LTE Band Research Articles

A Comprehensive Analysis on Interference Avoidance for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing between FDD LTE and NR

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis on the interference avoidance for dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) between FDD LTE and NR to solve the coverage layer for NR standalone (SA) network with low FDD LTE bands. In the first place, detailed collisions between FDD LTE and NR are presented and involved with physical control channel, physical data channel, and physical signal of both downlink and uplink. The corresponding principle of collision avoidance is also proposed based on the flexible configuration of NR physical layer in both the time domain and the frequency domain. Due to LTE CRS across the whole bandwidth, the collide with LTE CRS cannot be fully avoided by flexible configuration and need LTE CRS puncturing or NR puncturing on these collided LTE CRS with DSS activation. However, both LTE CRS puncturing and NR puncturing more or less cause the impacts on the performance. As with NR puncturing for LTE CRS, the simulation analysis on the impacts of NR SSB and RMSI is presented. On the other hand, LTE CRS puncturing influences the reception performance of LTE UE, and we analyze the impact of RSRP measurement, demodulation, and frequency/time offset measurement by simulation. Finally, capacity loss also is explained based on essential overhead.

Wide Band Spectrum Monitoring System from 30MHz to 1800MHz with limited Size, Weight and Power Consumption by MRC-100 Satellite

Today, the usage of radio frequencies is steadily increasing based on the continuous development of modern telecommunication technologies, and this, in turn, increases the electromagnetic pollution not only on Earth but also in space. In low Earth orbit, electromagnetic pollution creates some kind of difficulty in controlling nano-satellites. So it is necessary to measure the electromagnetic pollution in the Low Earth Orbit. The basic aim of this paper is to present the capability of designing and developing a PocketQube-class satellite 3-PQ 5 x 5 x 15 cm as a potential continuation of SMOG-1, the fourth satellite of Hungary. The planned scientific payload of MRC- 100 is a wideband spectrum monitoring system for radio frequency smog in the frequency range of 30-2600 MHz on Low Earth Orbit (600 Km). In this paper, we have executed qualifying measurements on the whole system in the frequency range of 30-1800 MHz (first phase), and we calibrated its broadband antenna with a measurement system. We present the capabilities of the wideband spectrum monitoring system to measure radio frequency signals, with the limited size, weight, and power consumption of the designed system. The working spectrum measurement system was tested on the top of the roof of building V1 at BME University and An-echoic chamber, we were able to show that there is significant radio frequency smog caused by the upper HF band, FM band, VHF band, UHF band, LTE band, GSM band, 4G band, and UMTS band. This is relevant to the main mission target of MRC-100.

Design of a Novel Split-Bowtie Slotted Multi-Resonant Antenna

This article demonstrates a novel design of a split-bowtie slotted multi-resonant antenna. The design process was inspired from previous research of integrating a slot of a similar profile to the outer boundary of a rectangular patch antenna. The followed approach presents steps of proposed antenna evolution, which starts with a bowtie-shape slotted antenna and a coaxial feed to a final design with a split-bowtie-shaped slot, and a double transmission line feed. Polar dimensions of the outer boundary (radii and angle) and slot profiles together with the dimensions of the feed, whether coaxial or transmission line, were considered as parameters for optimization. Four antennas were accordingly studied, which led to the final split-bowtie-shaped antenna IV. These designs were performed utilizing a special simulation package called "CST Microwave Suite" that included the optimizer "Genetic Algorithm". The final design offers 4 simultaneous bands from a single split-bowtie-shaped slot; a big advantage of unnecessary integration of a set of complicated slots on front and ground planes. Further, the antenna finds applications in mobile GSM and LTE bands 900/1800 MHz and 2.1 GHz, together with the satellite communications band 1.25 GHz. It is therefore simple, non-reconfigurable, easy to fabricate, designed on a single copper layer, with a low cost FR4 substrate and a plane copper ground.

