Lux Values Research Articles

Walking After Dark: A Sidewalk Illumination Case Study in Cedar City, UT

Sidewalks are an important part of public space, but they are becoming increasingly dangerous, especially at night. Therefore, it is important that sidewalks are adequately illuminated to meet the safety, comfort, and accessibility needs (i.e., provide high levels of pedestrian reassurance) to sidewalk users. The objective of this case study was to quantitatively measure and subsequently explore the spatial and statistical distributions of light intensities along the sidewalks that surround Southern Utah University in Cedar City, Utah. A secondary objective was to develop a set of “adequate lighting” guidelines (i.e., 5 to 10 lux) to help identify areas that could benefit from sidewalks lighting enhancements. A digital light meter was used to measure horizontal light intensity, in lux, at a systematic sample of 208 points along the sidewalks within the study area. Geographic coordinates were also collected for each sample observation to enable mapping and spatial analysis of the light intensity data. Results indicate 61% of the observations have lux values equal to zero (complete darkness), 13.4% met or exceeded the minimum guidelines, while 4.3% fell within the “adequate lighting” guidelines adopted by this case study. These results suggest that sidewalks are too dark in too many places to provide reassurance to sidewalk users in the study area. The mapping and spatial analysis results from this case study also provide information to support targeted visibility enhancements of sidewalks within the study area. KEY WORDS: Lighting; Optimum Illuminance; Luminometer; Sidewalks; Pedestrians; Safety; Security; Reassurance

VISITATION SHELTERS FOR THE LONG-TERM CARE SETTING DURING THE PANDEMIC: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

Abstract In 2020, the province of Manitoba in Canada devised a plan to provide external visitation shelters for long-term care (LTC) facilities. The intent of the shelters was to alleviate the problems with visitor restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Dozens of visitation shelters, which were re-purposed shipping containers, were installed at facilities across the province. The purpose of this research was to: examine the experiences of the users through online surveys; make field measurements of the conditions (CO2 values, lighting, acoustics); and conduct an environmental scan of documents (government, media, etc.). Media and government documents provided insights into: design considerations; timing of installation/use; policies and procedures; how much they were utilized; as well as constraints. Survey findings from family/friends (n=20), LTC staff (n=9) and a resident (n=1) revealed that while many agreed that the shelters made a difference for their emotional well-being, many felt that the shelters did not support meaningful connections between residents and visitors. Furthermore, many respondents described the shelters as institutional/sterile and suggested that the décor should be improved to make them homier. Field measurements showed that the ventilation system ensured that CO2 values remained low, indicating that substantial fresh air exchange occurred. Acoustic values indicated that there could be challenges with residents hearing visitors. Lighting values demonstrated that color temperature was appropriate, but lux values were relatively low depending on the specific location in the shelter. Overall, this study was able to outline the advantages and disadvantages to using external visitation shelters in a pandemic situation.

Switch mode power supply with flyback LED driver topology in public lighting systems energy supply

<span lang="EN-US">This research aims to design a flyback topology switch-mode power supply constant voltage and constant current light emitting diode (LED) driver to improve the performance of the LED. The flyback topology is chosen for its simple design and small size and uses high-frequency switching to lower the high DC voltage from the power source. The research aims to avoid blackouts caused by a drop in the power source voltage and to produce technological products that can be developed for other lighting applications. The constant-voltage feedback system ensures that the current flowing to the LED remains stable despite changes in load or other conditions. When there is a voltage drop from the power source, this topology can maintain the voltage and current stable and in accordance with the working voltage specifications of the LEDs. According to test results, the LED driver's output voltage ranges from 18.03 to 18.06 volts with an average message error value of 0.3%. In this system, switching occurs at frequencies ranging from 18.041 Hz to 38.230 Hz. With a constant current value of 0.58 ampere, the resulting lamp's lux value is stable and does not significantly change.</span>

