Petroleum Gas Research Articles

Configuration Analysis of Technology Readiness, Technology Acceptance, and Public Satisfaction Regarding Continued Induction Stove Use in Indonesia

In 2022, Indonesia began the energy conversion pilot project from Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) stoves to induction stoves in Surakarta. Before the program is scaled up, it is vital to conduct an in-depth analysis of the technology readiness, technology acceptance, and user satisfaction to assess program continuity. This research aims to identify what configuration of aspects of technology readiness, technology acceptance, and satisfaction will produce continuance intention and the necessary conditions of continuance usage intention. This study involved 412 conversion program participants in five districts in Surakarta, Indonesia. Utilizing fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), four solution configurations that lead to high continuance intention and four for low continuance intention were obtained. Generally, nearly all conditions must be maintained at a positive level to produce high continuance intention, especially innovativeness, and satisfaction. The research has theoretical and practical implications, including satisfaction having the greatest impact on configurations and the quality of the conversion program, in which the induction stove and its service program must become the main focus to ensure satisfaction. Clear policies and wider socialization must be conducted to enhance people’s awareness and trust. To boost sustainability and continuity, synergistic cooperation between stakeholders and the creation of a better environment for induction stove implementation must also be established. Future research should conduct a longitudinal study approach to strengthen the analysis of a long-term induction stove conversion program.

Cooking with liquefied petroleum gas or biomass and fetal growth outcomes: a multi-country randomised controlled trial

Household air pollution might lead to fetal growth restriction during pregnancy. We aimed to investigate whether a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) intervention to reduce personal exposures to household air pollution during pregnancy would alter fetal growth. The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial was an open-label randomised controlled trial conducted in ten resource-limited settings across Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. Pregnant women aged 18-34 years (9-19 weeks of gestation) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive an LPG stove, continuous fuel delivery, and behavioural messaging or to continue usual cooking with biomass for 18 months. We conducted ultrasound assessments at baseline, 24-28 weeks of gestation (the first pregnancy visit), and 32-36 weeks of gestation (the second pregnancy visit), to measure fetal size; we monitored 24 h personal exposures to household air pollutants during these visits; and we weighed children at birth. We conducted intention-to-treat analyses to estimate differences in fetal size between the intervention and control group, and exposure-response analyses to identify associations between household air pollutants and fetal size. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02944682). Between May 7, 2018, and Feb 29, 2020, we randomly assigned 3200 pregnant women (1593 to the intervention group and 1607 to the control group). The mean gestational age was 14·5 (SD 3·0) weeks and mean maternal age was 25·6 (4·5) years. We obtained ultrasound assessments in 3147 (98·3%) women at baseline, 3052 (95·4%) women at the first pregnancy visit, and 2962 (92·6%) at the second pregnancy visit, through to Aug 25, 2020. Intervention adherence was high (the median proportion of days with biomass stove use was 0·0%, IQR 0·0-1·6) and pregnant women in the intervention group had lower mean exposures to particulate matter with a diameter less than 2·5 μm (PM2·5; 35·0 [SD 37·2] μg/m3vs 103·3 [97·9] μg/m3) than did women in the control group. We did not find differences in averaged post-randomisation Z scores for head circumference (0·30 vs 0·39; p=0·04), abdominal circumference (0·38 vs 0·39; p=0·99), femur length (0·44 vs 0·45; p=0·73), and estimated fetal weight or birthweight (-0·13 vs -0·12; p=0·70) between the intervention and control groups. Personal exposures to household air pollutants were not associated with fetal size. Although an LPG cooking intervention successfully reduced personal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy, it did not affect fetal size. Our findings do not support the use of unvented liquefied petroleum gas stoves as a strategy to increase fetal growth in settings were biomass fuels are used predominantly for cooking. US National Institutes of Health and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For the Kinyarwanda, Spanish and Tamil translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Biogas as Alternative to Liquefied Petroleum Gas in Mauritania: An Integrated Future Approach for Energy Sustainability and Socio-Economic Development

