Lucknow City Research Articles

Critical analysis of rural-urban transitions and transformations in Lucknow city, India

An unplanned urban sprawl is emerging as a major threat for urban development, especially in developing countries. In recent decades, ever increasing population and urbanization has led to the urban sprawl. The dynamic nature of urbanization creates ambiguities in measurements of urbanization growth and its extent. Temporal analysis of land-use/land-cover (LULC) and identification of transition points are required for sustainable development of the city. Therefore, the sustainable model is required for critical analysis of urbanization and its impact. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal dynamics of the urbanization process at an urban, suburban, sub-rural and rural level that has occurred in Lucknow, the capital city of the state Uttar Pradesh of India. The micro-level study has been performed to measure the extent and growth of urbanization. The model is processed using remotely sensed satellite data of Landsat sensor of the year 1995, 2005 and 2016. The workflow is initiated using LULC classification map of two decades 1995–2016. The classification result depicts an increased built-up area i.e., 77.15 sq. km to 143.70 sq. km from 1995 to 2005 and increased to 199.92 sq. km from 2005 to 2016. The accuracy assessment of LULC is found to be 90%, 92% and 94% for 1995, 2005 and 2016 respectively. The micro- level analysis is performed using urban landscape quantification in which urbanness analysis of each pixel is estimated and then the pixel is allocated according to built-up densities of spatial area. Further these densities are classified in seven classes those are (i) Urban built-up, (ii) Suburban built-up, (iii) Rural built-up, (iv) Urbanized open land (UOL), (v) Captured open land (COL), (vi) Rural open land (ROL) and, (vii) Water. Finally, the urban footprint maps are generated using the results of urban landscape quantification. The critical and detailed analysis of the peri-urban interface (PUI) is performed by demarcating the villages where significant changes are observed and integrated with the driving factors responsible for the changes. The expansion analysis is performed for quantifying the sprawl taking place in the city. Mainly four types of expansions are identified and mapped that are infill, extension, leapfrog and ribbon expansions. Land surface temperature (LST) analysis is performed over the study area for analyzing the adverse effect of urbanization over the transition points (Villages). Land surface temperature variation has been monitored over these transition points and their unfavorable effects on the environment.

DISCOVERING CONSUMER PREFERENCE AND THEIR SATISFACTION LEVEL TOWARDS BRANDED & UNBRANDED PAINTS.

Consumer preference is the study which involves in depth analysis of the attitude of buyers related with buying. The paint industry of India is bifurcated as the organised and unorganised sector. The units which are large and medium-sized form the organised sector while the small scale units come under the unorganised sector. By and by, development of the paint industry of India can be seen from the increase in requirements of the paints, particularly in urban communities. Paint gives the platform that makes the human life colourful and adds beauty to live a life with peace and tranquillity. This exploration has been directed on 50 respondents of Gomti Nagar in Lucknow City. Questionnaire survey technique has been utilised to lead the exploration. The questionnaire was shaped with the close-ended questions. The principle goal of this paper is to discover the consumer's preference and their satisfaction level while acquiring branded and unbranded paints and to explore the factors that help customers to select paints.

Quality of Life of Caregivers of Autistic Children and Adolescents Visiting Health Facilities in Lucknow City, Uttar Pradesh, India: A Cross-sectional Study.

Background:The lifelong responsibility of the autistic children along with the lack of knowledge, lack of treatment, and if treatment is available, it is unaffordable leads to deterioration of quality of life of the parents in several domains.Objectives:The objective is to study the quality of life of principal caregivers of autistic children and adolescents visiting health facilities in Lucknow city.Materials and Methods:The sample included 90 principal caregivers (aged < 60 years) of autistic children and adolescents aged 3–19 years and diagnosed with autism, attending government and private health facilities providing treatment for autism in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.Results:The quality of life of principal caregivers was found to be influenced most in the physical health domain (with least score). The predictors of quality of life of principal caregivers were type of family and knowledge regarding child's problem.Conclusion and Recommendations:Thus, there is an immense need of increasing awareness through information, education, and communication materials, mass media, and discussions regarding autism.