The impact of a kinetic façade on the lighting performance and energy efficiency of a public building: the case of Dubai frame

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a novel framework for selecting a kinetic system strategy to enhance the performance of the building while preserving its architectural concepts. Dubai Frame, which is one of the most iconic buildings in Dubai, was chosen to act as a case study. A parametric model was developed for adjusting the opening ratios of the panel’s solid parts in the façade geometrics using the Grasshopper plugin in Rhino. Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) simulation software was used and validated by calibration of the actual monthly electricity bills and real measurement of lux value against the predicted readings. The simulation assessed the total energy savings in terms of electricity and cooling loads and cost savings in terms of the KW per hour of electricity generated. In addition, it examined daylight illuminance levels for nine scenarios of the proposed kinetic system. The research has revealed several important results that include the finding that the optimal kinetic system results in 20% energy savings and 31% reduction in daylight illuminance levels while taking into account the current situation of the building and its aesthetic values. Abbreviations: UAE, United Arab Emirates; IEQ, Indoor Environmental Quality; PCM, Phase change materials; ASHRAE, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers; LEED, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design system; HVAC, Heating, ventilation and air conditioning; RH, Relative Humidity; WWR, Window Wall Ratio; LR, Literature Review; RSMF, Room Surface maintenance factor; LMF, Luminaire maintenance factor; VAT, Value added tax; IHG, Internal Heat Gains

Mask Detection System with Computer Vision-Based on CNN and YOLO Method Using Nvidia Jetson Nano

Health is an essential aspect of life. The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared the Corona Virus (Covid-19) a global pandemic that has spread to Indonesia. For preventive measures against Covid-19, the Indonesian government is trying to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic with 3M health protocol aimed at community activities, such as Memakai Masker (wearing masks), Mencuci Tangan (washing hands), and Menjaga Jarak (maintaining distance). In this study, software and hardware design was carried out to detect mask users and immediately warn violators who do not use masks automatically and can function automatically offline by utilizing digital image processing using NVIDIA Jetson Nano using the YOLO (You Only Look Once) method. The CNN YOLOv4-tiny model is chosen to obtain measurement results for mask user detection accuracy because it has a relatively minor computational value and is faster. The best camera detection angle is obtained at a vulnerable angle of 45O-90O or in the range of 90O-135O with value confidence that the average is 99.94% and the best accuracy is at a lux value greater than 70, and a minimum camera height of 1 meter and a maximum of 3 meters. Under conditions of lux 96 (bright), the maximum distance for detecting a face object is 12 meters, and the ability of the system to output a warning sound has been successfully integrated with a relay to run the mp3 module separately from the system, so as not to interfere with the Jetson Nano computation process and the model is successfully run on the Jetson Nano with an average computation of 13 frames per second.

Optimal factors for egg hatchability and larvae development of Barbus altianalis under captivity

AbstractFive experiments were conducted to identify optimal temperature, light, water depth, and hatching facility suitable for the hatchability of Barbus altianalis embryos and larval growth. In experiment I, eggs were incubated at 24, 27, and 30°C with and without aeration. In experiment II, eggs were incubated in conical jars, re‐circulating and glass tanks at 27°C. In experiment III, eggs were incubated at lux values of 54.2 ± 5.5 and 10,701.8 ± 2224.3 SD. In experiment IV, eggs on trays were placed at the bottom of glass tank (60 cm depth) and others at the surface. In experiment V, six old day larvae were treated at 24, 27, 30, and 31°C. Results indicated that optimal embryo hatchability ranged from 92.9 ± 2.0% to 94.1 ± 2.9% (no aeration) at 24°C and 89.3 ± 1.0% to 91.8 ± 0.8% SE at 27°C (aeration) in two trials. Re‐circulating (84.3%) and glass tanks (80.3%) were more suitable for hatching than conical jars (37.2%). Optimal larvae growth and survival were attained at 30°C (207.4 ± 16.3 mg SE; 78.9 ± 2.0% SD). No differences were observed in egg hatchability with light and water depth treatments (p > 0.05). These results will guide farmers to produce sufficient and quality B. altianalis seeds for farming.

