Extraction Of Lutein Research Articles

Polyol based deep eutectic solvent-assisted pretreatment for enhanced lutein extraction from Chlorella pyrenoidosa

The intention of the present study was to develop a green and sustainable extraction procedure to obtain lutein from microalgae. A series of acidic and polyol based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized to establish a novel pretreatment process. Response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted to analyzese the significance of pretreatment parameters with high prediction levels of lutein yield. Amongst all the DESs-assisted pretreatment, polyol based ChCl:Gly (1:2) DES obtained the maximum lutein yield at the following optimal conditions: biomass-to-DES ratio, 3:34.6; temperature, 26 °C; time, 40 min. Lutein extraction was optimized by one-factor-at-a-time approach, and results showed that 1.35 mg/g lutein could obtained at 40 °C for 20 min with a biomass-to-solvent ratio of 30 mg/mL. The recyclability of the DES ChCl:Gly (1:2) was also tested and showed satisfactory results up to three cycles. The mechanism of lutein extraction using ethyl acetate was explored by molecular dynamics.

Lutein extract‐loaded nanoemulsions: Preparation, characterization, and application in dairy product

Nanoemulsions-based delivery systems have attracted considerable interest owing to the improved functional properties of lutein extract obtained from Citrus reticulata peels. Herein, the co-surfactant free lutein extract-loaded nanoemulsions (LELN) were synthesized with ultrasonication technique in which Box–Behnken design was adapted and optimal values of process variables to achieve the lowest average droplet size (160 ± 5 nm) and polydispersity index (0.34 ± 0.025) of LELN were 32°C temperature with 31% amplitude at a duration of 29 min. Further, the lutein extract-loaded nanoemulsions with highest cell viability at 50 μg/ml were added in paneer that led to the improvement in functional properties as compared with the same system at microscale. Practical applications Waste generated from the citrus fruit processing industries (e.g., Citrus reticulata peels) is the promising low-cost raw material for the extraction of lutein and effective way to reduce the environmental pollution. In addition, lutein extract-loaded nanoemulsions were developed to increase the functional properties of lutein and used in dairy product. The outcome of the experimentation provides the scientific support for the application of nanoemulsions as the cost-effective delivery system that can replace the synthetic additives in the food industries.

Phytochemical Analysis and Extraction of Lutein using Column Chromatography from Tagetes and Aster plants

Phytochemical Analysis and Extraction of Lutein using Column Chromatography from Tagetes and Aster plants

Advancements of Lutein Extraction from Microalgae Biomass: A Review

The demand of lutein is increasing rapidly in the recent years. Apart from marigold flowers, microalgae is widely regarded as sustainable and promising feedstock for lutein production. However, high production cost in microalgae lutein extraction and purification process, is the major obstacle to the commercialization of microalgae based lutein. In the present work, the typical microalgae species for lutein production and their cell wall structure as well as chemical composition are comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, an extensive overview of the extraction solvents, intensification technologies and mechanisms of lutein extraction by using deep eutectic solvents are systematically presented and critically compared. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of microalgae lutein extraction are critically discussed. This review can serve as a useful and informative reference for the microalgae lutein extraction, aiming to provide a reference for the commercialization of microalgae lutein production.

Extraction of lutein/zeaxanthin from Arthrospira Platensis and optimisation of the saponification process using the response surface methodology

ABSTRACT This study explores the extraction of lutein and zeaxanthin from Arthrospira Platensis (spirulina), with traditional protocols as a reference and response surface methodology as a tool for optimisation. An enhanced extraction procedure was developed for obtaining higher lutein concentration. The extraction process is further optimised using the central composite method, with the aid of design software tools. Methanol was used as the extracting solvent in a fixed ratio with dry spirulina powder. Saponification and hydrolysis using KOH, water and ethyl acetate/dichloromethane were done for isolating lutein and zeaxanthin from its ester. Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry was used for analysing the absorbance of the lutein sample at a wavelength of 445 nm. Using the Response Surface Methodology, trials of various combinations are run for finding optimum conditions of saponification. The major variables were reaction time, reaction temperature and concentration of KOH. Temperature range of 45–75°C, the reaction time of 45–70 min and KOH concentrations ranging from 2% to 10% are observed as the optimum range. The sample is filtered using a PVDF membrane and stored in acetone or isopropyl alcohol.

