Lviv Region Research Articles

MONITORING THE STATE OF THE AIR ENVIRONMENT IN THE LVIV REGION

The article presents the results of monitoring the state of the air environment of Lviv region in 2020. The main sources of pollution are identified and statistical data on emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are given. The aim of the work is to analyze the state of the environment, natural resources of Lviv region, trends in their changes and environmental measures. Volumes of pollutant emissions from stationary sources of air pollution from enterprises, institutions and organizations of Lviv region were determined by conducting an inventory of stationary sources of pollutant emissions into the air, types and volumes of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere by stationary sources, equipment facilities of the region.

Doslidzhennia poshyrenosty leptospirozu na terytorii Lvivskoi oblasty iz zastosuvanniam HIS-tekhnolohii

Introduction. Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread bacterial zoonosis in the world. Understanding the changes affecting the spatial and functional structure of natural foci of leptospirosis, peculiarities of epizootic and epidemic processes is of particular importance for practical medicine. For this purpose, we have chosen a geographic information system (GIS), which helps to summarize information about the incidence of leptospirosis in Lviv region. The aim of the study. Our study aimed to assess the territorial spreading of leptospirosis and identify the risks of infection with this disease in Lviv Oblast based on evident retrospective analysis of the epidemic process using geomapping technologies created with geographic information systems. Materials and methods. An electronic database of leptospirosis cases in humans and infected mouse-like rodents was created using Microsoft Excel. The QGIS 2.0.1 was used to analyze the obtained data, the map of the 259 human and 3524 rodent cases of Leptospirosis in Lviv Oblast was created. All calculations were performed using the ʺStatistica 10.0ʺ application package by Windows. The results were statistically processed using the Fisher’s bilateral test. Results. Layered plotting of the data on Lviv Oblast map demonstrated the diversity and distribution of leptospirosis cases in humans and rodents. Further comparisons took into account the geographical landscape of the Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian Carpathians, Forest-steppe and Forest zones). The greatest number rodents that tested positive was observed in the forest-steppe zone (13.16 %), 10.66 % of all positive animals came from the forest zone, and 10.26 % of test-positive animals came from the zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians (both p value less than 0.05). A similar pattern was found in humans: significantly more cases of the disease were recorded in Forest-steppe zone – 62.94 %, compared with the Forest zone (24.32 %) and the zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians (12.74 %), both p value less than 0.001. Conclusions. The geographic information system allowed to obtain a spatial understanding of the Leptospira geographical distribution in Lviv Oblast. The zoning of the territory with using of geographic information systems determins that the area of the highest risk of infection of leptospirosis for people is the Forest-steppe zone of Lviv Region.

Олександр Карпенко в Інституті суспільних наук: формування науковця (1952–1960)

The article analyzes the scientific and organizational activities of Oleksandr Yukhymovych Karpenko (1921–2013) – a famous Ukrainian historian, teacher, local historian. Eight years of work at the Institute of Social Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1952–1960) is a period of formation of Alexander Karpenko as a historian-researcher and scientist. The work of the famous historian at the Institute is divided into two stages: 1) 1952–1956; 2) 1956–1960. The first period was characterized primarily by multifaceted scientific activity. In February 1953 he defended his dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences on the topic: “Peasant uprisings in the Lviv region in 1932–1933.” at the Institute of History of the USSR in the Academy of Sciences. On the basis of the materials of the mentioned dissertation he prepared the monograph “Peasant uprisings in Poland in 1932–1933” was. (1955); Additionally, seven articles were published in scientific journals and five articles were prepared for publication. The second period (1956–1960) was much more difficult for Karpenko, as he was the first to feel the pressure of the totalitarian system on the humanities in the USSR. His speech at a scientific conference in 1956 as well as his articles on the formation of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic aroused devastating criticism from the party nomenklatura. In the end, these circumstances forced him to leave the Institute of Social Sciences in 1960. The article is written mainly on the materials of the personal file of Karpenko, which is stored in the Ivan Krypyakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Ліквідація хуторів у північних районах Львівської області в другій половині ХХ ст.