Effect of the Reflective Interior Elements on the Illuminance Level in Classrooms

Lighting is one of the essential aspects of architectural design because it is crucial for room ambiance. Artificial and natural lighting affect the architectural element and the furniture. Using simulation tools is beneficial for measuring the reflective level of furniture elements to the room's lighting. DIALux Evo3 is computer software to support artificial and natural lighting simulation for interior spaces up to a particular room standard. This study uses the DIALux Evo3 software to conduct the trial-anderror process. The level of reflection on an interior element affects the lux value. This study will focus on the aspects of the ceiling, chairs, and table furniture using the trial and error method by simulating until a difference looms. The focus simulation focuses on setting the reflective coating in the DIALux Evo3 software on ceiling elements, chairs, and tables. The literature method examines aspects of DIALux Evo3 and the points measured in the simulation process. This simulation uses 15 lamps. This study aims to prove that the choice of paint finishing affects the results produced by the vertical illuminance (adaptive) parameter and utilizes technology in architecture. The conclusion is that interior elements such as ceilings, chairs, and tables with reflective elements affect the artificial light. The aspect with low reflectivity requires a high lux value compared to architectural and interior components with high reflectance

Sensory stimulation for nursing home residents: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of its effects on sleep quality and rest‐activity rhythm in dementia

AbstractBackgroundDespite the evidence that disrupted sleep‐wake cycles are associated with an exacerbation of behavioural disturbances and an acceleration of the disease progression in dementia, the effect of sensory stimulation for improving sleep quality and rest‐activity rhythm is unclear. The aim of the current meta‐analysis is to give an overview of the effectiveness of sensory stimulation interventions on reduction and prevention of sleep disturbances in nursing homes residents with dementia.MethodA systematic literature search and meta‐analysis were performed on December 3, 2019. Twenty‐seven studies examining the effects of a sensory stimulation intervention on rest‐activity rhythm and/or nocturnal restlessness in nursing home residents with dementia were included. Outcomes were measured with Actiwatches and/or standardized observation scales. Extensive subgroup meta‐analyses were performed to adjust for varying characteristics of included studies.ResultUni‐sensory stimulation including tactile and visual stimulation (i.e. light therapy, massage, acupuncture, animal‐assisted interventions) seemed effective for improving sleep quality and strengthen the rest‐activity rhythm (Hedges g=.47, p ≤ .01, Figure 1). More specifically, visual and tactile stimulation with a minimum of 30 minutes/day for two weeks have effectively reduced the duration of nocturnal awakenings (g=‐.29, p≤.05), sleep onset latency (g=‐.25, p≤.05), and nocturnal behaviour disturbances (g=‐.57, p≤.01), and have improved nocturnal sleep duration (g = .38, p ≤ .01), and sleep efficiency (g=.48, p≤.01). The heterogeneity within the majority of outcomes varied between medium and large. The majority of studies were of poor quality (59%, Figure 2). Dementia type and severity, gender, treatment duration and intensity (light levels in lux values) were not related to the effectiveness of sensory stimulation in all outcomes.ConclusionAlthough the methodological quality of the studies was limited, we found indications that sleep quality and nocturnal restlessness in nursing home residents with dementia may benefit from sensory stimulation. Recommended is to use a sensory stimulating environment in nursing homes which may prevent or improve sleep disturbances, and therefore can contribute to higher quality of life of their patients. Future research should conduct RCTs, while using comparable interventions, measuring instruments and procure, so the quality of dementia can be further improved.