An efficient process for the extraction of lutein and chemical characterization of other organic volatiles from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flower

Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) petals are the primary industrial source of lutein, which is used as a colouring agent and nutrient supplement to foods. This research extracted marigold petals using different solvents, covering conventional and non-toxic green solvents. The oleoresin, free lutein, and recrystallized lutein yields varied from 8.47–16.67%, 2.56–9.62%, and 1.11–1.61%, respectively. The purity of lutein was achieved up to 92.57% and 97.64% in conventional and newly established green methods, respectively. The present study described an efficient green process to isolate lutein with significantly improved yield (2.56%) and purity (97.33%) over the conventional methods. Based on the results, 2-methyltetrahydrofurancould be a practical green alternative to the traditional toxic solvents for the processing of lutein. Further, the chemical analysis of the essential oil of the residual receptacles obtained after removing petals revealed the presence of important organic volatiles, including piperitone (54.7%) and piperitenone oxide (6.5%), indicating its usefulness for value-addition.

Green extraction processing of lutein from Chlorella saccharophila in water-based ionic liquids as a sustainable innovation in algal biorefineries

A billion tonnes of waste are generated every year in the food industry. Green extraction of natural antioxidants and therapeutics like carotenoids from microalgae using ionic liquids may help in improving the process efficiency and reducing the dependency on petroleum-based chemicals in the food industry. The extraction of carotenoids is solvent specific, and extraction efficiency varies greatly. The effect of 4 different ILs on carotenoid profiles of C. saccharophila was assessed and compared to a conventional solvent, methanol, to check their extractability. We found 40 % (w/v) Tetrabutyl phosphonium hydroxide as the best IL to extract the carotenoids. Tetrabutyl phosphonium hydroxide selectively extracts 2.26 mg g−1 dry cell weight (DCW) of lutein from wet biomass of C. saccharophila, whereas methanol extracts 0.10 mg g−1 DCW of lutein at room temperature-based extraction. Also, the combinatorial effect of temperature, extraction time, solvent: biomass ratio and ionic liquid concentration was investigated using a statistical modelling technique, Response Surface Modelling (RSM). It was found that lutein extraction is further improved by 10 % to 2.49 mg g−1 under the optimal extraction conditions [40 % (w/v) Ionic liquid concentration, 5 min extraction time, 0.5 (mL mg−1) Solvent: Biomass Ratio and 25 °C temperature]. Lutein remains 3 times more stable in IL than in conventional solvent methanol at 60 and 90 °C. Hence, Tetrabutyl phosphonium hydroxide can prospectively substitute conventional organic solvents in the downstream processing of bioactive compounds from microalgae.

Green extraction of lutein from marigold flower petals, process optimization and its potential to improve the oxidative stability of sunflower oil

Marigold flower petals are considered the richest source of lutein which possesses immense applications in the food and health sector. The study was undertaken to improve the stability of sunflower oil by enriching it with lutein extracted from marigold flower petals using safe and green technology. The extraction of lutein was optimized using Box-Behnken design by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) employing sunflower oil as a solvent. The impact of three independent variables i.e., ultrasonic intensity, solid to solvent ratio, and extraction time were evaluated on the amount of lutein extracted and its antioxidant activity. Highest amount of lutein (21.23 mg/g) was extracted by employing ultrasonic intensity of 70 W/m2, extraction time of 12.5 min, and solid to solvent ratio of 15.75%. FT-IR spectra of lutein extracted by ultrasound and conventional extraction show similar peaks depicting that ultrasound does not have any impact on the functionality of lutein. Sunflower oil incorporated with lutein at 1000 PPM and the synthetic antioxidant (TBHQ) showed good oxidative stability than oil with 500 PPM lutein and no lutein during accelerated storage for a month. The oxidative stability was shown by different oil samples in the following order: TBHQ = 1000PPM lutein˃500PPM lutein ˃control oil. It was concluded that the ultrasound technique extracts lutein efficiently from marigold flowers and this lutein was effective in improving the oxidative stability of sunflower oil under accelerated storage conditions.