The settlement structure of the countryside was the most affected by administrative and territorial reforms during the Soviet period. Radical changes took place in rural settlements in late 1940s and early 1950s. Earlier Soviet regime stopped the transformation of the peasantry into a farming stratum by force. The growth of the farm type motivated the spread of dispersed forms of rural settlement. The main thesis of the article is large-scale process of liquidation of small settlements in the second half of the twentieth century as the result of state policy of the USSR. This led to the destruction of dispersed forms of rural settlements. Khutirs represented sole homekeeping and entrepreneurial initiative in rural areas in the second half of the twentieth century; they were declared a major obstacle to collectivization. Unification of social, political and economic life in the USSR did not provide for the existence of such settlements. The liquidation of the khutirs was to overcome peasant individualism. The scattered form of resettlement and land use contradicted the principles of organizing the work of collective farms. Archival documents show that the khutirs were also considered the main centers of support for the underground movement. The basis for the liquidation of khutirs was the resolution of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) (All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)). CPSU(b) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of May 27, 1939. The total liquidation of khutirs in the western regions of Ukraine was continued by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of Ukrainian SSR and the Central Committee of the VKP(b) № 2467 of August 12, 1950. The new stage of the campaign began on July 4, 1952 with the issuance of another order of the Government of the USSR. The liquidation of farms took other forms in the following years. On the example of the northern districts of Lviv region, changes in the settlement structure are highlighted in this article. In the northern districts of Lviv region, a khutir was the main type of small-scale settlement that belonged to one rural community. The destruction of the khutirs began under the initiative of the central government of the USSR, which did not take into account the interests of the peasants. Lists of settlements to be resettled were formed on the basis of proposals sent to the regional authorities by the heads of district executive committees. The lack of clear criteria for the typology of settlements has led to heterogeneity of the lists. The resettlement process only had a coordinated form at the documentary level. In fact, people have experienced huge difficulties and inconveniences related to the new rural order, housing, land development, shortages of goods and so on. Large-scale process of liquidation of small settlements in the second half of the twentieth century was the result of state policy of the USSR. The disappearance of this type of settlement is connected with the implementation of a purposeful state policy.

Influence of potassium dichromate on the reduction of sulfur, nitrate and nitrite ions by bacteria Desulfuromonas sp.

This article presents the regularities of reduction of sulfur, nitrate and nitrite ions by sulfur reducing bacteria Desulfuromonas sp., which were isolated from the water of the man-made Yavorivske Lake (Lviv Region, Ukraine), under the influence of potassium dichromate. This bacteria in the process of anaerobic respiration can use and reduce different electron acceptors, such as sulfur, nitrates, nitrites, oxidized forms of heavy metals, in particular, hexavalent chromium. Technogenically altered ecotopes are characterized by complex pollution, so several electron acceptors are available to bacteria at the same time. Strains of microorganisms isolated from such ecotopes are adapted to unfavourable conditions and therefore have high biotechnological potential. The purpose of this work was to investigate the regularities of elemental sulfur, nitrate or nitrite ion usage by sulfidogenic bacteria of Desulfuromonas genus in conditions of simultaneous presence in the medium of another electron acceptor – Cr(VI), to establish the succession of reduction of electron acceptors by strains of these bacteria and to evaluate the efficiency of their possible application in technologies of complex purification of the environment from metal compounds and other inorganic toxicants. Bacteria were grown under anaerobic conditions in Kravtsov-Sorokin medium without SO42– and without Mohr’s salt for 10 days. To study the efficiency of sulfur, nitrate or nitrite ions’ reduction at simultaneous presence in the medium of Cr(VI) bacteria were sown in media with elemental sulfur, NaNO3, NaNO2 or K2Cr2O7 to final S0, NO3–, NO2–or Cr(VI) concentration in the medium of 3.47 (concentration of SO42– in medium of standard composition) or 1.74, 3.47, 5.21, 6.94 and 10.41 mM. Biomass was determined by the turbidimetric method, and the concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium ions, hydrogen sulfide, Cr(VI), Cr(ІІІ) in cultural liquid were determined spectrophotometrically. It has been established that Cr(VI) inhibits the biomass accumulation and hydrogen sulfide production by bacteria of Desulfuromonas sp. after simultaneous addition into the medium of 3.47 mM S0 and 1.74–10.41 mM Cr(VI). In the medium with the same initial content (3.47 mM) of S0 and Cr(VI) bacteria produced Cr(III) at concentrations 3.3–3.4 times higher than that of hydrogen sulfide. It has been shown that K2Cr2O7 inhibits biomass accumulation, nitrate ions’ reduction and ammonium ions’ production by bacteria after simultaneous addition into the medium of 3.47 mM NO3– and 1.74–10.41 mM Cr(VI) or 1.74–10.41 mM NO3– and 3.47 mM Cr(VI). In the medium with the same initial content (3.47 mM) of NO3– and Cr(VI) bacteria reduced up to 1.2 times more nitrate ions than Cr(VI) with the production of ammonium ions at concentrations the same times higher than those of Cr(III). It has been established that K2Cr2O7 inhibits biomass accumulation, nitrite ions’ reduction and ammonium ions’ production by bacteria after simultaneous addition into the medium of 3.47 mM NO2– and 1.74–10.41 mM Cr(VI) or 1.74–10.41 mM NO2– and 3.47 mM Cr(VI). In the medium with the same initial content of (3.47 mM) NO2– and Cr(VI) the reduction of Cr(VI) by bacteria was only slightly, up to 1.1 times, lower than the reduction of nitrite ions, almost the same concentrations of trivalent chromium and ammonium ions were detected in the cultural liquid. The processes of nitrate and nitride reduction carried out by bacteria of Desulfuromonas genus were revealed to be less sensitive to the negative influence of sodium dichromate, as compared with the process of sulfur reduction, because in the media with the same initial content (3.47 mM) of NO3– or NO2– and Cr(VI) bacteria produced 1.1–1.2 times more NH4+ than Cr(III), but in the medium with the same initial content (3.47 mM) of S0 and Cr(VI) ) bacteria produced over than three times more Cr(III) than hydrogen sulfide. Our data allow us to conclude that bacteria of Desulfuromonas genus, the investigated strains of which are adapted to high concentrations (up to 10.41 mM) of inorganic toxicants, play an important role in the geochemical cycles of sulfur, nitrogen and chromium in aquatic environments that have been under anthropogenic influence.