Appropriate assessment of disparity in some electrical parameters of selected bulbs

The complaints, worries and dissatisfactions accrued to bulb users prompted the quest of this research. The objective of the research is to suitably assess few electrical parameters of bulbs available in the market in order to have an experimental proof of the disparity in their ratings. In the research experimental data, incandescent bulbs (100W and 200W), LED bulb (5W) and CFL bulb (40W) (of different powers) were selected for evaluation. The power and lux of the bulbs were measured and compared correspondingly using the incandescent bulbs as reference bulbs for lux comparison. The new double T8 full range & ac/dc power meter with dimmer was instrument used to measure power and other associated electrical parameters (current and voltage) of the bulbs. The measurement results show that incandescent bulb of 100W measured 60.1W and the 200W measured 184.0W. The power of the 5W LED and 40W CFL bulbs measured 7.2W and 22.2W respectively. On this note, it is invariably obvious that there exists disparity in power rating of the bulbs accessible in our present day market. The digital luxmetre was used to measure lux (luminous flux per unit area or lumen per metre square) of the bulbs. In the lux measurement, the luxmetre’s sensor was placed 50cm away from the bulb’s position to obtain exact or close values to original bulbs’ lux. Consequential to the bulbs lux comparisons, the lux value of 5W LED and 40W CFL bulbs have illuminances of 507lm/m2 and 568lm/m2 respectively higher than lux of 100W incandescent bulb. Hence, lux values of the LED and CFL bulbs measurements fall in-between lux values of 100W and 200W incandescent bulbs. Critical evaluation of the results tends to establish that luminosity (luminous flux per area) of bulb does not depend on power.

Luxmeter Design with Proximity Sensor to Efficiently Test Light Intensity and Distance on Lamp Operation in Hospitals

The lighting of the operating/surgical site depends on the quality of the lighting from the overhead light source and the reflection from the curtain. Light measurement on the operating table is very necessary because it generates light that is irradiated into the cutting wound without dazzling the cutting surface so that pathological conditions can be recognized and must provide depth contrast and anatomical relationships, to ensure this proper calibration method is needed. Long-term use of medical devices can cause changes in accuracy. Therefore, the author makes a tool to measure the intensity of light which is equipped with a distance meter. The purpose of this study was to develop a measuring instrument for measuring the intensity of light in operating lamps, namely a luxmeter by making Luxmeter equipped with a TFT Display Distance Sensor. This tool uses an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 to measure the distance between the light source and the sensor module and the MAX44009 sensor to measure the light intensity of the operating lamp displayed on the TFT screen. Based on the module distance setting to the roll meter, the distance error value for the measurement of the Surabaya electromedical engineering workshop lamp at the 75 cm roll meter distance setting is 0.0127% for the 100 cm roll meter distance setting is 0.0045%. The error rate of the light intensity module on the results of the measurement of light intensity on the luxmeter by setting the roll meter distance of 75 cm between the tool and the lamp of the electromedical engineering workshop is getting an error value of 0.082% lux and for the light intensity on the results of the measurement of light intensity on the luxmeter with a roll meter distance setting of 100 cm between the tool and the lamp in the electromedical engineering workshop, that is, the error value of lux is 0.055%. The design of a luxmeter equipped with a proximity sensor can measure the intensity of light and the distance between the tool and the light source and can assist in the learning process with a more effective Luxmeter design that will assist electromedics in testing operating lamps in hospitals to be more efficient.

HUMAN ORIENTED ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN IN AMPHI-CLASSROOM LEARNING AREAS

By using artificial lighting in AMFI classrooms where there are architectural constraints and daylight cannot be adequately benefited from, it can contribute to the visual comfort and indirectly to the health of the students. In this study, point-based analysis of the Equivalent Melanopic Lux values of artificial lighting and learning environments in schools was made according to the criteria of WELL standards specified in the Human Centric Lighting concept. By using direct lighting, without changing the architectural design, optimum lighting suitable for human biology is provided with low-cost artificial lighting arrangements. According to the Human-Centered Lighting concept, an architectural lighting design was made in accordance with the WELL standards criteria. As a result of the improvement of visual comfort and optimum circadian effects in the learning environments of the students studying in AMFI classrooms, it is predicted that the success and participation of the students who use these learning areas will increase.