Compact Multiband Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna for Sub- 6GHz 5G Mobile Terminal

In this paper, the design of a multiband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with compound reconfiguration capability in the 5G sub-6 GHz band is presented. Frequency and radiation pattern reconfiguration are enabled on the antenna consisting of two planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) elements using PIN diodes and DC biasing circuits. This results in reconfigurability in multiple bands, ranging from 0.8 GHz to 6 GHz for GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G-NR bands. At the same time, reflection coefficients of less than -6 dB and high isolation of at least -10 dB between ports ensures satisfactory MIMO diversity performance. Within the operating bands, total efficiencies of between 46.2% and 74.5% is achieved, with less than 0.3 of envelope correlation coefficient. This enables a channel capacity of 9.86 to 10.5 bit/s/Hz. Simulated antenna performance parameters agreed well with measurements, and potentially enables reliable and consistent data throughput for 5G mobile terminals.

Low-Profile Broadband Dual-Polarization Double-Layer Metasurface Antenna for 2G/3G/LTE Cellular Base Stations

A double-layer metasurface is proposed to realize the low profile of a broadband dual-polarized antenna for cellular base-station applications. The proposed metasurface is formed by the two layers of printed metallic patch unit cells on either substrate surface to miniaturize the metasurface size and enhance design flexibility by regulating the extent of electromagnetic coupling between the two layers. Despite the low profile of the antenna, a wideband operation is accomplished by operating the metasurface in the nonresonant region that facilitates wideband phase compensation and its truncation to a finite dimension with an additional transverse electric (TE) surface wave resonance. The guidelines for the design of the surface is derived from a comparison of unit cell structures and an approach is introduced to correlate their potential with surface susceptibility parameters. A detailed parametric study addresses the critical concern on the overall dimensions of the finite metasurface. A ±45°-polarized dipole antenna with an overall thickness of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.15~\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the wavelength in free space at the center operating frequency) is designed as example. The measured results show a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert \text{S}_{11}\vert \le -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB impedance bandwidth of 46.4% over the frequency range of 1.69–2.71 GHz with average boresight gain of 9 dBi with a ground plane of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.1\lambda _{0} \times 1.1\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , well covering 2G (1.71–1.92 GHz), 3G (1.88–2.17 GHz), and LTE (2.3–2.4 GHz and 2.5–2.69 GHz) bands.

Numerical Analysis of Users’ Body Effects on a Fourteen-Element Dual-Band 5G MIMO Mobile Terminal Antenna

This paper studies the performance of a 14-element dual-band 5G MIMO antenna with body effect and an antenna selection. The antenna operates in the lower frequency band from 3.10 to 3.85 GHz for 5G bands of LTE 42 and 43, whereas the upper band is from 5.60 to 7.20 GHz for the newly assigned 6 GHz WiFi band. The antenna performance was evaluated in free space and under the effect of human body in three scenarios, namely one-hand, two-hands, and call mode. All resulting envelope correlation coefficients are less than 0.3. On the other hand, the free space efficiency of the antenna elements is between 41 % to 77 % in the lower band and 61 % to 95 % in the upper band. Meanwhile, the efficiency of the elements varies depending on the interaction between each element with the hands and the head, with the least obstructed element efficiency degrading to 8 % relative to free space levels. Due to the body effect, multiplexing efficiency loss varies from 2.68 dB to 5.93 dB and the capacity loss is from 14 % to 38 %. Finally, a selection algorithm is used to assess the performance of the overall antenna when 12, 10 and 8 antenna elements are selected for operation. In free space and with number of elements 12, 10 and 8, the system achieves 91.7 %, 80 % and 67 % from the capacity of the 14-element MIMO antenna, respectively. However, in the vicinity of the body, these values increase to 96.3 %, 85.0 % and 72 % from the capacity of the 14-element MIMO antenna, respectively. This signifies that the less-contributing elements as a result of body blockage can be deselected in order to preserve system resources that these elements consume while contributing less significantly to the performance.

A SEMI-DEFECTED GROUND PLANE AND A BINARY GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR DESIGNING A VERY COMPACT TRIPLE-BAND PIFA ANTENNA

we suggest in this study a very compact triple band PIFA antenna for mobile and wireless applications.by using the binary genetic algorithm and a semi-defected ground plane. This antenna with the dimension of 38×40×1.9 mm3 is dedicated to LTE Band 11 (1427.9-1495.9 MHz), HIPERLAN/2 (5.15-5.35 GHz), WLAN (5.15-5.35 GHz) and 5G Sub-6GHz applications. To accomplish triple-band operation with acceptable performance purpose of using the genetic algorithm is to dictate the form of the ground plane of the antenna. The simulation results showed that the developed PIFA antenna has optimal operation on three frequencies. The first resonance frequency is 1.32 GHz with a bandwidth (S11 &lt; -10 dB) from 1.28 GHz to 1.38 GHz. The middle and higher bands are centred respectively at 3.12 GHz and 5.2 GHz, with a bandwidth from 3.05 to 3.17 GHz and 4.93 to 5.44 GHz, respectively.