Master's Photo Art Project ‘Development of Ukrainian film distribution in Lviv region as a component of film production in Ukraine’

The author's idea. The idea of this Master’s Photo Art Project was to draw attention to the development and decay of cinemas in the Lviv region. Cinema, since its inception, has had a great impact on people, his development, formation, more than once has returned the course of history. Cinemas are a place where you can meet its miracle face to face, touch it. However, what is the current state of Ukrainian cinemas? Who still goes there? Can we say, that at the beginning of the internet era, the cinemas are a relic of the past, which now play only a symbolic role? Having watched the cinemas of the Lviv region, communicating with employees and visitors, I tried to answer these questions, first of all for myself. Research on the development of Ukrainian film distribution is very important in modern conditions, as it is an integral component, the basic basis of cinema, which in turn is a priority of public policy in the humanitarian sphere and determined by the Laws of Ukraine ‘On Culture’, ‘On Cinematography’, etc. Successful, profitable film distribution is a financial platform for the development of film production. Therefore, in-depth analysis of ways and directions of film distribution, research of formation conditions and successful realization of its potential, study and coverage of effective principles of film network existence, construction of forecast models of its further functioning are actual and necessary for the social and economic and political development of society.

Geochemical features of the accumulation and migration of heavy metals in the peats of the Lviv region

Problem formulation. Study and interpretation of geochemical characteristic, component composition, content of macro- and microelements in peat has both a general scientific fundamental character and an applied one. Its results used for various purposes: quality assessment of peat, determination of the possibility of their use in industry etc. The article is devoted to study of the elements and microelements distribution in the peat of the Lviv region. The study of peatlands in western Ukraine and their component composition carried out only during geological exploration aimed at assessing the regions potential to produce own peat fertilizers or fuel. Article purpose. The aim of the work is to present an extended geochemical characteristic of Lviv’s region peats, to determine peats typical microelement composition and geochemical specialization, to establish regional regularities of distribution and accumulation of elements using methods of mathematical and statistical analysis, and to study the factors controlling the content, distribution and genesis of microelements in the region peatlands. Object, subject, factual material and research methods. The object of research is peat and its ash from peatlands of the Lviv region. The subject of research is geochemical characteristic of this peat, regional patterns of distribution and accumulation of chemical elements, components and geological and geochemical indicators in peats. The ashes of 248 peat samples taken in 110 representative areas were analyzed by spectral semi-quantitative analysis for the content of 21 chemical elements and other geochemical characteristics of peat (pH, ash content, etc.). Discussion. An integrated approach to the study of the geochemical characteristics of peat made it possible to identify the spatial geochemical features of peats in the territory of the Lviv region, to determine their typical microelements composition, to establish regional regularities of their distribution and accumulation (changes) - significant unevenness of the concentration of microelements by area of distribution, high indicators of the content of Mo, Yt, Sr, Co, Ag, Ba, Be, Pb in relation to the clarks of the lithosphere, soils, and plants. According to the results of correlation, factor and cluster analyzes, the following typomorphic geochemical associations of peats of the Lviv region can be distinguished: Ti-Ga-Cu-Y-Pb-Sc-V-Yb-Be is associated with the features of natural soil-forming processes of geochemical landscapes; Ni-Mo-Zn is possibly of technogenic origin and is associated with the accumulation of heavy metals in soils due to the development of mineral deposits. Conclusion. The analysis of the spatial distribution, mathematical and statistical processing of the geochemical characteristics and the composition and given varimax factor features and other integral and single-component parameters of peats described in the study indicates their satisfactory condition and can be to conclude that there is no regional pollution of peats in the Lviv region with heavy metals (except for Mo) or that the regional impact of such pollution is completely insignificant.