The global shift from conventional energy sources to sustainable alternatives has garnered significant attention, driven by the promise of economic benefits and environmental sustainability. The current study rigorously investigated the economic advantages and sustainability achieved from the transition of households in Mauritania from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to biogas utilization. The study constitutes a robust case study that centers on assessing the multifaceted impacts of this transition on household finances and overall quality of life in Mauritania. This case focuses on biogas technology adoption and its role as a competitor of LPG in Mauritania. The energy poverty portfolio of the nation has been explored and livestock waste generation and biogas production potential have been estimated at 2451 million cubic meters annually. Biogas production can fulfill 50% of the energy requirement for cooking purposes within the country. The community scale fixed-dome-type biogas digesters have been recommended for Mauritania by considering a community of 100 families. The calculated payback period for the community project is 74 months, and after the payback period, continuous monthly benefits of USD 1750 will be started. Livestock manure is directly utilized for farming practices in Mauritania, which produces 10.7 Gg of methane emissions per year. Biogas production is a clean and economically viable option for Mauritania, which can also be beneficial for reducing the methane emissions footprints of the livestock sector. This case study will prove as a vital project for other African nations if successfully implemented. Multiple recommendations for the policy-makers of Mauritania have also been formulated, like tariffs on biogas production facilities and swift financing schemes, which can further strengthen the biogas production on a national scale. International funders should also take part in coping with the energy demand of Mauritania and its mission to mitigate climate change rather than utilizing LPG on a national scale. Biogas production and utilization are much cheaper compared with the fluctuating prices of LPG and ensure health when cooking.

Automatic LPG Gas Detection and Exhausting

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a main source of fuel, especially in urban areas because it is clean compared to firewood and charcoal. Gas leakage is a major problem in the industrial sector, residential premises, etc. Nowadays, home security has become a major issue because of increasing gas leakage. Gas leakage is a source of great anxiety with ateliers, residential areas and vehicles like Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), buses, and cars which are run on gas power. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a main source of fuel, especially in urban areas because it is clean compared to firewood and charcoal. Leakage of gas is a major issue in the industrial sector, residential buildings, and gas-powered vehicles such as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) buses, cars, and other vehicles. Installing a gas leakage detection device at vulnerable locations is one of the preventive methods for preventing accidents caused by gas leaks. The goal of this project is to create a device that can detect, alert, and control gas leaks in vulnerable areas automatically. When the LPG concentration in the air reaches a certain level, the system detects LPG leakage with a gas sensor, activates the exhaust fan, and closes the gas valve automatically. Key Words: Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG), Compressed Natural Gas(CNG).

Tracking the progress towards adopting LPG as a clean cooking fuel in Rwanda: User's perspective

Many households in Rwanda rely on firewood and charcoal for cooking with inefficient-burning stoves. To mitigate the issue of cooking with traditional fuels, the government of Rwanda has promoted the use of alternative energy such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).This study aims to assess the determinants behind the transition from traditional biomass to clean cooking technology in Rwanda and analyzes the consumers' preferences in choosing cooking fuels. A self-administered questionnaire was employed to collect data to people living in urban areas in Rwanda through simple random sampling method. A total of 460 valid responses were then collected, which were subsequently analyzed using statistical analysis with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel.The results showed a progress in adopting LPG fuel for households' cooking, despite biomass fuel still accounting a high rate of household's users. The results also revealed that fuels stacking is a common practice among households where half of the respondents cook with LPG as a primary cooking fuel, with predominance of charcoal as the secondary cooking fuel choice. Meanwhile, the study also identified high cost of stoves and fuels as well as safety risks as major barriers hindering the choice of LPG as primary cooking fuel and finally provided some policy recommendations to increase the adoption of LPG.This study fills the gap in literature and may assist in policy formulation to accelerate the uptake of LPG as a primary cooking fuel in Rwanda.

Simulation and optimization of a liquified petroleum gas sweetening process using Aspen HYSYS

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is one of the common fossil fuels that can be derived from natural gas or crude oil. In either case, it contains impurities such as H2S and CO2, which should be removed to obtain sweet liquified petroleum gas with a pure concentration of hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, and butane. The most common method of gas sweetening process is by using amine compounds, which come in various types, each designed for specific and selective removal of acidic gases. In this study, methyldiethanolamine (42 wt.%) was used as a solvent to extract approximately 0.8% of H2S from sour LPG at a temperature of 400C. The objective of this study focuses on simulating and optimizing the LPG sweetening unit using Aspen HYSYS V11 to investigate the different parameters that affect the separation of acidic gases and to achieve high profitability. The number of trays, circulation rates, temperature, mass and molar flow rates, and other parameters were studied to reduce the H2S concentration to 0% in the treated LPG stream. The sweetening process was proposed to produce LPG with high levels of specific preferred specifications such as calorific value and purity, in addition to being environmentally friendly.

An Exploratory Study on Self-Reported Auditory Symptoms and Hearing Loss among Workers in a Small-Scale LPG Plant.

