Production Of Lubricants Research Articles

Native based oils for the production of lubricants — Development status and deficits

Hintergrund und Ziel Kuhlschmierstoffe auf der Basis von Fettsaureestern bieten technologische Vorteile gegenuber mineralolbasierten Produkten. Auserdem sind sie umweltgerechter und leisten einen Beitrag zum nachhaltigen Wirtschaften. Dennoch werden sie in der Praxis kaum eingesetzt, da sie bisher aufgrund von Rohstoffpreisen und Synthesekosten teurer sind, als konventionelle Konkurrenzprodukte. Alternativen hinsichtlich Rohstoffen und Synthesewegen werden betrachtet, und die Eigenschaftsbilder resultierender Esterprodukte miteinander verglichen.

Two grease lubrication products introduced

Two grease lubrication products introduced

An MILP Model for Optimal Scheduling of the Lubricant Production Plant

ABSTRACT In this article we are developing a model that can be used for determining the optimal production schedule in a lubricant production plant. The model includes all the main stages in the lubricant production process, contains both continuous and binary variables, and results in the formulation of a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem that is solved using standard optimization techniques. The model can be easily adapted to any lube production facility, thus providing a valuable tool to refineries in their effort to automate the production scheduling process. The proposed tool can save valuable time and resources by eliminating the time-consuming search for a feasible production plan that production engineers go through in order to meet production demands.

From the History of Creation of Plastic Lubricants. Basic and Applied Research

The active creative activity of the Department of Lubricant Chemistry and Technology and Chemmotology at RSU of Oil and Gas (formerly Moscow Petroleum Institute - MPI) in creation of the theoretical principles of processing, production, and use of plastic lubricants successfully began in the first days of its establishment by N. I. Chernozhukov in 1949. Incorporation of the Laboratory of Greases, directed by the well-known specialist D. S. Velikovskii, which already existed in the Institute, in the Department, was responsible for this to a significant degree.

Stripping as a pretreatment process of industrial oily wastewater

In the present work, the potential of purifying an oily wastewater from a lubricant production unit, consisting mainly of alcohols, phenols and heavy linear saturated hydrocarbons, using the stripping process was examined. The effect of stripping gas flow (75–300 L N 2 L WW − 1 h − 1 ) and system temperature (295–355 K) on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the effluent was investigated. A decrease in COD content of 25–30% was achieved after 4 h for stripping gas flow rates over 150 L N 2 L WW − 1 h − 1 , whereas the rate of organic compounds removal was enhanced by increasing temperature up to 333 K. At higher temperatures an effluent condensation was observed. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of both liquid and gas phase showed that linear saturated hydrocarbons of high molecular weight were stripped out from the wastewater. The results are in agreement with the equilibrium ratio of these compounds as predicted from by theoretical calculations.

Improvement in Qualification Tests for Fuels and Lubricants. Theoretical Premises

Within the framework of the Interagency Commission (IC) on Allowance for Production and Use of Fuels, Oils, Lubricants, and Special Fluids, qualimetry is based on the use of systems of qualification evaluation methods (SQEM). In accordance with the rules for conducting acceptance tests for these petroleum products for different types of equipment, these systems include fast testing methods in full–scale units, model, single–cylinder units, and in internal combustion engines combined with methods in petroleum product standards (or technical) documentation.

The effects of vaginal lubricants and moisturizers on computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) parameters associated with cervical mucus penetration

The incidence of vaginal dryness is increased in trying-to-conceive (TTC) couples; however, numerous papers have cited the detrimental effect of common vaginal lubricants and moisturizers on sperm motility. To date, studies have not been done using CASA to evaluate the effects of lubricant products on the motion characteristics of sperm thought to be associated with cervical mucus transport. Specifically, samples of sperm with mean average path velocity (VAP), % straightness (STR) and Amplitude of Lateral Head Displacement (ALH) exceeding a predetermined level have recently been proposed to have a superior likelihood of good cervical mucus penetration in vivo.

Structurally modified polyglycols as biodegradable base stocks for synthetic lubricants

AbstractLubricants of novel formulation should have low toxicity and be readily degraded in the environment. Polyglycols (PAGs), which are homopolymers of ethylene, propylene, or (rarely) butylene oxides, or are copolymers of ethylene and propylene oxides, constitute a group of chemical raw materials with a wide range of industrial applications. They are also used in the synthetic lubricant industry. The properties and applicability of certain PAGs depend on a variety of factors, such as the conditions of preparation, the type of starter and alkylene oxide used, and parameters controlling the structure and molecular weight of the final product. However, of the wide range of available PAGs, not many display properties that might be useful in the production of lubricants, and not many fulfil the biodegradability criteria required in standard test procedures (e.g., OECD) for environmentally friendly base oils. Studies carried out to obtain a novel assortment of base oils have shown that the modification of commercial PAGs by esterification of their hydroxyl groups (both in polyoxyalkylenediols and polyoxyalkylenetriols) yields products with the desired properties. For example, esterification of polyoxyethylenediol of a molecular weight of 400 modified its viscosity, pour point, and water solubility, but did not affect its biodegradability (over 80% in Zahn‐Wellen's test: ISO 9888; OECD 302B).