Social and ecological prerequisites for the development of innovative nature management in the communities in Lviv region

Purpose. Based on the analysis of socio-ecological conditions for the development of innovative nature management in the communities in Lviv region, to determine the main factors of innovative industrial production. Methods. Analysis, synthesis, comparison. Results. The concept of "industrial nature management in the community" is covered. We described the socio-ecological conditions for the development of innovative nature management and the main factors of innovative industrial nature management in modern decentralization within the newly created territorial communities are as follows: technology, legislation in the field of innovation, demand for innovative products, information and investment resources, highly skilled labor, efficiency of management.. Innovative activity within the enterprises of Lviv region and the state of the technological structure of industrial production in the region are characterized. Attention is paid to the possibility of structural restructuring of industrial nature management.The peculiarities of the development of innovative nature management within the Lviv region, the mechanisms of stimulating investment and innovative development of territorial communities are highlighted. The concept of "industrial park" is considered, as well as the concept of creating industrial parks. The functional purpose of nine industrial parks, which are planned to be created within the territory of Lviv region, is described. The industrial zoning of the region is highlighted and the main industrial centers within them are characterized. Conclusions. Structural restructuring of industrial nature management should be based on optimizing the use of existing in the community natural resource, socio-economic, cultural and historical potentials, optimizing the directions and scale of nature management. At the same time, the least environmentally harmful industries deserve the priority development.

ANALYSIS OF TOURIST POTENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEROIC-PATRIOTIC TOURISM IN THE CARPATHIAN REGION OF UKRAINE

In the current conditions of the war in Ukraine, when the country is at the cost of living and the efforts of the Ukrainian military, volunteers, volunteers defend freedom and territorial integrity, national-patriotic education becomes a priority. Therefore, in this article, we have analyzed the main types of resources used in the organization of heroic and patriotic tours in the Carpathian region of Ukraine and their importance for the patriotic education of youth. Lviv region belongs to the regions of Ukraine where there are the most favorable opportunities for the development of heroic and patriotic tourism. The region has a significant number of heroic and patriotic resources, in total, more than 170. Among all types of heroic and patriotic resources, the largest share is occupied by monuments and memorial sites associated with prominent figures of the national liberation struggle, burials are in the second places, monuments and memorials associated with significant historical events and their participants occupy the third position, museums and museum exhibits occupy the fourth position and military infrastructure (hiding places) in number are in fourth place. Transcarpathia, given the historical peculiarities of its formation, also has significant resources for the development of heroic and patriotic tourism. The treasury of cultural heritage of the Transcarpathian region includes monuments of archeology, history, architecture, and monumental art. Ivano-Frankivsk region also has a large number of material and spiritual monuments, including museums. According to research, about 170 objects of heroic and patriotic tourism have been identified in the region. Chernivtsi region also has a large number of museums and memorial sites associated with the life and work of prominent figures of science and culture of Bukovina and Europe. Burials and museums are important among the heroic and patriotic resources of Bukovina. In total, more than 600 tourist sites have been discovered in the Carpathian region, among which the most numerous are burials and monuments, and memorial sites associated with significant historical events and their participants. In particular, museums and military infrastructure are of great interest to tourists, the largest number of them were found in Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions.

Exterior features and morphometric parameters of the bees’ wing of different breeding crosses of the Carpathian breed

Honey bees are essential insects due to their ecological and economic value, as they are used not only to obtain valuable products (honey, pollen, Perga, etc.) but also to pollinate plants and increase yields. The Carpathian breed occupies a prominent place in the diversity of bees’ further intensification, which depends on the efficiency of selection and breeding work on improvement of existent and creation of new types and lines between which genetic material can be exchanged. New breeding populations must be comprehensively evaluated for economically valuable traits, including the exterior, and the best ones must be identified. Given the stated, the purpose of our research was to study the external features and morphometric parameters of the wings of bees of different breeding crosses of the Carpathian breed. Studies have been conducted on bees of various genealogical formations of the Carpathian breeds in private apiaries in the Navariya village, Lviv region. 6 groups of 10 bee colonies in each were formed to conduct experimental studies: I – the control group – local bees of the Carpathian population (type “Vuchkivskyi”); ІІ – the experimental group – inbred group ♀ micro population “915” x ♂ micro population “915”; III – the experimental group – selection cross ♀ line “Sto” x ♂ micro population “915”; IV – the experimental group – selection cross ♀ Vuchkivskyix ♂ micro population “915”; V – research group – selection cross ♀ line “Troisek 07” x ♂ micro population “915”; VI – research group – breeding cross ♀ micro population G. Macha x ♂ micro population “915”. It is established that bees of different selection crosses of the Carpathian breed significantly differed in exterior features and morphometric parameters of wings, while the difference between the studied features ranged from insignificantly unreliable to significant reliable data. The fifth group was characterized by the most extended proboscis (6.72 mm) and the highest value of the cubital index (2.75 %), and – the sixth group by the most extensive length of the front wing (9.38 mm). The bees of the third group were characterized by the highest value of front wing width (3.33 mm), wax mirror length (1.43 mm), a sum of lengths of third and fourth tergites (4.54 mm), and dumbbell index (1.11 %), and the fourth group – by the most significant number of hooks on the rear wing (21.80 pcs.), the highest value of the tarsal index (53.51 %) and discoidal displacement (4.79 %). The insects of the first and the third group were characterized by the largest width of the wax mirror (2.26 mm). However, it is worth noting that all the studied features of the exterior of bees and morphometric parameters of the wings were within the standard of the Carpathian bees breed.