Bioprospecting of marine microalgae from Kaohsiung Seacoast for lutein and lipid production

A bioprospecting study was conducted from Seawater samples collected at Kaohsiung Seacoast, Taiwan. The current research was aimed to isolate potential lutein-producing strain, evaluate and optimize the best cultivation mode, lutein accumulation stage, lutein-extraction method, and condition to recover maximum lutein (main product) and lipid (byproduct). Biorefinery is the latest approach worldwide to extract multi-products for cost-effectiveness. Selected isolate among several isolates, identified as Chlorella sorokiniana Kh12 and exploited under biorefinery concept for lutein and lipid extraction. Kh12 cultivated under mixotrophy: 2X-(HT)-9k yielded maximum biomass (3.46 g L−1) and lutein (13.69 mg g−1) which is among the higher yields reported so far. Among various tested solvents, methanol was the best extractor. Bead milling was most effective to disrupt algal cell walls, seven minutes of milling was best for maximum lutein (7.56 mg g−1) extraction. Kh12 could be a promising candidate for commercial lutein and lipid co-production based on the outcome.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Lutein from Marigold Flower in Sunflower Oil: An Approach to Improve Oxidative Stability of Sunflower Oil

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Lutein from Marigold Flower in Sunflower Oil: An Approach to Improve Oxidative Stability of Sunflower Oil

Recent advances in lutein production from microalgae

Lutein is a xanthophyll carotenoid with remarkable applications in the healthcare sector due to its ocular-protective, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Currently, marigold flower petals are the only commercial source for lutein extraction, since chemical synthesis suffers from very low yields. Microalgae cultivation is a promising way for lutein production, as the lutein content of microbial biomass is higher compared to that of marigold petals. In addition, microalgae are shown to have a higher growth rate, higher photosynthetic efficiency, and carbon mitigation potential when compared to terrestrial plants, such as marigolds. For the realization of microalgae as a sustainable and alternative lutein source, crucial factors such as the microalgal strains, critical cultivation parameters (light intensity, nutritional status, metabolic mode), pretreatment, extraction, and purification of lutein from microalgal biomass need to be studied in great detail. In this context, this review summarized the recent research progress in lutein production from microalgae, including competent microalgal strains, cultivation systems, and subsequent biomass treatment technologies. The choice of a high yielding strain, along with effective photobioreactor design will enable maximal lutein production from microalgae in an economically viable manner. This review presents comprehensive information on microalgal cultivation and pretreatment which will enable researchers to design an optimal microalgae-based lutein production system.

Lutein extraction by imidazolium-based ionic liquid-water mixture from dried and fresh Chlorella sp.

Lutein is one of high-value added pigments from microalgae. Several energy-consuming methods for cell wall disruption have been developed due to the rigid cell wall of green algae. Ionic liquid - based approaches are considered as green technology for lutein extraction from microalgae. The structure and components of cell wall of microalgae are species specific so that it is necessary to select a suitable ionic liquid for lutein extraction. Two protocols using imidazolium-based ionic liquid from dried or fresh microalgae were evaluated for increasing the extraction efficiency of lutein from Chlorella sp. In the pretreatment process, [BMIM]Cl, [BMIM]Br, [EMIM]Cl and [EMIM]EtOSO3 were investigated. The concentration of these ionic liquids in aqueous solution, treatment temperature and time, and solid-liquid ratio (dried algae powder: ionic liquid aqueous solution) were also evaluated. The organic solvent and extraction times in lutein extraction process were also assessed. Compared with the protocol 1 (extraction from dried microalgae), extraction from fresh microalgae (protocol 2) had higher final lutein content and similar lutein extraction efficiency. Finally, the extraction efficiency was 97.73% when 10% [BMIM]Br was used to enhance cell disruption under 65 °C for 60 min for fresh microalgae. The solid-liquid ratio was 1:122. Diethyl ether was better than hexane, acetone and ethyl acetate as organic solvent. Seven times of extraction by organic solvent were enough and each time was 80 s. The current result is valuable for further development.