Increasing workers comfort: experiment of the effect of color and lighting in assembly manufacture

Color and light are the main factors in the car manufacturing industry, with not much research, conducted on this topic, related to employee physical comfort. The factor affecting employee work comfort is the color factor and lighting time in their workplace environment. Color is the light, reflected by an object, then interpreted by the eye based on the light that hits the object. The value of the color wavelength in the spectrum of 380 nm to780 nm impacts worker performance. Good lighting will affect whether or not the room’s light conditions affect the illumination’s value. A good working room condition will affect the physical comfort of employees. Employee physical comfort has developed in many previous studies. However, research on the configuration of colors and lighting in the manufacturing industry’s work environment is still underdeveloped. This research aims to measure and determine the impact of color and lighting at specific color wavelengths on the illumination value and the employee’s physical comfort. It starts with studying the color, light, human comfort, then examines the effect on the manufacturing industry employees’ performance in the wiring installation assembly industry. Color and light settings are proven essential to get better human comfort. Green color with a wavelength of 490 nm to 570 can increase the highest illuminate average lux value of 12.43 %. Yellow can increase the heart rate by 4.85 %, while green can reduce Diastole by 2.95 % and Systole by 1.29 %. Pupillary size changes L by 23.17 % and R by 21.43 %. The effect of green color and lighting time can increase the value of illumination and decrease heart rate, blood pressure, and pupil size so that it impacts the physical comfort of employees.

Universal Design and Low-Vision Rehabilitation: The Case for a Holistic Lighting Assessment.

Among various approaches to handling friction between (dis)abilities and the built environment, universal design (UD) has emerged as an interdisciplinary field for research and practice. However, while the literature denotes UD as a design concept, practice, and strategy for rehabilitation, its true impact is still largely unknown. To explore the rehabilitative potential of UD and determine how to evaluate its impact, this paper seeks to turn the tables. It investigates a case regarding low-vision rehabilitation, in which a group of consultants developed a holistic lighting assessment (HLA) that embraced the social and the physical contexts of the visually impaired. The lighting assessment was performed using participant observations from 15 consultations, document analysis, and interviews with the low-vision consultants. Based on an actor-network theory (ANT) approach, the analysis reveals the contextual knowledge of participants, environments, and the interaction between them. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in HLA enabled a range of different understandings of light: as a quantitative measure, as an individually perceived aspect of the home environment, as something that enables or disables daily activities, and as a social factor of great importance for social practices. While traditional lighting assessments generally resemble the accessibility approach, with its measures of visual acuity translated into recommendations for an overall lux value, the holistic approach more closely resembles the UD methodology. One finding of this paper is that the concepts of rehabilitation and UD are committed to slightly different levels of abstraction. Rehabilitation focuses on specific individuals and specific environments, with patient rehabilitation as the main goal. UD focuses on user groups and design principles, with design and architectural solutions as the main objectives. While the concepts of UD and HLA represent different fields and different levels of abstraction, the two approaches can enhance both respective practices and theoretical frames.