A Multiband FSS Director Using Aperture Interdigital Structure for Wireless Communication Systems

This research paper proposes a multi-band frequency selective surface (FSS) director using the aperture interdigital technique. The FSS unit cell has been designed based on a basic bandpass filter (BPF) connected with an interdigital structure. With the proposed structure, the FSS unit cell size can be reduced from <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> /2 to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> /8 caused by the slow-wave effect of interdigital capacitance loaded at the end of the transmission line in the unit cell structure. Moreover, the capacitance loaded at the end of the transmission line can control the second and the third resonance frequencies to resonate as required. The unit cell has been designed at the fundamental frequency of 1.8 GHz and the controlled second and third resonance frequencies of 3.7 GHz and 5.2 GHz, respectively. The operating frequencies of the proposed FSS unit cell cover LTE band (0-1.9 GHz), Wi-MAX band (3.22GHz-4.7GHz), and WLAN band (5.15 GHz-5.95 GHz). The size of the unit cell is very compact which is 11.53 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times10.77$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm. The designed unit cells are then connected as an array of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , resulting in an overall size of 92.31 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times86.16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm. This array has been used as a director for dipole antennas designed at the frequencies of 1.8 GHz, 2.45 GHz, 3.7 GHz, and 5.2 GHz. From the simulation, the dipole antennas with the proposed FSS director have directional gains of 4.52 dB at 1.8 GHz, 3.83 dB at 3.7 GHz, and 3.29 dB at 5.2 GHz, respectively. Measurement results show the directional gains of 3.67 dB at 1.8 GHz, 3.16 at 3.7 GHz, and 3.42 dB at 5.2 GHz, respectively. The proposed FSS director has properties of multi-band operation with a compact size that can be developed for antenna covers and radomes of multi-band wireless communications.

Octaband WWAN/LTE Dual-Antenna System Decoupled by Two Neutralization Lines with Inductors for Smart Phones

A decoupled octaband WWAN/LTE dual-antenna system occupying a size of 80 mm × 15 mm × 6.8 mm for smart phones is proposed. The proposed antenna system consists of two antenna elements with symmetrical geometry, two neutralization lines (NLs) with embedded inductor, and an inverted-T branch. The two NLs mainly reduce the mutual coupling at the desired lower (704–960 MHz) frequency band, while the inverted-T branch mainly reduces the mutual coupling at the desired higher (1710–2690 MHz) frequency band. The fabricated prototype has a −6 dB impedance bandwidth of 0.3 GHz (0.69–0.99 GHz) and 1.2 GHz (1.66–2.86 GHz) which cover the LTE700, GSM850, GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, LTE2300, and LTE2500 bands. Within these bands, the measured mutual couplings are lower than −10 dB. The measured antenna efficiencies are about 42.6%–60% and 58.3%–78.7% at the desired lower and higher frequency bands, respectively. The diversity performance and the SAR performance are also evaluated.

Dielectric properties of Nd(Ti0.5W0.5)O4 ceramics at microwave frequency for application in hybrid dielectric resonator antenna suitable for LTE/5G

The microwave dielectric properties of Nd(Ti0.5W0.5)O4 ceramics were examined with a view to their application in mobile communication. The Nd(Ti0.5W0.5)O4 ceramics were prepared using the conventional solid-state method. A maximum density of 6.65 g/cm3 was obtained for the Nd(Ti0.5W0.5)O4 ceramic, sintered at 1500 °C for 4 h. Dielectric constants () of 15.4–19.4 and quality factor (Q f) of 3,600–11,100 GHz were obtained at sintering temperatures in the range 1425–1525 °C for 4 h. A Nd(Ti0.5W0.5)O4 ceramic that was sintered at 1500 °C for 4 h had a dielectric constant ( ) of 19.4, a quality factor (Q f) of 11,100 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency () of −48 ppm/°C. The hybrid dielectric resonator antenna consisted of a cylindrical high dielectric constant dielectric resonator and a rectangular slot was implemented. The hybrid dielectric resonator antenna had two resonant frequencies. The lower and higher resonant frequencies were associated with the rectangular slot and dielectric resonator, respectively. Parametric investigation was carried out using simulation software. The proposed hybrid dielectric resonator antenna had good agreement between the simulation results and the measurement results. The proposed hybrid dielectric resonator antenna has frequencies cover sub-6 GHz band and LTE band 3. A 10.2% bandwidth (return loss <10 dB) of 1.77 GHz, and a 9.9% bandwidth (return loss <10 dB) of 3.43 GHz was implemented successfully for application in sub-6 GHz band and LTE band 3.

