Production Of Lubricants Research Articles

An evaluation of the epidermal carcinogenic potential of cutting fluids

Epidermal cancer in humans has been associated with industrial exposure to products derived from unrefined petroleum distillates. Because of this association many of these products, including cutting fluids, are now normally produced from highly refined lubricant base oils. Since highly refined oils are not dermally carcinogenic, one would predict that formulated products prepared from these oils would similarly be non-tumorigenic. However, there are experimental data that suggest that fresh cutting fluids might be dermally carcinogenic and that industrial usage might increase the carcinogenic hazard. The current studies evaluated solvent-extracted lubricant base oils and several products, including fresh and used cutting fluids and certain related industrial oils. These materials were all tested for tumorigenic potential in mouse epidermal carcinogenesis bioassays. None of the solvent-extracted lubricant base oils were dermal carcinogens. Similarly, the cutting fluids and industrial oils formulated from these base oils were not dermally carcinogenic. Finally, there was no evidence that industrial usage influenced the carcinogenic potential of these oils. It was concluded that solvent-extracted oils and the products derived from these oils pose minimal skin cancer hazards when used under appropriate conditions in industrial settings.

Intensification of transfer processes in high-viscosity non-Newtonian fluids during lubricant production

High-viscosity non-Newtonian fluids are increasingly being used as the working media in lubricant production processes. Intensification of transfer processes in such fluids is a pressing theoretical and practical problem. We will consider this problem as it applies to heat transfer in high-viscosity non-Newtonian fluids, whose rheological properties are described by an equation that is a generalization of the Shvedov-Bingham power law and linear model for a viscous plastic medium:

Continuous production of lithium lubricants at the berdyansk ONMZ

Continuous production of lithium lubricants at the berdyansk ONMZ

Inhibition of steel corrosion in hydrocholoric acid solutions in lubricant production

Under laboratory conditions simulating the production of 20% hydrochloric acid in the unit at 20-40 C, the authors evaluated the protective properties of a number of acid-corrosion inhibitors that are produced on a commercial scale: PB-5, I-1-V, I-2-V, KI-1, BA-6, KhOSP-10, I-IE, and KPI-3. The protective properties of the inhibitors were rated according to the retardation factor 'gamma', which is the ratio of the unprotected metal corrosion rate to the corrosion rate in the presence of the inhibitor. Gravimetric, polarization resistance, and polarization curves were used to investigate the protective effects of the inhibitors. A table summarizes data on the protective properties of the acid inhibitors under static test conditions at 20 + or - 0.5 C, by the polarization resistance and gravimetric methods, the former having a considerable advantage over the other two methods.

An Application of a Free Volume Model to Lubricant Rheology 2—Variation in Viscosity of Binary Blended Lubricants

The modified WLF equation developed in Part 1 was applied to the variation in viscosity, μ(T,P), for two series of binary blended lubricants containing a common synthetic diester (di(2ethylhexyl)sebacate) in a polyphenyl ether (5P4E) and in a naphthenic mineral oil (N1). Dilatometric observations and the viscosity analysis indicate that the relations needed to predict the pressure functions in the modified WLF equation for the binary mixture can be obtained from those of respective components. These relations allow us to estimate μ(T,P) of a binary blended lubricant without measurements of the high pressure viscosity of the blend. For practical applications, the modified WLF equation may also be useful for predicting μ(T,P) of blended lubricant products.

Problems of colloid chemistry in the production and application of lubricants

This article examines the treatment of raw lubricating oil stocks, the improvement of lubricant quality by means of synthetic components and additives (particularly surfactant additives), and the preparation of disperse systems as lubricants (e.g., commercial lubricating oils with micellar-dissolved additives, lubricating greases, and lubricating/cooling fluids). Colloid chemistry in lubricant technology is important for improving and accelerating lubricant production, improving lubricant quality, and in developing new materials for severe operating conditions. The application of lubricants is based on their surface and bulk colloid-chemical properties. The role of colloid-chemical processes in dewaxing is discussed. It is concluded that improvements in the stability and regulation of the structure of disperse lubricating materials will contribute to longer service life.