Validation of a questionnaire to identify noise-induced hearing loss among drivers.

Objective:To assess the validity of a questionnaire (consisting of 10 items/questions) to identify hearing loss (HL) among three-wheeler tempo and noncommercial car drivers.Materials and Methods:This was a cross-sectional study conducted in an urban area of Lucknow city. Three-wheeler tempo drivers and noncommercial car drivers were assessed for HL by audiometry. A total of 300 subjects, who fulfilled the study criteria, were selected for the interview and health assessment. The pure tone audiometry was conducted after >12 hours of the last noise exposure to avoid temporary threshold shift.Results:The percentage of respondents aged between 31 and 40 years was 36%. The highest affirmative response item was “Do you have trouble hearing in noisy background?” constituting 68% and the lowest affirmative response item was “Do you have trouble understanding the speech of women and children?” constituting 33.7%. Kappa values showed that there was significantly (<0.05) mild agreement between most of the items and the gold standard for mid and high-frequency HL. The area under the curve for low, mid, and high frequency HL was 0.76% (95% CI = 0.68–0.84), 0.69 (95% CI = 0.73–0.75), and 0.67 (95% CI = 0.62–0.73), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were reasonable for all the definition of HL at different cutoff scores.Conclusion:A self-reported questionnaire-based approach may be used for the assessment of HL especially when audiometry is not feasible.

Barriers for low acceptance of no scalpel vasectomy among slum dwellers of Lucknow City.

Uttar Pradesh is the most populated state of the country having population of 199.581 million and total fertility rate of 3.3 (annual health survey [AHS] 2012-2013) with high fertile trajectory. Currently, female sterilization accounts for about 18.4% and male sterilization for 0.3% of all sterilizations in Uttar Pradesh (AHS 2012-2013). A strategy to promote men's involvement in effective birth control is needed to reduce the population growth. Since no scalpel vasectomy (NSV) is an easy method but still not being utilized; hence, the purpose of this research is to ascertain various factors of nonutilization of NSV. The objective of the study is (i) to determine the barriers among married males for adopting NSV as a method of family planning, (ii) to determine the awareness about NSV, (iii) to suggest measures to increase uptake of NSV by the people. A cross-sectional study was carried out. A two-staged multistage random sampling technique was used. Lucknow is divided into eight Nagar Nigam zones. In the first stage, two urban slums from each geographical zone were selected randomly. In the second stage, from each selected slum a sample of 24 eligible households was selected at random to achieve the desired sample size. It was observed that among the study participants maximum 89.2% perceived Sociocultural barriers, while 0.6% of the participants perceived service delivery barriers. However, 14% of the participants also perceived procedure-related barriers as the most important cause for not accepting NSV. Measures should be taken to remove these barriers, and increase uptake of NSV.

Assessment of Co-Contamination in Soil Samples from Agricultural Areas in and Around Lucknow City, Uttar Pradesh, India

An environmental evaluation of agricultural lands situated close to industrial areas in and around Lucknow city was carried out to determine the effect of co-contamination in the study area. Analysis of soil samples revealed the presence of mercury and cadmium at higher levels than their normal distribution in soil. Apart from heavy metals, the herbicide Butachlor was also detected in most of the soil samples studied. Co-contaminated soils pose a major threat to agricultural ecosystems since the presence of different concentrations of heavy metals may inhibit biodegradation of organic pollutants, which further affects metal bioavailabilty and phytoremediation.

Simulation of Gomti River (Lucknow City, India) future water quality under different mitigation strategies

The Gomti River in Lucknow City, India, was an important source of water for the different uses few decades ago. However, because of the rapid global changes, current status of the river is very critical from environmental, aesthetic and commercial usage point of view. Henceforth, this research work focused on assessing the current as well as predicting its future situation using different scenarios while considering key drivers of global changes namely climate change and population growth. Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP), a numerical simulation tool, was used to model river water quality using two scenarios viz. business as usual (BAU) and scenario with mitigation measures. Water quality simulation was done along 24 km stretch of the Gomti River from downstream of Near Moosa Bird Sanctuary to Near Bharwara. Comparison of simulated water quality parameters for the current and BAU status clearly indicates that the water quality by 2030 will rapidly deteriorate and will be not suitable for many aquatic lives in terms of simulated water quality parameters. Results from scenario with mitigation measures suggest current planned wastewater treatment plants and policies are not sufficient enough to achieve desirable river water quality within class B and hence call for immediate and inclusive action.