An Eight Element Dual Band Antenna for Future 5G Smartphones

The demand of 5G in modern communication era due to its high data rate, reliable connectivity and low latency is enormous. This paper presents a novel dual band antenna resonating at two distinct bands allotted for 5G services. The proposed antenna is composed of inverted L shape probes comprising a rectangular defected ground structure. The propose antenna covers 3.4–3.6 GHz and 5.4–5.6 GHz spectrum. In propose MIMO system, the efficiency ranges from 52 to 69% with peak gain of 3.1 dBi. The proposed antenna system is sufficiently isolated with minimum value of 13 dB and ECC less than 0.05 among any two radiating elements. Similarly, the channel capacity is found to be 38 and 39.5 at both resonating bands at 20 dB SNR and diversity and mean effective gains lies in acceptable range. The radiation characteristics of the proposed design shows that the proposed antenna is providing good diversity characteristics and SAR values have demonstrated to be safe for user vicinity. The proposed dual band antenna prototype is developed tested. With the measured results obtained, the MIMO system proposed can be seen as vital candidate for 5G LTE band 42 and 46 services.

Wideband Gain Enhancement of an AMC Cavity-Backed Dual-Polarized Antenna

A novel low-profile wideband antenna is proposed with high-gain, high-isolated, and dual-polarized properties. It consists of two mutually-orthogonal bowtie-shaped dipole radiators, four rectangular parasitic elements, and a cylindrical artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) cavity. By introducing parasitic elements, additional resonance is generated, and the bandwidth is widened. The gain is mainly improved by the cylindrical metallic wall and wideband AMC of the cavity. The AMC operates in ±90 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> reflection phase band-gap bandwidth of 2.35-4.25 GHz, and its equivalent circuit model is developed to understand the working mechanism. The orthogonal placement of two dipole radiators ensures polarization diversity and high isolation. The impacts of various environmental conditions on antenna performance are investigated. To verify the concept of design and demonstrate its excellent performance features, a prototype is fabricated and measured. The proposed wideband antenna has a height of 0.18 wavelength at the center frequency. The measured -10-dB impedance bandwidth is from 2.16 to 3.96 GHz, where the realized gain is 8.34-10.96 dBi and the radiation efficiency is more than 81.8%. High isolation of > 28.65 dB and low envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) of < 2.74 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> are also achieved between antenna elements. It can be used in the base station for intelligent Internet of Vehicle (IoV) applications, covering the bands of WLAN, WiMAX, Bluetooth, LTE, and 5G sub-6 GHz.

Vertically Polarized Loop-Fed Slot Antenna With Top-Loading Metasurface for Omnidirectional LTE Base Station Application

A novel wideband vertically polarized (VP) omnidirectional antenna is proposed in this letter. Two crossed bowtie slots are fed by a loop which is arranged above the ground vertically. The loop works in the one wavelength mode together with its image with respect to the ground, and accordingly the quasi-omnidirectional radiation can be achieved. The bowtie slots are introduced to expand the working bandwidth. Afterwards, a top-loading patch is utilized to improve the impedance matching. Furthermore, the complete patch is replaced by the metasurface to suppress the lateral current so that the stable omnidirectional radiation can be maintained in the operating band. A prototype is fabricated and measured. The -10 dB impedance bandwidth covers the LTE band of 1.7-2.7 GHz. The proposed antenna is well tailored for indoor ceiling base station applications.