Production and Use of Food-Grade Lubricants

Production and Use of Food-Grade Lubricants

Prevalence of vaginal dryness in trying-to-conceive couples

Background: Dyspareunia, primarily due to vaginal dryness, has been reported to occur sometimes or more often, in at least 46% of all reproductive age women. However, it is currently not known if vaginal dryness is increased in trying-to-conceive (TTC) couples. Additionally, it has not been evaluated how TTC couples are managing symptoms of vaginal dryness given numerous reports on the sperm toxic nature of most personal lubricants and even saliva. Objective: This study was done to determine the prevalence of vaginal dryness among TTC couples, and their level of understanding of appropriate interventions for such dryness. Methods: An opt-in internet survey of 900 TTC couples was conducted over 5 months. Thirty questions regarding fertility and vaginal dryness were asked of each participant. Summary statistics for the group were compiled and analyzed. Results: Average TTC time for the group was 7 months, with 33% TTC 1 year or more. Medical care for their fertility issues included: 23% no doctor, 13% PCP, 43% ObGyn, 16% Fertility Specialist, or 4% Urologist. Most couples (78%) had no definitive diagnosis for cause of fertility problems. Most (69%) routinely used some ovulation prediction method. Only 16% were currently taking “fertility medications”. While TTC, vaginal dryness negatively affected sexual intimacy for most couples. Tabled 111% always35% often42% sometimes9% rarely3% never Open table in a new tab Vaginal dryness episodes also increased while TTC. Tabled 119% a lot57% some23% not at all Open table in a new tab Although 30% knew not to use a lubricant while TTC, another 26% often or always used them. Use by this later group included mostly that of KY (40%) and Astroglide (19%). Only 20% of couples had ever discussed their dryness problem with a doctor. Of those that had, 75% of the doctors reiterated sperm toxic effects of lubricants. Conclusion: Rates of vaginal dryness in TTC couples appears to be as much as twice that seen in the general population. Patients are not discussing this problem with their care providers adequately. Fully one-quarter of TTC couples are utilizing personal lubricant products which reportedly are as toxic to sperm as are contraceptive jellies (Kutteh et al., 1996). Products designed specifically to relieve vaginal dryness without harming sperm are needed for use by TTC couples.

Photo-assisted oxidation of an oily wastewater using hydrogen peroxide

The primary objective was to study the purification of an oily wastewater from a lubricant production unit using ultraviolet irradiation and hydrogen peroxide. The influence of hydrogen peroxide concentration, initial pH of the solution and of the addition of ferric ions on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was examined. In each case, the concentration of the compounds contained in the oily wastewater was determined. It was shown that a 20–45% COD removal was achieved with 830–1660 mg l −1 H 2O 2. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that the organic compounds of the wastewater decomposed to organic acids that were very resistant to photo-oxidation. Among these compounds, ethylene glycol remained almost unchanged by the attack from hydroxyl radicals. Acidic pH and Fe(III) addition enhanced significantly the photo-oxidation of the wastewater.

A simple capillary column GC method for analysis of palm oil‐based polyol esters

AbstractA reliable, simultaneous analysis of palm oil polyol esters using capillary column GC is described. The polyol esters were esterified from palm oil methyl esters (POME) and palm kernel oil methyl esters (PKOME) with trimethylolpropane [2‐ethyl‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1,3‐propanediol; TMP] to produce the biodegradable base oil for lubricant production. Analysis was performed using a high‐temperature capillary column, SGE HT5 operated at a temperature gradient of 6°C/min starting from 80 to 340°C. Before injection, the sample was derivatized with N,O‐bis (trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide in ethyl acetate at 40°C for at least 10 min. This procedure provides a complete separation of reaction products: TMP, methyl esters, monoesters (ME), diesters (DE), and triesters (TE). As expected, the ME from palm kernel oil was resolved into five major peaks, DE into seven peaks, and TE into 10 peaks. Since no standard was available for this sample, the identities of the peaks were established by a secondary standard that was derived from pure methyl esters. This GC method has made possible the simultaneous determination of reaction product compositions in order to assess the extent of reaction.

Radiation technologies for production and regeneration of motor fuel and lubricants

The potentialities of radiation methods for lubricant production from heavy crude oil and regeneration of used oil products are discussed.