Modeling Urban Growth Trajectories and Spatiotemporal Pattern: A Case Study of Lucknow City, India

Indian cities are facing rapid and unplanned urbanization in the present scenario and expanding at a miraculous amount. The unprecedented speed of expansion is a major challenge for urban planners and policy makers due to unavailability of the current database and the lack of appropriate analysis of unplanned urban expansion. This study dispenses an approach to these challenges by deploying the capabilities of remote sensing data for Lucknow city, India. The spatiotemporal analysis of expansion model integrated with driving factors is required for sustainable development of the city. The study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal urban growth trajectories integrated with driving factors of Lucknow city and its surrounding area in the period of 26 years i.e., from 1990 to 2016. An expansion model is proposed in the study for a precise examination of urban expansion topologies and its quantification. The model is processed using remote sensing satellite data of Landsat sensor of the year 1990, 1999, 2009 and 2016. The study utilizes land-use and land-cover classification maps of study years for analyzing urban trajectory model. The expansion pattern is formulated using patch distribution analysis and quantification based upon spatial built-up densities of urban patches. Further, these patches are classified in four classes of expansion—edge, infill, leapfrog and ribbon. Moreover, six different statistical parameters are formulated for quantification of detailed urban growth analysis. Patch distribution analysis has been performed for monitoring the patch size variation during study years. The villages are demarcated and significant changes are analyzed (where transition took place) and integrated with the driving factors responsible for the changes. The study indicates the dominating urban pattern and the driving factors responsible in the expansion of the built-up urban area of Lucknow city.

Analysis of Multi-Residue Pesticides in Vegetable Samples Using Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Electron-Capture Detector (GC-ECD)

A fast, simple, solvent less and inexpensive sample preparation method based on Head space solid-phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) is proposed for the determination of mix pesticide residues from vegetable samples. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, 100 μm) fiber was used in this study. The mix pesticides (24 nos.) including organochlorines (15), organophosphates (06) and synthetic pyrethriods (03) were analysed in the vegetable samples (Cabbage, Tomato, Cauliflower, Chilli, Okra, Brinjal, Bottle gourd, Cucumber, Beetroot, Spinach, and Radish) collected from in and around of Lucknow city, India. Present study revealed the presence of HCH, DDT, methylparathion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, endosulfan, cypermethrin, fenvalerate pesticides. Pesticides residue levels were compared with MRL fixed by Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA), Govt. of India 1954. The method detection limits were in a linearity range of 0.003 - 0.024 mg/kg. A recovery percent varies from 86.1 to 96.4% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 14%. The outcomes of the present study point towards the crucial need of implementing strict government’s rules related to food safety in order to put check on these kinds of health hazardous food contamination.

Epidemiology of stress among Nursing Undergraduate Students

Background: Stress is a double-edged sword that can either invigorate or decrease the student’s performance. Longer the duration of stress poorer the performance. Nursing students may develop feeling of inadequacy regarding the activities required during professional education which may lead to stress Aims &amp; Objectives: To study the level of stress among undergraduate nursing students of Lucknow city and to determine the risk factors causing stress. Material &amp; Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 380 B.Sc. (Nursing) Students enrolled in government and private colleges of Lucknow city using semi-structured questionnaire and DASS 42 scale Results: 60 percent and 62 percent of total nursing student from government college and private nursing respectively were stressed. There was no statistical difference (p= 0.17) between median stress score of two colleges. Predictor for stress was gender (odds ratio =3.41) Conclusion: The study showed high level of stress among the nursing students from government college and private college. Risk factors which were responsible for stress among students were gender, sharing of room, educational expenses, academic performance, mobile phone and harassment in college.