A 1.7-to-2.7GHz 35–38% PAE Multiband CMOS Power Amplifier Employing a Digitally-Assisted Analog Pre-Distorter (DAAPD) Reconfigurable Linearization Technique

This brief presents a CMOS power amplifier (PA) employing a digitally-assisted analog pre-distorter (DAAPD) reconfigurable linearization technique to reduce the back-off output power (PBO) for multiband operation. The proposed DAAPD optimizes the interstage load impedance between the driver and the main stage by changing the transconductance of the driver amplifier and its active load. We also utilize the DAAPD to optimize the PA when subjected to process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations. Fabricated in 130-nm CMOS, the DAAPD-PA operates from 1.7 to 2.7 GHz with a 3 dB back-off output power efficiency of 35% to 38% while fulfilling the stringent adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) and error vector magnitude (EVM) requirements of a 20-MHz 16-QAM LTE signal. With a continuous wave (CW) signal, the DAAPD-PA achieves a maximum output power of 27 to 28 dBm across frequencies of interest with supply headroom of 3.3 V. Finally, the DAAPD-PA covers 20 LTE bands with reduced back-off output power.

Isolation improvement in dual‐band astroid shaped MIMO DRA for LTE and ISM applications

This article presents the design of a novel astroid shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) constructed from PTFE Teflon material with a dielectric constant of εr = 2.1 and a loss tangent tan δ = 0.0002 on an FR4 grounded substrate for LTE and ISM band applications. Inverted Omega ℧-shaped feed along with asymmetric E-shaped dual metallic strips in the partial ground is used to obtain dual-band characteristics. A light weight, cost-effective plastic material is used to design the antenna. An isolation of 26.5 dB and 24.6 dB is achieved in the two frequency bands 1.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz respectively by modifying the ground plane. Metallic strips and stubs in the ground are used to enhance the isolation in the proposed MIMO system. The obtained impedance bandwidths in both the bands are 14.5% and 13%. The performance of the MIMO system is characterized by the envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain. Good agreement is found between simulated and measured results.

Efficient Six-Port MIMO Antenna System for 5G Mobile Handsets

A six-port MIMO antenna system for forthcoming mobile applications (Sub 6 GHz) is presented in this paper. Four F-shaped antenna elements are placed at four extreme corners and two at the middle side edges of 0.8 mm thick FR4 substrate. An open-ended slot is carved into the ground plane to improve the impedance matching. The proposed antenna operates in the frequency range of 3.4–3.6 GHz (LTE Band 42), with a-10 dB (2:1 voltage standing wave ratio) impedance bandwidth of 200 MHz. The proposed antenna operates in the frequency range of 3.4–3.6 GHz (LTE Band 42), with a-10 dB (2:1 voltage standing wave ratio) impedance bandwidth of 200–MHz. The fabricated MIMO antenna is practically measured and compared with simulated results. The obtained isolation is lower than 20 dB without employing isolation enhancing procedures, making the antenna highly appropriate for 5G smartphone applications. High isolation results in lower values of Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) below 0.01. The antenna’s diversity performance is validated by calculating Total Active Reflection Co-efficient (TARC) which is better than 40 dB. The calculated channel capacity of the six-port antenna array is 32.5 bps/Hz at 20 dB Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The six-antenna array’s reliability is evaluated by examining the influence of hand effects and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The measured results are consistent with simulated results which exhibit the antenna presented in this article is highly capable of mobile phone applications for future cellular communication.

Efficient and optimized six- port MIMO antenna system for 5G smartphones

AbstractIn this paper, six-port MIMO antenna is presented for 5G mobile handsets. The proposed six-port antenna array is designed by making four L shaped monopole slots at four corners and two at the middle side edges of the ground plane which is printed on the backside of 0.8 mm thick FR4 substrate. High isolation (&gt;−18 dB) between any pair of antenna elements is achieved without deploying dedicated isolation enhancing mechanisms. The antenna is working from 3.4–3.6 GHz (LTE Band 42) with 200 MHz bandwidth in the 2:1 VSWR (−10 dB impedance bandwidth). The proposed six-port MIMO antenna array is fabricated and measured. Significant radiation efficiency is obtained from 70 to 74 % in desired band of operation. Further, the MIMO parameters such as Envelope Correlation Co-efficient (ECC), Channel Capacity, Channel Capacity Loss (CLL) and Total Active Reflection Co-Efficient (TARC) are calculated. The robustness of the antenna is estimated by analyzing the user hand effects and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The measured results are well agreed with the simulated results.