Influence of feeding level on the formation of milk productivity of dry cows

The materials of the publication demonstrate the results of scientific research conducted on Simmental cattle in the farm “Pchany-Denkovych” Stryy district of the Lviv region. The research is based on optimizing the normalized feeding of cows during the start-up period. The diets of experimental animals include low, medium, and high levels of energy nutrition according to detailed standards. The study was conducted on three groups of Simmental cows with eight heads each. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the different levels of energy nutrition of experimental animals did not significantly affect the hematological parameters; their level was within physiological norms for healthy animals. Estimating the intensity of metabolic processes in the body of dry cows was carried out based on the contents of the scar. There was a probable increase in the number of amylo- and cellulolytic bacteria, the number of which prevailed (the second and third groups) in comparison with the control by 1.42–2.32 and 2.32–2.53 million/ml. A similar pattern was observed for the number of proteolytic bacteria. The increase in these populations of microorganisms contributed to their enzymatic activity, which led to a probable increase in the number of LVH, which are precursors of milk fat. According to the indicators of live weight gain during the dry season, animals of the second and third groups had an advantage. Physicochemical parameters of milk were also better in these groups of cows; the higher the level of nutrition, the higher the fat, protein content in milk. A similar analogy is observed for the dynamics of the live weight of calves, which is directly proportional to the level of feeding cows during the dry season. For four months, the calves of the experimental groups had higher growth energy (6.7–10.5 % compared to the control). The control over the level of milk productivity of cows after calving was carried out according to control milk yields, which showed that the hopes for lactation in the experimental groups were 7.2–8.0 % higher than in the control group. This is because the animals of the experimental groups, due to the higher level of feeding according to detailed standards in the dry season, deposited more nutrients in the body and thus provided a higher level of milk productivity. Therefore, the conducted research gives grounds to recommend the farm to use high and medium levels of energy nutrition for cows during the dry season.

Features of pathogenesis in sacbrood virus at honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Bees and their larvae are prone to various viral diseases, which lead to disruption of the vital activity of the bee colony and sometimes to its death. It is hazardous for the bee colony when a sac-like brood damages it. Sick families differ sharply from healthy ones in terms of their condition and productivity; they develop slowly in the spring and grow few offspring. Adult bees of sick families do not live long; they are not very active, weakly protect nests, fly sluggishly, and are unfriendly to collect honey. Therefore, the work aimed to identify physiological changes in the intestines of sexually mature ewes affected by cystic brood. The experimental part of the work was carried out in the conditions of the Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv. The research was conducted during 2018–2020 at a farm in the Stryi district of the Lviv region. The farm's apiary consisted of 230 bee families. The subjects of the study were fertile uteri aged two years. Signs of virus damage were detected on the farm in 2018 and 2019. The diagnosis was confirmed based on epizootological data, clinical signs, and laboratory studies. By conducting histological studies, data on the pathogenesis of honey bees affected by the virus were supplemented. The data on physiological and morphological changes in the middle intestine of pregnant mothers are given. Histological studies were carried out in different parts of the mid intestine. Changes in the function of the peritrophic membrane were found in sick uteri compared to clinically healthy ones. An increase in the length of the midgut fold in the front part of the intestine by 23% was revealed (Р ˂ 0.001). Under the influence of the pathogenicity of the virus, there is an intensive proliferation of enterocytes in the middle part of the intestine. In the case of damage by a sac-like brood, the work of the membrane-associated with the motor, secretory and other functions of the midgut is disturbed. This, in turn, leads to dystrophic and inflammatory changes in the surface epithelium and also inhibits the regeneration process. Damage to the structural components of the mucous membrane is indicated by the absence of a hypertrophic membrane in the caudal direction of the midgut of sick mothers, where necrotic damage to the mucous membrane up to the basement membrane is revealed.

Metabolism of carbohydrates and activity of the antioxidant system in mosses on a post-technogenic salinized territory

