a NE NLR. . Among deceased patients, 5 (56%) of them had NLR of more that 3.5 (p =0.011). Nine (27%) patients had pretreatment monocyte count less than 700/mm3 and 14 (42%) patients had monocyte count at least 700/mm3 (p=0.611). The 2-year overall survival was 77% (95% CI 0.61 - 0.93). Conclusions: (R-IPI) is the most common tool to predict outcome in DLBCL and our study showed that pretreatment NLR can be used as additional poor prognosis marker for patients with extranodal DLBCL of the head and neck. [Table: see text]

Mammography use, incidence, and survival of primary breast lymphoma.

e13087 Background: Breast lymphoma is rare and, unlike in carcinoma, surgery is not the primary treatment modality, so early detection may not contribute to survival. Caon et al. ( Clin Breast Cancer 2012) reported that 85% of aggressive lymphomas are diagnosed by a palpable mass, while 56% of indolent subtypes, by mammography. Our objective was to compare incidence, clinical features, and survival of breast lymphomas according to prevalence of screening mammography. Methods: From the United States SEER registry, we selected primary breast lymphomas diagnosed in 2000-2013 among women ≥40 years old, distinguishing DLBCL, marginal zone (MZL), follicular (FL), and other histologies. Mammography use in county of residence was expressed as % of women ≥40 years old with a mammogram in past 2 years, estimated from the National Cancer Institute’s small-area models. We calculated incidence rates (IR) for each county, and compared them in a Poisson model (with 95% confidence intervals, CI). Head and neck (H&amp;N) lymphomas were used as sensitivity controls. Overall survival (OS, from diagnosis) was compared in a Cox model adjusting for age, race, and median income in the county. Results: We identified 1662 cases of breast lymphoma, with a median age of 69 years. The most common subtypes were DLBCL (39%), MZL (26%), and FL (16%). Stage distribution was: 1 in 62%, 2 in 17%, and 3 or 4 in 21%. Incidence of breast lymphoma increased by 24% for every 10% increase in mammography use (IR ratio, 1.24, 95%CI, 1.15-1.34, P&lt;.0001). This relationship was absent for controls with H&amp;N lymphoma (IR ratio, 1.02, 95%CI 0.97-1.07, P=.43). In breast lymphoma, there was no difference in histologies ( P=.19), stage ( P=.83), or OS by mammography prevalence (hazard ratio 1.01 for every 10% increase, 95%CI, 0.87-1.18, P=.87). OS at 5 years was 60% for DLBCL, 77% for MZL, and 84% for FL. Conclusions: Prevalent mammography use is associated with increased incidence of breast lymphoma, without evident change in stage distribution or survival. Further research will be needed to investigate responsible causal pathways, or potential overdiagnosis. [Table: see text]

EP-1039: CTV growth evaluation for involved site neck lymphoma RT if pre-chemo RT position PET-CT is absent

EP-1039: CTV growth evaluation for involved site neck lymphoma RT if pre-chemo RT position PET-CT is absent

Head and neck lymphomas: A 20-year review in an Oral Pathology Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa, a country with the highest global incidence of HIV/AIDS

ObjectivesNon-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs with increasing frequency in HIV/AIDS. As South Africa has the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS worldwide, an epidemiologic study of this nature provides insight into head and neck lymphomas in a defined South African population. This retrospective review evaluated frequency and clinico-pathologic characteristics of patients diagnosed with head and neck lymphoma at the Oral Pathology Department, University of Witwatersrand between 1993 and 2012. Materials and methodsHistopathology reports of patients with head and neck lymphomas (n=504) were reviewed. Demographic (age, gender), clinical (site and size of tumour), laboratory and histological parameters were recorded. ResultsThere were 504 patients with head and neck lymphomas. The mean age was 40.4years. The male:female ratio was 1.1:1. The cervical lymph node was the most common anatomic site (115 cases) and the maxilla (60 cases) the most common extranodal site. Plasmablastic lymphoma (159 cases) was the most common histologic subtype, seen more frequently as a result of its strong association with HIV/AIDS. The most common Hodgkin’s lymphoma was the nodular sclerosing variant (21 cases). Of the head and neck lymphomas in patients with a known HIV status, 56% had plasmablastic lymphoma, 43.9% diffuse large B cell lymphoma and 25% Burkitt lymphoma. ConclusionThere is an increase in head and neck lymphoma frequency, contrary to that found in Western countries. The high HIV prevalence in certain lymphomas provides strong indication of the role of HIV/AIDS in pathogenesis of lymphomas. This study serves as a baseline for future studies, especially in South Africa.

Head and Neck Lymphomas in HIV Patients: a Clinical Perspective.

Introduction Because of the many HIV-related malignancies, the diagnosis and treatment of lymphoma in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus are challenging. Objective Here, we review current knowledge of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of head and neck lymphomas in HIV patients from a clinical perspective. Data Synthesis Although Hodgkin's lymphoma is not an AIDS-defining neoplasm, its prevalence is ten times higher in HIV patients than in the general population. NHL is the second most common malignancy in HIV patients, after Kaposi's sarcoma. In this group of patients, NHL is characterized by rapid progression, frequent extranodal involvement, and a poor outcome. HIV-related salivary gland disease is a benign condition that shares some features with lymphomas and is considered in their differential diagnosis. Conclusion The otolaryngologist may be the first clinician to diagnose head and neck lymphomas. The increasing survival of HIV patients implies clinical and epidemiological changes in the behavior of this disease. Early diagnosis is important to improve the prognosis and avoid the propagation of HIV infection.