The Nature of Wear Debris Generated During Lubricated Wear-In

The microstructure and chemical makeup of wear debris generated during short-term lubricated wear experiments is being investigated. Two types of debris have been identified: (1) metal flakes and (2) submicron metal particles imbedded in a gel-like lubricant product. The particle-gel structure was found for both stearic acid and pure dimethyl silicone. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE Lubrication Conference in Washington, D.C., October 5–7, 1982

ChemInform Abstract: ESTERIFICATION OF TRIMELLITIC ANHYDRIDE BY N‐OCTYL ALCOHOL

AbstractDie Veresterung von Trimellithsäureanhydrid (I) mit einem Überschuß an n‐Octylalkohol (II) ohne Lösungsmittel wird in Gegenwart saurer Katalysatoren wie Schwefelsäure, p‐Toluolsulfonsäure und sauren Kationenaustauschem wie KU‐1 und KU‐2 untersucht.

Esterification of trimellitic anhydride with n-octyl alcohol

In the production of synthetic oils and lubricants, esters of aliphatic acids are widely used; these materials have good viscosity-temperature properties, low solidification points, low volatility, etc. [1-3]. We find practically no information in the literature on the use of esters of aromatic acids as synthetic oils. The only example that has been reported is the use of esters of phthaiic acid and C6-C8 alcohols, which have good viscosity-temperature properties and a low thermal decomposition [4]. Esters of pyromellitic acid can be used as corrosion inhibitors for lubricants [5]. No information has been reported on the esterification reaction of benzenetriearboxylic and benzenetetracarboxylic acids with higher alcohols, apart from one description of a method for preparing mixed esters of trimellitic acid [6].

Universal scheme for the continuous production of lubricants

1. There has been developed a universal flowsheet for the continuous production of consistent lubricants in the presence of water and of intermediate solvents, based on the principle of one-time evaporation. 2. A pilot unit, operating according to the proposed flowsheet, was built and thoroughly tested. The possibility of producing different lubricants in the unit was demonstrated. 3. There was shown the positive effect of the presence of water on the thickening capacity of the soap.

The Enots‐Vogel Story

AN AGREEMENT recently concluded between Enots Ltd., of Birmingham, and Willey Vogel of Berlin provides that Enots will discontinue development of new lubrication products, acting instead as agents for Vogel equipment while Vogel will, in time, manufacture only lubrication products and will import pneumatic equipment from Enots for the German market.

The analysis of oil for the production of lubricants. By A. A. Ashworth, M.A. Pp. 63. London: E. Benn, Ltd., 1933. 9s

The analysis of oil for the production of lubricants. By A. A. Ashworth, M.A. Pp. 63. London: E. Benn, Ltd., 1933. 9s

Castor oil as a mechanical lubricant

Human need for energy is insatiable. ManBackspace use of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon sources has served human energy requirements but not without associated challenges of renewability, toxicity, depletion, degradability, and environmental hazards. Since a complete substitute for fossilized-energy sources is yet to be realized, one viable options available to man is alternative, renewable, ecofriendly, and biodegradable energy sources – thus, minimizing complete reliance on mineral based energy sources. Lubricants are finding relevance in product processing, transportation, agriculture, and other key sectors of industrial developments as a result of use of machines to aid human operations. While more than 70% of commercially available lubricants are from crude oil/hydrocarbon, commercial formulation of lubricants using vegetable base oils are gaining global interests. Lubricants obtained from bio-based oils are eco-compatible but are widely reported to be thermally and oxidatively unstable, especially when such biolubricants are produced from crude form of vegetable oils. The aim of this review is to reappraise various scholarly works on thermal-oxidative stability of vegetable oils so as to validate their usefulness as potential alternative and renewable sources of energy used in the production of lubricants as against continuous usage of mineral based energy sources which is ecologically non benign.