Sewage Generation and Treatment Status for the Capital City of Uttar Pradesh, India

The piped water supply in Lucknow was introduced in 1892 to serve the population of 2 Lacs. However, the population has risen exponentially since then from 2.1 million in 2001 to 2.86 million in 2011 according to the census data of the Government of India. In this paper, statistical analysis was done and it was projected that the population of Lucknow will be as high as 4.2 million in 2025 followed by 6.42 million in 2040. Since the water demand is proportional to the population, it is projected that present water demand of 550 million liters per day (MLD) would rise to the maximum of 1300 MLD in the year 2040 which is twice more than the present volume. The major concern of Lucknow city is the poor efficiency of wastewater treatment facilities which are deteriorating the quality of underground water and surface sources. The major concern lies in Gomti River. The wastewater generation in 2025 would be as high as 700 MLD while for the year 2040 it would be 1100 MLD. To meet the given figures a well-planned and effective wastewater treatment system has to be designed and implemented which may include centralized and decentralized treatment facilities in accordance with the need of the particular division followed by up-gradation of the present water supply and sewerage system. Care should be taken while discharging the sewage into river Gomti and other natural streams as it should strictly follow the prescribed standards by central state pollution control boards, also there should be the least disturbance of aquatic ecosystem. Furthermore, deterioration of the water quality must be minimized to a large extent.

Assessment of rain water chemistry in the Lucknow metropolitan city

Lucknow metropolitan city is one of the most populated cities of India, which have been facing many problems such as chaotic urbanization, overpopulation, water scarcity, waterlogging, etc., among these water scarcity is one of the important problem. Rain water harvesting is a futuristic tool for mitigation of water scarcity problem through conservation and storage of rain water. This rain water can be used for all purposes by human beings, thus it is necessary to check the chemistry of rain water. The rain water samples were collected from the five zones of Lucknow city. For the comparative study, water samples have been collected from two different dates first from first rainfall and second after 3 days of interval in the second rainfall. The heavy metal concentrations were found in both first and second rainfall water samples in all zones of Lucknow city. The concentration of chromium, cadmium and lead were found to be sufficiently high in several samples. These heavy metals show the concentration above the permissible limit as set by WHO, which can cause various adverse health impacts.

Impact of Rapid Urbanization on Water Quality Index in Groundwater Fed Gomati River, Lucknow, India

The present communication deals with the impact of rapid urbanization of Lucknow City on Gomati River. The lower values of water quality index (WQI 75, indicating that the water quality has deteriorated considerably and has become unfit for human consumption. The groundwater is also polluted due to urbanization and requires immediate attention for improving the water quality of Gomati river.

ASSESSMENT OF CARDIO-VASCULAR FITNESS AND SELF-CONCEPT OF BADMINTON PLAYERS OF HIGH AND LOW PERFORMANCE ABILITY

The purpose of this study was to assess the cardio-vascular fitness and self-concept of badminton players of low and high performance ability. Thirty male badminton players (fifteen districts level and fifteen state level) were randomly selected for this study. All the players were residing in Lucknow city and their age ranged from 19-25 years. Data on cardio-vascular fitness of the subjects were collected with the help of Harvard Step Test. For measuring the self-concept, a questionnaire prepared by Dr. G. P. Sherry was used. To compare the cardio-vascular fitness and self-concept of badminton players “t-ratio” was employed and the level of significance was set at 0.05. On the basis of the results of the study, high performance level badminton players had significantly high cardio-vascular fitness than those of low performance level badminton players, where as in the dimension of self-concept significant difference was not found between them. Article visualizations:

Evaluation of Genetic Analysis of ESCHERICHIA COLI Isolated from Two Different Environmental Sources: Sewage Water Verses Soiled Bedding Materials of Laboratory Rodents

ABSTRACT The present investigation details an assessment of genetic relationship of E. coli isolates collected from two different environmental sources viz. sewage water and soiled bedding materials of laboratory rodents. Five sewage water samples were collected from the industrial area of Lucknow city and 5 samples of soiled bedding materials of laboratory animals were collected from Animal facility at CSIR-IITR, Lucknow. For this study Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD) was chosen as the molecular fingerprinting method. In this study, 10 RAPD primers were used to evaluate the genetic similarity of E. coli. isolates. The RAPD-PCR fingerprints were analyzed and data were scored as 1, 0 matrix. The generated data were fed on Popgene software for calculating genetic diversity and creating dendrogram. The genetic similarity of 85% was recorded from soiled bedding materials and only 71% in sewage water samples in E.coli samples. The dendrogram based generation of clustering of E. coli isolates show two major clusters. Within major cluster sub-cluster were also observed which indicating diversity within isolates of E. coli. The RAPD-PCR based fingerprinting provided a rapid means of discriminating E. coli isolates and considered a relevant tool for molecular typing.