INVESTIGATION OF HOME TYPE HELIOSTAT SYSTEMS DAYLIGHTING PERFORMANCE WITH LIGHTING SIMULATION METHOD

Solar energy, which is an unlimited, costless and clean type of energy, is often preferred in architecture also as in all other areas. Today, all new technologies are made by focusing on solar energy. The main objective of lighting design in buildings is, to minimize energy consumption by keeping health and visual comfort at a high level. In this study, a home type heliostat system which is one of the modern and economic heliostat systems was introduced and its properties are listed. Based on the features of home type heliostat systems, all components of the system are modeled in a 3 Dimension stereolithography format. The daylighting performance of the home type heliostat systems was observed with the lighting simulation method. DIALux lighting design software was used in the study. The results show that the home type heliostat systems can successfully transfer natural light into the building in a simulation environment created by modeling and contribute to lux values.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY AUDIT WORKING PROCEDURE FOR AN ACADEMIC UNIVERSITY OFFICE BUILDING IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippine commercial building sector accounts for roughly 10% of the total electricity power consumption. For this research, an energy audit was conducted in an academic office building of a Philippine university. The study focused on eight representative offices within the building to serve as pilot facilities for this research. The study evaluated the performance of existing lighting fixtures to attain the minimum acceptable standard of 300 lux for offices as well as the performance of existing air conditioning units to achieve a recommended room temperature of 24 Celsius. From the results, it is evident that the air conditioning unit makes up majority of energy use in almost all offices, with an average of 63% of total power consumption, followed by lights with 23% and plug-in loads with 14%. For maximum lux values with minimal energy consumption, the use of LED lights is recommended while for temperature, the use of inverter technology is encouraged for long term energy savings.

The effect of illumination with different light wavelengths on the orientation of Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis (Walker,1868) (Blattodea: Blattidae)

Bu calismada, farkli dalga boylarina (kirmizi, yesil, sari, mavi, beyaz ve karanlik) sahip isinlarin Turkistan hamambocegi, Blatta lateralis (Walker,1868) (Blattodea: Blattidae)’in yonelimi uzerindeki etkisi arastirilmistir. Calisma, 2019 yilinda Bursa Uludag Universitesi’nde laboratuvar kosullarinda yurutulmustur. Yonelim denemelerinde, ergin hamambocekleri uc farkli isik siddetine (25, 250 ve 2500 luks) maruz birakilmistir. Denemeler 6-kollu ve 2-kollu secimli olarak yurutulmustur. Tum denemelerde 3 tekerrur ve her tekerrurde 100 birey kullanilmistir. Elde edilen veriler, isik siddetine bagli olarak farkli dalga boyuna sahip isinlara yonelim hassasiyetinin artabilecegini gostermektedir. Ozellikle, alti -kollu ve iki -kollu denemede, 2500 luks siddetinde mavi isik uygulandiginda, hamamboceginin yonelimi en dusuk seviyede olup, sirasiyla, %0.9 ve %1.8 oraninda olmustur. Genel olarak en yuksek yonelim, tum denemelerde karanlik (kontrol) odaciga olmustur. Ayrica tum luks degerleri altinda kirmizi isiga yonelim, yesil, sari, mavi ve beyaz isiga gore daha fazla olmustur. Bu calisma sonucunda, mavi isigin hamambocekleri uzerinde kacirici bir etki gosterebilecegi, kirmizi isigin ise diger dalga boylarina gore daha cekici olabilecegi tespit edilmistir. Yapilan bu calismalar, hamamboceklerine karsi kullanilan kimyasallarin yerini alabilecek insan sagligina ve cevreye zararsiz olan alternatif bir mucadele metodunun gelistirilmesinde faydali olabilir.

Zn thin film on Al metal as thermal substrates for LED application: thermal and optical performance

Zn thin film at various thickness was deposited on Al substrates and used as thermal interface materials and tested their performance on affecting the thermal and optical properties of the LED at various driving currents. The total thermal resistance (Rth-tot) of the LED showed the influence of various thickness and annealing temperatures and observed low value for 300 nm and 400 nm at ~ 150 °C. High difference in Rth-tot (∆Rth-tot − 3.78 K/W) was recorded with 300 nm Zn thin film annealed at 150 °C compared with bare Al substrates measured at 700 mA. Higher annealing temperature does not show much improvement on reducing the Rth-tot of the LED. Among the all Zn film studied, 300 nm thickness and annealed at 150 °C showed better performance on reducing the rise in junction temperatures (TJ) and the observed difference in TJ value was 8.07 °C compared with that of bare Al substrate measured at 700 mA. The optical output of LED was also supported the observed results and achieved improved light output for the same boundary conditions. High value in lux values was observed for the LED with 300 nm thickness and annealed at 150 °C and 350 °C for all driving currents. The roughness of Zn thin film increased with thickness and annealing temperature increased upto 500 nm and 350 °C respectively. The highest and lowest surface roughness of 112 nm and 21 nm were recorded for 500 nm and 800 nm thick Zn from 150 °C annealed samples respectively and supported the observation made by both thermal and optical analysis of the given LED. Overall, we may consider Zn thin film as solid thin film interface material for LED packaging application.