Rapid green microwave assisted extraction of lutein from Chlorella sorokiniana (NIOT-2) – Process optimization

Chloropycean microalgae are looked up as a prospective alternate source for the production of xanthophyll carotenoid lutein. Despite, the market significance and multitude of nutraceutical applications of lutein commercial production from microalgae still remains a challenge due to the prohibitive downstream cost. This necessitates innovative less energy intensive, high lutein yielding green processes. The present work presents a comprehensive study on the rapid green microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of lutein from marine chlorophycean microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana (NIOT-2). The process parameters of microwave assisted alkali pre-treatment like exposure time (ET), alkali concentration (AC) and solid (biomass): liquid (aqueous Potassium hydroxide-KOH) ratio (S: L ratio) were optimized using single factor and response surface method (RSM) experiments. The optimized conditions for microwave assisted alkali pre-treatment (ET:1.47 min; AC: 8.16 M KOH and S:L ratio of 36.8:1 (mg/mL) augmented the lutein yield (20.69 ± 1.2 mg/g) 3.26 fold when compared to conventional extraction (6.35 ± 0.44 mg/g). Lutein extracted using optimized MAE conditions was purified and characterized. Visualization of the MAE extracted algal biomass using Scanning electron microscope confirmed the effective cell disruption. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of microwave assisted alkali treated biomass (83.85%) revealed a significantly higher crystallinity index when compared to untreated control (17.28%). MAE pre-treatment can thus be propounded as a suitable process for lutein extraction from marine microalgae due to its amalgamated rapidity, homogenous heating, less energy intensiveness and high extraction yield.

Optimization of Lutein Extraction from Scenedesmus Almeriensis Using Pressurized Liquid Extraction

Lutein is a powerful carotenoid that is used as a feed additive for the colouring properties and as supplement in nutraceutical products. Its principal healthy properties are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and protective against age-related macular degeneration. Lutein is indeed a macular pigment in human eyes between zeaxanthin and their function is very important for the eyes health. Lutein is found in some vegetables as spinach, parsley, and kale with a content of around 1-10 mg/100 g. The commercial and recognized source of lutein is the plant marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Lutein is extracted from marigold petals as oleoresin and the lutein content can be around 0.03% (based on dry biomass weight). Since the costs for harvesting are expensive, land and water use are requested for marigold cultivation and due to the seasonality of the growth, an alternative source of lutein has been searched among microalgae. Scenedesmus almeriensis is considered a promising source for lutein production whose content is around 4.5 mg/g dry weight.The aim of this paper is to improve lutein extraction from Scenedesmus almeriensis by using pressurized liquid extraction through accelerated solvent extractor (ASE 200©Dionex). Extractions were performed using different solvent as the mixture chloroform:methanol (1:1 v/v), ethanol, hexane, acetone. Several temperatures were tested from 20° to 80°C and biomass was mechanically pre-treated. Each extraction cycle was repeated until to complete biomass decolouring.

A Review of the Extraction and Closed-Loop Spray Drying-Assisted Micro-Encapsulation of Algal Lutein for Functional Food Delivery

In this study, the physical and chemical properties and bioavailability of lutein have been summarized, with the novelty of this work being the review of lutein from production to extraction, through to preservation and drying, in order to deliver a functional food ingredient. The potential health functions of lutein have been introduced in detail. By comparing algae and marigold flowers, the advantages of algae extraction technology have been discussed. In this article, we have introduced the use of closed-loop spray drying technology to microencapsulate lutein to improve its stability and solubility. Microencapsulation of unstable substances by spray drying is a potentially useful direction that is worth exploring further.