Adaptive physiological and biochemical reactions of mosses Didymodon rigidulus Hedw., Barbula unguiculata Hedw. and Brachythecium campestre (Müll. Hal.) Schimp. to salt stress have been investigated from the territory of the tailings storage of the Stebnyk Mining and Chemical Enterprise “Polymineral” (Lviv region, Ukraine). The peculiarities of carbohydrate metabolism in mosses under salinity conditions have been studied. The content of soluble carbohydrates and proline, the antioxidant activity, the content of ascorbate and reduced glutathione as well as the activity of enzymes of their metabolism – ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase at the initial stages of the stress (salt shock) and prolonged stress exposure (salt stress) have been evaluated. It has been found that the increase of α-amylase activity, enhancement of the hydrolysis of starch and the increase of the concentration of soluble carbohydrates under salt stress were the reactions of the studied species of mosses. It has been established that there was an increase in the concentration of soluble carbohydrates by 1.2–1.5 times in moss shoots under salinity conditions, compared with plants from the background area (vicinity of Stebnyk). Experimental studies have shown that under salinity conditions sucrose dominates in the pool of soluble carbohydrates (59.0–79.5% of the total sugars content). The sucrose content was 1.5–2.0 times higher in the plants B. unguiculata and D. rigidulus from the highly saline area of the tailings storage. It has been indicated that under stress conditions constitutive adaptive mechanisms are more expressed in resistant moss species, and plants with a lower level of resistance adapt to the stressor, mainly due to induced protective systems. Experimental studies have shown that plants B. unguiculata and D. rigidulus, which are resistant to abiotic stressors, have a high constitutive pool of soluble carbohydrates both at the beginning of the experiment and under prolonged exposure of the salt stress. In the shoots of the sensitive moss B. campestre the stress-induced character of the sugars accumulation has been revealed. The accumulation of proline in mosses cells under salt stress depended on their species characteristics. The stress-induced accumulation of proline can be considered as a part of the bryophytes’ protective system, but this osmolyte does not play a key role in the formation of the mosses’ resistance to salt stress. Obviously, soluble carbohydrates are the main osmolytes in the moss cells. It has been found that resistant moss species have a high constitutive antioxidant status, while in the sensitive moss B. campestre the increase in the antioxidant activity occurred during prolonged salt stress, which may indicate its induced nature. It has been shown that the resistant mosses B. unguiculata and D. rigidulus have 3–4 times higher levels of glutathione and ascorbate content and 1.6–2.5 times higher activity of enzymes of their metabolism – glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase, compared to plants of the less tolerant moss species B. campestre, which provided reduction of the lipid peroxidation process in plasma membranes and decreased the content of TBA-active products under stress.

Аgglutination test and passive hemagglutination test as immunological methods of antigenisisty assessment of vaccines against poultry salmonellosis

Salmonellosis ranks first among acute intestinal infections with an established pathogen in Ukraine. Poultry products are the most frequent source of human salmonellosis is the highest in both the world and Ukraine. Therefore, Salmonella-specific prevention measures in most countries are an issue of great importance. The study's goal was to compare the levels of antibodies against Salmonella to the enteritidis, Typhimurium, and infantis monoantigens in the serum of poultry immunized with the experimental bivalent, the trivalent vaccine against salmonellosis using the Agglutination test (AT) and Passive Hemagglutination test (PHA). The research of two Salmonella inactivated emulsified vaccines – bivalent (S. enteritidis) and trivalent (S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium and S. infantis) was conducted on one of the poultry farms of the Lviv region. The birds were vaccinated two times in the 14th day's interval. The sera samples were taken on the 14, 21, and 28th days after the last shot. The antibody (agglutinin) levels were assessed in the AT and PHA. Both vaccines (bivalent and trivalent) inducted an intense immune response in birds' organisms. The average antibody titers were 1 : 512 –1 : 717 using the AT and 1 : 4096 – 1 : 5734 using the PHA. The highest antibody levels were detected for S. Enteritidis: 1 : 5734 for trivalent vaccine and 1 : 5120 for bivalent one using PHA. AT antibody levels were lower: 1 : 717 for the trivalent vaccine and 1 : 640 for the bivalent. The antibody levels to S. typhimurium were: 1 : 4915 for trivalent vaccine and 1 : 4710 for bivalent (PHA) and 1 : 640 for trivalent vaccine 1 : 589 for bivalent on (AT). The lowest antibody levels were detected in S. Infantis in both tests. An interesting fact of S. infantis agglutinins presence in serum samples from poultry vaccinated with the bivalent vaccine in both tests may be explained by cross-immunity formed by S. enteritidis – S. typhimurium vaccine.

Formation of digital databases in monitoring of realization of educational-intellectual potential of the regions of Ukraine

The object of research is databases of graduates of educational institutions that need to be digitalized and prepared for analysis. The study highlights the formation of a digital database out of the graduates among educational institutions for monitoring the implementation of educational and intellectual potential. Monitoring procedures for tracking the implementation of educational and intellectual potential are an important component of making managerial decisions to balance supply and demand in professional labor markets, make better use of the human potential of economic development, and reform educational institutions in accordance with the latest public needs. Monitoring procedures for tracking the employment of graduates are an important element of Education Management. The study highlights the technology of preparing and forming databases of graduates of educational institutions for further work with them (conducting a survey, summarizing and visualizing its results) using Microsoft Excel. For this purpose, methods of intelligence analysis of data, ranking and classification of statistical populations, and data mining technologies are used. Approaches to structuring and coding graduate data are described. The mechanism for creating a digital database is provided with arguments and descriptions of all the structural components of the database: fields, headers, and records. The description of the sequence and results of working with databases is given on the example of data from graduates of higher educational institutions of the Lviv region. These technologies for working with databases were obtained during the implementation of the regional development project within the framework of EU sectoral support, which was implemented in the Lviv region (Ukraine) in 2018–2020 with the participation of the authors. The proven method of forming digital databases highlighted in the study is only a stage of monitoring the implementation of the educational and intellectual potential of graduates of educational institutions of the Lviv region. Method can be used and scaled to other regions of Ukraine without significant changes or to educational institutions of different levels with minor clarifications. At the same time, the creation of such databases at the national level would increase the effectiveness of monitoring the employment of graduates. The proposed methodology is universal and allows for national research, as well as provides opportunities for international comparisons of educational and intellectual potential.