Association between Blood Lead (BLL) Level Concentration and Tremor in highly exposed battery workers at manufacturing Industries of Lucknow city

Association between Blood Lead (BLL) Level Concentration and Tremor in highly exposed battery workers at manufacturing Industries of Lucknow city

Risk indicators for root caries in geriatric population of Lucknow City: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Prevention of root caries among geriatric population is of concern for both general and oral health. It is generally accepted that appropriate prevention regimes for root caries should be based on accurate risk assessments. Aim: This study aims to assess the risk indicators for root caries in geriatric population of Lucknow. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to determine the risk indicators for root caries in elderly population of Lucknow. A sample of 295 subjects was taken, aged 60–74 years. Data collection was done using a pro forma and all relevant information was noted. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 17.0 (Chicago, Inc., USA). Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were applied to know the statistical significance. Results: The prevalence of root caries was 93.5%. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) observed across family income, education, tobacco history, oral hygiene index simplified, and community periodontal index. Conclusion: Overall, the prevalence of root caries was very high among geriatric population. Oral health policies and preventive measures are needed focusing on the special needs and socially deprived population to improve the quality of life.

Screening and Potential of Multi-drug Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria from Hospital Wastewater

The antibiotic-resistance profiles of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from four different sampling sites of the hospital wastewater at Lucknow city were evaluated. Of the 200 Gram-negative bacterial isolates tested, marked antibiotic resistances (over 90%) were observed for amoxicillin, methicillin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and penicillin depending upon the sampling sites. All Gram-negative bacterial isolates also showed multiple resistance patterns (2–13 antibiotics) in different combinations of antibiotics. The MAR index ranges were found (0.01–0.86) indicating the high risk of environmental contamination. The findings indicated that pollution of aquatic environments from different sources of the city may have a significant contribution to the emergence and dissemination of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria as well as other pathogenic bacteria in the hospital wastewater. This overuse of antibiotics as well as other pharmaceuticals in the hospital and their introduction into the aquatic environment may have a potential public health risk.

PERCEPTION OF TAXPAYERS’ TOWARDS E-FILE ADOPTION

This paper try to build up an perceptive of the factors that influence citizens’ adoption of electronic tax-filing services and to discuss taxpayer perception and satisfaction with an online system(e-filing system) for filing individual income tax returns. The data was collected through questionnaire and then was tabulized and analyzed with the help of respective tests using SPSS, MS Excel and other required methods have been used. A survey has been used to collect primary data and questionnaire approach was used in final analysis. Single cross sectional descriptive research design was used to determine taxpayers’ perception. The result through questionnaires somehow discloses that most of the individuals facing problem regarding Lack of experience and knowledge in filing the return electronically and in the same questionnaires most of the individuals satisfy with the easiness and accuracy of e-filing. But when we go for overall experience of individuals regarding e-filing the still wants some improvement in the present e-filing system. Questionnaires have been filled by different level of employees both men and women of different age group, Income group and job profiles. This study is restrained to the taxpayers located in Lucknow city of Uttar Pradesh. So, the conclusion derived from the research cannot be made applicable as it is for the other parts of the states or other states.

A STUDY OF PREFERENCE TOWARDS THE MOBILE WALLETS AMONG THE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN LUCKNOW CITY

Few years back mobile wallet was something majority in India did not hear about but its use saw a huge leap in last couple of years with the surge of smart phones, high speed internet connectivity using 3G and 4G and the lucrative offers mobile wallets provide. This research paper is an attempt to study the preference towards mobile wallet among the students studying in various universities in Lucknow city.