Lutein extraction by microemulsion technique: Evaluation of stability versus thermal processing and environmental stresses

The ability of enzyme assisted microemulsion (EAME) technique on lutein extraction from marigold petals powder (MPP) was elucidated. Analyzing the lutein content (LC) of MPP acetone extract confirmed the high accuracy (>98%) of spectrophotometry versus RP-HPLC. Endozym ® Pectofruit showed better efficiency than Celluclast on lutein extraction with acetone. The efficiency (<15%) of primitive MEs (without co-surfactant) doubled (~28%) on the expense of co-surfactant (1-PrOH). Under the optimized liquification of MPP with pectinase, the extraction efficiency of Span 20 [S20: 1-PrOH (1:5)] ME (LME) dramatically improved (116%), therefore selected for stability evaluation. Results highlighted its superior potential for lutein protection under diverse stresses compared to MPP ethanol extract (MEE). The LC of MEE and LME was gradually decreased over storage time (120 days). Despite the lutein loss (7%) of MEE, LME completely protected its initial loaded lutein under acidified condition. Moreover, during incubation, the LC of MEE (38, 34, 31%) and LME (25, 13 and 9%) was gradually diminished. LC of MEE also completely degraded after 330 min of UV radiation, while LME protected >95% of the initial lutein and only the severe UV radiation (15 cm) led to partially fading (13%).

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Tagetes erecta L. Flowers.

Tagetes erecta L. is a popular ornamental plant of the Asteraceae family, which is widely cultivated not only for its decorative use, but also for the extraction of lutein. Besides carotenoid representatives, which have been extensively studied, other important classes of secondary metabolites present in the plant, such as polyphenols, could exhibit important biological activities. The phytochemical analysis of a methanolic extract obtained from T. erecta inflorescences was achieved using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques. The extract was further subjected to a multistep purification process, which allowed the separation of different fractions. The total extract and its fractions contain several polyphenolic compounds, such as hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonols (especially quercetagetin glycosides), and several aglycons (e.g., quercetin, patuletin). One of the fractions, containing mostly quercetagitrin, was subjected to two different antioxidant assays (metal chelating activity and lipoxygenase inhibition) and to in vitro cytotoxicity assessment. Generally, the biological assays showed promising results for the investigated fraction compared to the initial extract. Given the encouraging outcome of the in vitro assays, further purification and structural analysis of compounds from T. erecta extracts, as well as further in vivo investigations are justified.

Extraction of lutein from marigold flower using solvent extraction

The solvent extraction of lutein from marigold flowers was studied. The influence of three variables namely, the extraction temperature, ratio of the marigold flowers in the solvent, and ratio of ethanol in the solvent were investigated by a central composite design (CCD). The relationship between the yield and these variables was obtained by a regression model. The optimum condition was also determined. The highest yield for lutein (91.4%) was predicted by the regression model, which showed good agreement with the experimental results.

Direct Extraction of Lutein from Wet Macroalgae by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether without Any Pretreatment

Extraction of lutein from raw macroalgae Monostroma nitidum was conducted using a simple method employing dimethyl ether (DME) as a solvent. DME extraction enabled omission of conventional drying and cell wall disruption steps, yielding 0.30 mg/g dry lutein from wet M. nitidum. The yield of extracted lutein was higher than that by chloroform–methanol extraction from freeze-dried and cell-disrupted M. nitidum. DME extraction provides a safe, eco-friendly approach that combines high yields of lutein with unheated drying of wet macroalgae in a single step.

Novel approach for lutein extraction: Food grade microemulsion containing soy lecithin & sunflower oil

The present study conducted to develop a natural microemulsion (ME) system for lutein extraction from marigold petals powder (MPP). Using pseudo-ternary phase diagram, a monophasic ME (lecithin:1-propanol: water: sunflower oil, 50:25:5:20 w/w%) was identified. It formed nano-droplets (89 nm), reduced surfactant consumption (90%), and using a five-cycle extraction approach, the extraction capacity vastly improved (91–120% depending on MPP ratio). These findings are unique and very encouraging for the industry to extract lutein using bio-based ME rather than solvent (acetone) extraction. DPPH and ABTS assays also revealed high antioxidant activity of lecithin and lutein. Moreover, lutein microemulsion (LME) showed high DPPH radical scavenging (0.80 mmol TE/g MPP) and total antioxidant activity (14.44 mmol TE/g MPP) likely due to the synergy of lutein with lecithin. Furthermore, the developed plain ME showed Newtonian flow behavior with low viscosity (0.12 Pa·s) which was not affected after being loaded with lutein (0.13 Pa·s).