Talk show "Constituency. Debates" by Public Broadcaster of Lviv region as a mediator of communication between the government and the society: structural-typological and content analysis

The article considers the role of mass media as a mediator and catalyst of communication between government and society on the example of the experience of the Lviv branch of the Public Broadcaster, describes the mechanism and invariants of communication (including direct and indirect) between candidates, mass media and audience and its implementation on the process of forming public opinion in the region; the prospects for the development of the genre of political debates in the regional media space are determined; implemented structural and typological analysis and qualitative content analysis of projects "Constituency. Debates" of the Public Broadcaster of Lviv Region; analysis of questions to government officials from journalists and the public according to different classifications, considered and described compositional blocks of the analyzed programs, traced the implementation of feedback from TV projects on official websites and social networks; describes the coverage of "Constituency. Debates" in other types of media and blogosphere; the influence of debates on the political discourse in the region and the formation of political consciousness and political culture of the public through the broadcast of pre-negotiation and post-discussion of the analyzed projects are considered; the result of efficiency and effectiveness of the analyzed projects on the results of local elections in Lviv region is traced, recommendations for regional journalists on conducting a political talk show in the format of debates are developed. In particular, in the context of demonstrating the role of the Public Broadcaster in shaping public opinion, a number of requirements and recommendations to the person leading (moderator) of constructive television discussion are proposed, including the trust and respect of a wide audience; orientation in the political programs of each of the candidates, the ability to anticipate aggressive or other reactions to questions and respond appropriately to it, objectivity and impartiality.

FEATURES OF REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN WOMEN WITH MISCARRIAGES

The aim of the study was to analyse the reproductive function of women with miscarriages among the population of Lviv region. The data of the results of medical and genetic counseling of 120 women with miscarriages who visited the medical and genetic center and the “Institute of Hereditary Pathology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine” were analyzed. The obtained indicators were compared with similar parameters of the control group: 80 healthy women who asked for family planning consultation. A group of women with miscarriage was formed to study the features of menstrual function, somatic, reproductive and gynecological history in comparison with similar indicators in healthy women. It was found that the majority of women (47 (39.2%) with miscarriages were aged 31–15 years and 74 (61.6%) of women by social status were employees. 52 (48.0%) women of the main group had the onset of menarche significantly later – after 15 years old, in 25 (20.8%) of them the duration of the menstrual cycle was 28–85 days and in 11 (9.1%) – 35–55 days (p < 0.05). Women with miscarriages were significantly more likely to have a complicated somatic history and these are 86 (71.7%), mainly due to pathology of the cardiovascular system – 27 (22.5%), against 43 (53.75%) and 9 (11, 2%) (p <0.05), respectively. All of them 120 (100.0%) had significantly more frequent complications of reproductive and gynecological history due to miscarriages and stillbirths. In the control group this figure was 11 (13.7%) and 19 (23.8%) respectively (p<0.05).

Особливості підготовки магістрів-сходознавців в Університеті Яна Казимира у Львові

The article, based on archival materials from the State Archives of Lviv Region, analyzes the training of masters in the field of Oriental studies at Lviv University during the interwar period as a basis for forming scientific schools of professors Z. Smogorzewski, A. Klawek, S. Stasiak and W. Kotwicz. The author investigated that 25 scholars received the degree of Master of Philosophy in Oriental studies from the time of its introduction by the Ministry of Education of the Poland Republic (1927) and until the autumn of 1939 at Lviv University (among them leading orientalists M. Lewicki, F. Machalski, L. Skurzak, A. Kunst, Ye. Zavalynskyi). A number of others (in particular, O. Pritsak) worked on obtaining this degree. The author emphasizes that the training of masters in the field of Oriental studies was comprehensive – philological and historical, and covered the problems of linguistics, history of literature, history, ethnography, geography, philosophy, Religious studies, etc. The degree of particular area depended on the group chosen by the student – language (Altaic language researcher M. Lewicki), history of literature (semiticists J. Bär, L. Gutman, I. Schenker, indologists E. Gruber, A. Kunst, M. Oderfeld) or history (researchers of the history of the Middle East J. Baruch, H. Buchman, R. Günsberg, J. Klinger, N. Kudesch, A. Kweller, F. Machalski, M. Steiner, A. Woronowicz, J. Salz, turkologists S. Aleksandrowicz, Ye. Zavalynskyi, R. Zdzieński, specialists in Mongolian studies W. Frantz, R. Wilbach, indologist L. Skurzak). The system of master’s exams prompted to the combination of several fields of Oriental studies during the student’s professional training (for example, Arabic and Iranian studies, Iranian studies and Indology, Mongolian studies and Turkology, Turkology and Arabic studies, etc.). The preparation of the master’s thesis was to promote the development of students’ skills to work with sources (in particular, to translate them from Oriental languages, critically interpret the material), analyze historiography, apply a variety of research methods.