Production of unusual fatty acids in rapeseed

Vegetable-derived oils are of interest for industrial applications partly because of the chemical similarity of plant oils to mineral oils but also because of the economic need to reduce overproduction of seed oils for nutritional use. Complex oils can be produced in seeds as a low cost agricultural product based on renewable solar energy that requires less refining and is biodegradable and thus produces less adverse effects on the environment. In addition, biotechnologies have accelerated selection programmes and increased the genetic diversity available for the development of new varieties of oilseeds with specific fatty acid compositions. In the developing oilseed, energy and carbon are stored as lipid under the form of triacylglycerol, that is, a glycerol molecule to which three fatty acids are esterified. Fatty acids comprise a linear chain of carbon atoms, the first of which carries an organic acid group. The chain length and the presence of double bonds determine the properties of the fatty acid which in turn determine the physical and chemical properties of the oil of storage lipids and hence their economic value. In addition to the common C16- and C18-saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids, the seed storage lipids of many plant species contain unusual fatty acids (UFAs) which can vary in chain length, in the degree of unsaturation, possess double bonds in unusual positions, or can contain additional functional groups such as hydroxy, epoxy, cyclic and acetylenic groups [1]. These unusual fatty acids are of value as industrial feedstocks and their uses include the production of fuels and lubricants, soap and detergents, paints and varnishes, adhesives and plastics (Figure 1).

A protocol for the forensic analysis of condom and personal lubricants found in sexual assault cases

In sexual assault cases, lubricant trace evidence may supplement biological evidence, or may be the primary physical evidence where biological evidence is unavailable. This study considered a total of 50 lubricants from condoms and personal lubricant products available in Australia. Differentiation of the samples was attempted using fluorescence examination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Eleven of the samples were uniquely identified by the analysis scheme, while the remainder of the samples were separated into nine groups. As a result of this study, a recommended protocol for the detection and analysis of an “unknown” biological swab was produced.

Vaginal Inflammation with Nonoxynol-9 Use

Nonoxynol-9 (N-9), a topical vaginal microbicide included in many spermicidal and lubricant products, is toxic in vitro to bacteria and viruses but may

Avtodizel' open joint-stock company specifications for motor oils

The level of development of engine construction and production of lubricants, and the traditional solutions for engine design elements and conditions of operation of vehicles are responsible for the requirements imposed on the performance properties of lubricants in different regions of the world. This is particularly due to the specifications of other countries and engine-manufacturing companies such as Mercedes Benz, Man, Volkswagen, Volvo, Caterpillar, Mack, and others, in addition to the most widespread API and ACEA specifications.

Cuphea a rich source of medium chain triglycerides: Fatty acid composition and oil diversity inCuphea procumbens

The phenological characteristics, oil content, and fatty acid composition of 34 selections of Cuphea procumbens have been studied. The mean seed yield per plant was 9.7 ± 0.43 g. Maximum seed yield (16.7 g) was noticed in NBC-27, while the average number of fruits per plant was 124.9 ± 10.7. The oil content in the seeds ranged from 16.7—28.7%, maximum being in NBC-34. The fatty acid composition revealed the presence of capric acid (C10:0) in all the selections of C. procumbens as the major constituent of the oil ranging from 87.7—94.6%. C. procumbens showed its novelty as an alternative source of capric acid and may be utilized as a renewable resource in the production of plasticizers and lubricants which wholly depend on petrochemical import. Researches are in progress in order to obtain tolerant cultivars against wild plant characteristics and some delayed seed shattering plants have been identified.

Cuphea a rich source of medium chain triglycerides: Fatty acid composition and oil diversity in Cuphea procumbens

The phenological characteristics, oil content, and fatty acid composition of 34 selections of Cuphea procumbens have been studied. The mean seed yield per plant was 9.7 ± 0.43 g. Maximum seed yield (16.7 g) was noticed in NBC-27, while the average number of fruits per plant was 124.9 ± 10.7. The oil content in the seeds ranged from 16.7—28.7%, maximum being in NBC-34. The fatty acid composition revealed the presence of capric acid (C10:0) in all the selections of C. procumbens as the major constituent of the oil ranging from 87.7—94.6%. C. procumbens showed its novelty as an alternative source of capric acid and may be utilized as a renewable resource in the production of plasticizers and lubricants which wholly depend on petrochemical import. Researches are in progress in order to obtain tolerant cultivars against wild plant characteristics and some delayed seed shattering plants have been identified.

The effect of contact load reduction on the fatigue life of pearlitic rail steel in lubricated rolling–sliding contact

Twin‐disc contact simulation tests were carried out to investigate the influence of contact pressure variation on rail steel fatigue life. Both a colloidal suspension of molybdenum disulphide in an oil carrier fluid (similar to a commercial flange lubrication product) and water were used as lubricants. It was found that the reduction from 1500 to 900 MPa of the maximum Hertzian contact pressure (at which a molybdenum–disulphide‐lubricated and previously worn rail sample was tested) extended the fatigue life of the rail steel by over five times. For water lubrication a similar reduction in contact pressure produced only a marginal increase in fatigue life. The results were found to be in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the newly developed Three Mechanism (TM) model of rolling contact fatigue, which is introduced here. This model combines the mechanisms of ratcheting and the fracture mechanics‐based mechanisms of both shear stress‐ and tensile stress‐driven, fluid‐assisted, crack growth.