Design and Real-Time Implementation of Cloud based Indoor Illumination Monitoring System

This study presents an IoT-based illumination monitoring system, which enables the users to measure lux values at multipositional indoor space using mobile sensors and store them in a cloud server network. The sensing unit is designed by the integration of an illumination sensor and IR transceiver for position detection with embedded microcontroller having on-chip Wi-Fi device placed over RF-operated car. The car when moves through a selected indoor space gathers positional lux values at certain time interval and stores them on the cloud server through a wireless transceiver system. The stored values are used to generate a lux map, which is compared with the benchmark, and the result of comparison is considered to be intelligent information for modification of the existing illumination system.

Pemanfaatan Pencahayaan Alami Pada Renovasi Rumah Tinggal Menghadap Arah Barat

The need for housing is very rapid, especially the type of house growing with several choices of area, namely types 21, 27, 36, 45 to 120m2. In the growing house will be provided land for homeowners to develop the house so it is more feasible. The concept of housing provided by the developer is sometimes incompatible with the concept of utilizing natural lighting because it only emphasizes attractive design and number of units. For this reason, it is necessary to provide a reference for homeowners as a strategy to renovate buildings facing the west so that the utilization of natural lighting remains optimal and meets the measurement of comfort visually. The study will analyze the average lux value or Daylight Levels avarage of natural lighting resulting from the amount of light openings. The analysis will be done is the average value of natural lighting from the location strategy and the amount of light aperture in producing quality lighting in space. The kitchen room and family room are spaces with a high level of activity that require optimal lighting. The most optimal lighting level is the opening type of model 1 with 10% opening in the west, 10% opening in the roof, and 50% in the east. The resulting lighting level is 998.58 lux in clear sky conditions and 849 lux overcast conditions.

Harnessing Multi-View Perspective of Light Fields for Low-Light Imaging.

Light Field (LF) offers unique advantages such as post-capture refocusing and depth estimation, but low-light conditions severely limit these capabilities. To restore low-light LFs we should harness the geometric cues present in different LF views, which is not possible using single-frame low-light enhancement techniques. We propose a deep neural network L3Fnet for Low-Light Light Field (L3F) restoration, which not only performs visual enhancement of each LF view but also preserves the epipolar geometry across views. We achieve this by adopting a two-stage architecture for L3Fnet. Stage-I looks at all the LF views to encode the LF geometry. This encoded information is then used in Stage-II to reconstruct each LF view. To facilitate learning-based techniques for low-light LF imaging, we collected a comprehensive LF dataset of various scenes. For each scene, we captured four LFs, one with near-optimal exposure and ISO settings and the others at different levels of low-light conditions varying from low to extreme low-light settings. The effectiveness of the proposed L3Fnet is supported by both visual and numerical comparisons on this dataset. To further analyze the performance of low-light restoration methods, we also propose the L3F-wild dataset that contains LF captured late at night with almost zero lux values. No ground truth is available in this dataset. To perform well on the L3F-wild dataset, any method must adapt to the light level of the captured scene. To do this we use a pre-processing block that makes L3Fnet robust to various degrees of low-light conditions. Lastly, we show that L3Fnet can also be used for low-light enhancement of single-frame images, despite it being engineered for LF data. We do so by converting the single-frame DSLR image into a form suitable to L3Fnet, which we call as pseudo-LF. Our code and dataset is available for download at https://mohitlamba94.github.io/L3Fnet/.