PECULIARITIES OF PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY IN WOMEN WITH HISTORY OF INFERTILITY

Institute of Hereditary Pathology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv. Ukraine. Objective: to analyze data on somatic, reproductive, gynaecological history, pregnancy course and outcomes in women with a history of infertility residing in the Lviv region. Material and methods. The data and results of medical genetic counselling of 170 women aged 18-42 with a history of infertility (main group) were analyzed. The comparison was carried out with similar parameters of 80 healthy women aged 18-42 years in the control group. The data of somatic, reproductive, gynecological anamnesis, the pregnancy course and outcomes were studied. Statistical processing of the findings obtained was carried out by the Statistica 7.0 software package using the standard Excel 2013 statistical analysis package. Differences were considered statistically significant at p <0.05. Results. The analysis of the data of the results of medical genetic counselling of 170 women with a history of infertility for 2019-2021 was carried out. The patients with a history of infertility were significantly more likely to be over 36 years of age compared to the same indicators in the control group. They had a complicated somatic anamnesis, 80.0% versus 20.0% in the control group, with a significant predominance of cardiovascular pathology (21.8% and 11.2%), and they also more often had reproductive history complications, 51 (30.0%) versus 11 (13.7%), mainly due to spontaneous miscarriages and missed pregnancies: 46 (27.0%) and 11 (13.7%), respectively. The gynaecological history in all these patients was complicated by infertility, and only infertility was in 113 (66.5%); infertility in combination with ovarian apoplexy was found in 17 (10.0%) and with ectopic pregnancy in 15 (8.8%) that was significantly higher in relation to respective data in the control group of women: 2 (2.6%) and 1 (1.3%), respectively. In women with a history of infertility, a high incidence of pregnancy complications was noted: 146 (85.9%) versus 39 (48.75%) in the control group: they more often gave birth for the first time: 110 (64.7%), and 35 (43.7%) in the control group. Analysis of the data obtained showed the presence of a large number of maternal risk factors for obstetric complications in this group of women. Conclusion. The study has demonstrated the risk factors for the occurrence of obstetric pathology in women with a history of infertility include presumably older age (over 36 years) (13.5%), a complicated reproductive history (30.0%) mainly due to spontaneous miscarriages and missed pregnancies (27.0%); complicated somatic history (80.0%) with a significant predominance of the pathology of the cardiovascular system (21.8%). A gynaecological history aggravated by infertility was found in all 170 (100.0%) women of the main group, and a significant increase in the combination of infertility with ovarian apoplexy was detected in 17 (10.0%) and with ectopic pregnancy in 15 (8.8%) women compared with the control group: 2 (2.6%) and 1 (1.3%), respectively. The complicated course of pregnancy was found in 85.9% of women with a history of infertility and in 48.75% of women in the control group; they more often gave birth for the first time: 110 (64.7%) versus 35 (43.7%) patients in the control group (p<0.05). Women with a history of infertility are at risk for obstetric complications.

THE FUNCTION OF TRANSPORT NETWORKS IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS

Developing market economy and European values in Ukraine, there are principles which are aimed at resolving social and economic requirements in areas that are designed to promote their efficient development. One of the principles of balanced development is the creation of a transport network, which will contribute to the development of the economic sphere of "peripheral territories" as well as social development. The transport network prompts investment attraction and, thanks to this, the territories get impetus for further development.
 Nowadays, rural settlements in Ukraine are mostly concentrated along the roads at a distance between 5 and 15 km. Beside this, there is an interconnection between the type of transport network and the settlement pattern. Transport provides the migration mobility of the population, the intensity of land settlement, areas of reconstruction and new development. The transport system is closely interconnected with the development of cities and urban agglomeration, it provides interconnection between cities and rural settlements, and the lack of roads causes the collapse of the whole rural infrastructure.
 Comparing the main components of the impact on the development of rural areas, they should be considered from the standpoint of the theory of O. Gutnov, "skeleton and fabric", which are an integral part of the cyclical development and evolutionary dynamics of urban systems, while acting as a forming urban space, with the main components:
 – communication framework (network of various categories of roads and their junctions); areas of social activity development fabric filled with a variety of spatially localized functions.
 It has been determined that based on the theoretical model of O. Gutnov it could be possible to predict the dynamics of the impact of transport networks on the environment and on the development of existing settlements, to outline the modern system model of rural areas, as integration of subsystems:
 On the basis of systematic research, the author analyzes the areas of Zhovkva district, Lviv region which are under the influence of highways and local roads, and notes their more intensive, more diverse development and their greater occupancy within 10-15 km of roads than more distant territories.