An integrated three-antenna structure for 5G, WLAN, LTE and ITU band cognitive radio communication

Design of an integrated ultra wide-band and narrow-band three-antenna structure for cognitive radio communication in 5G, WLAN, LTE and ITU bands is reported. This structure constitutes of an ultra wide-band antenna to monitor the radio spectrum and two narrow-band antennas performing communication. The UWB and narrow-band antennas are stamped on an FR-4 substrate of 28 × 37 × 1.6 mm3. The UWB antenna connected at port1 (P1) is suitable for sensing the un-licensed ultra wide-band of 3.1–10.6 GHz. Maximum peak gain of this antenna is 5.36dBi at 10 GHz with an average radiation efficiency of 85%. The two narrow-band antennas work at various bands to cover the 5G, WLAN, LTE and ITU bands. Especially, the first narrow-band antenna associated at port2 (P2) acquires a single operating band covers 5–6 GHz, which includes WLAN 5 GHz (IEEE-802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax) band. The second narrow-band antenna affiliated to port3 (P3) attains dual-band from 2.8 to 4.15 GHz and 7.7 to 11.2 GHz, which cover 5G sub 6 GHz, Wi-MAX 3.5 GHz, LTE, ITU 8 GHz and X-bands. Transmission coefficients are less than −13.5 dB over the antenna functioning bands. This 2D-integrated antenna structure is prepared using PCB fabrication and results are tested. The experimental results are verified and report a good matching.

Design of Two Element Triple Band MIMO DRA with Enhanced Isolation for LTE Applications

A new two element hybrid MIMO DRA is presented for LTE operation. The presented MIMO having two elements excited with CPW feeding. This is operating under hybrid TM mode. MIMO is intended on partial ground with thickness of 0.035 mm, substrate (FR-4) with dielectric constant (εr) of 4.6, thickness 1.6 mm and loss tangent 0.019. The DRA is placed on the two elements individually. The dimensions of the presented MIMO are 90 X 107.8 X 13 mm3. The antenna gives a multiband to covers 0.8 GHz, 1.5 GHz, and 1.7 GHz for |S11| ≤ -10 dB. The proposed MIMO can cover LTE Band 5 and Band 6 at 0.84 GHz with operating band width of 83.2 MHz (0.8106 – 0.8938 GHz), LTE Band 21 at 1.5 GHz with operating band width of 45.4 MHz (1.4825 – 1.5279 GHz) and LTE Band 9 at 1.7 GHz with operating band with is 72.6 MHz (1.7382 – 1.8108 GHz). The simulated isolation of -74.96 dB, -75.53 dB and -81.41 dB are obtained with respect to the mentioned frequencies, respectively. MIMO provides very good radiation efficiency &gt;140 % at band-1, &gt; 81% at band-2 and &gt;82% at band-3. The proposed antenna is discovered to attain good isolation, better impedance matching, low Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and adequate gain. Hence, This MIMO suitable for LTE applications. The HFSS software is used for the simulation.

Performance Analysis of Highly Efficient Two-Port MIMO Antenna for 5G Wearable Applications

In this paper, a compact low-profile dual-band 2 × 2 wide band wearable slot antenna (smart watch) for the frequency spectrum of 3.4–3.6 GHz (LTE Band 42) is proposed. For smart watch applications, the antenna should be as small as possible and it should be resonating at the forthcoming 5G technology. Hence, two resonant modes are achieved for each antenna by etching the T-shaped monopole slot in the ground plane of size 40 × 40 mm2, and each slot is coupled fed by the L-shaped tuned stub which is printed on the 0.8 mm-thick FR4 substrate. The proposed antenna is fabricated and its performance is experimentally measured. The measured antenna parameters agree well with the simulated results. The reflection co-efficient and transmission co-efficient of the Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) antenna are well below −10 dB throughout the band of operation. The efficiency of the MIMO antenna is achieved up to 81% with the overall gain of about 2.4 dB. To validate the proposed MIMO performance, the envelope correlation co-efficient between the antenna elements is calculated. In this paper, the effect of the proposed antenna in the human hand is also studied and discussed along with the specific absorption rate.