Occupational noise is considered a factor contributing to acquired hearing loss (HL) in adults. Frequent noise exposure can cause cochlear damage, leading to sensorineural HL, tinnitus, vertigo, and other non auditory effects as well. Although it is well known that liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) plants in India have become a workplace source for occupational noise pollution exposure, there are not many studies that probe into the auditory effects of workplace noise in LPG plants. The study aims to document HL and self reported otological symptoms in employees with occupational noise exposure at a typical LPG plant in a suburban location in India. 53 employees who reported workplace noise exposure were assessed for HL and self reported auditory symptoms. Self reported symptoms were collected using a custom made case history questionnaire, and auditory sensitivity was measured using air conduction audiometers. Among the 53 participants, 27 tested positive for HL. A mild degree of HL was frequently observed, followed by a moderate and severe degree of HL. In the self reported otological complaints reported by 31 participants, HL and aural fullness were the most commonly reported auditory symptoms. Additionally, the use of ear protection devices and hearing conservation practices among the participants were poor. Hearing loss and self-reported auditory symptoms were present in the study group indicating the effect of occupational noise in the auditory system.

Comparative Analysis of Exhaust Emission of Retrofitted SI Engine Runs by Different Fuels

The purpose of this study was to experimentally inspect the pollutant emission of a retrofitted SI engine using octane, compressed natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas fuels operated at different speeds. The study was conducted using a retrofitted SI engine. The engine was coupled with an exhaust gas analyzer to measure the composition of the exhaust emission gas. The results showed that the carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) content is lower when CNG is used compared to octane. The CO2 emission was even lower for LPG than CNG, as LPG has a lower carbon-energy ratio and higher octane quality than LPG and burns faster as a lean mixture. The O2 emission supports that octane and CNG burn as a lean mixture whereas LPG burns as rich. Again, the HC emissions are more prominent and CO emissions are higher for LPG than CNG. Because, it showed incomplete combustion with LPG as fuel due to inappropriate air-fuel mixture in the gas-air mixing chamber, which was specifically designed for CNG. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission was minimal when the engine was operated with LPG due to incomplete combustion, and it was found maximum for octane, where medium NOx content was found in the case of CNG. Moreover, the relative air fuel ratio or excess air factor, λ increased as the engine operating speed was raised. Because at high speed, there is some turbulence effect and increased combustion duration.

Evaluation and Performance Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cylinders

This paper presents the experimental results of the tensile, bending, hardness, hydrostatic testing, and microstructural properties of liquefied petroleum gas cylinders from local sources. The burst pressure and fracture sites were also investigated. In addition, know how LPG cylinders are compliant with ISO 4706 requirements as per standard to get approval and acceptance. The tests were performed on three samples (C1, C2, and C3), and all the tests were according to the specification. Tensile testing was carried out at room temperature (23C°) as per ISO 6892-2016. Tensile test specimens with a gauge length of 50 mm were prepared from the sidewall of cylinders. The equipment used is built up around a 250 KN maximum capacity of (Instron Servo-Hydraulic Testing Machine Model 1332). At the same time, micro-hardness testing was carried out as per ASTM A384. Diamond indenter (pyramid) with a face angle of 136° was used. During testing (1kg) load was applied on the sample with a dwell time of 15 seconds. As for bending tests were carried out in accordance with ISO 7438 for all cylinders to evaluate their welding qualities. The results of microstructural characterization show that the carbon content for all samples averaged ~ 0.067 wt.% and manganese ~ 0.46 wt.% and the microstructure was largely ferritic. The tensile strength of the parent metal showed that LPG gas cylinders recorded high tensile strength of ~ 418 MPa on average, yield strength of ~ 291 MPa on average, a % elongation 26.6 (for parent metal), the tensile strength of ~ 449 MPa as average, yield strength of ~ 314 MPa as average, % elongation 32 (for weld metal) and hardness of ~ 143 (kg/mm2) as average by Vickers scale. Moreover, in the hydrostatic pressure test, the computer controlled electro-hydraulic servo pressure test machine was used. The results of the hydrostatic pressure test were as follows, pressure burst (BP) 103 bar, nominal hoop stress 528 MPa, volumetric expansion 25%, hydrostatic extend ratio 3.9%, sites of failure exist out of welding, and finally no fragmentation observed regarding to fracture types. All samples tested exhibited high resilience to crack propagation which showed ductile fracture after burst and tensile tests.

Probing Into Ozone Production Through Photochemistry of Organic Peroxyl Radicals: Implications for Source Control

AbstractOzone (O3) pollution is a focus of the international community due to its health and environmental impacts. Organic peroxyl (RO2) radicals play a significant role in O3 initiation processes, which has implications for O3 mitigation. RO2 generated from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sources contribute substantially to O3 formation. However, quantifying the RO2 from diverse sources is a great challenge. For the first time, we proposed a new hybrid Receptor‐Kinetic model to quantify sources contributions to RO2 from the perspective of molecular level and functional groups of VOCs. We revealed that 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐butylperoxy (BUT2OLO2), 4‐Hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐1‐butene‐3‐ylperoxy (ISOPBO2) and 1‐Hydroxypropane‐2‐ylperoxy (HYPROPO2) radicals were the dominant RO2, which were driven by reactions of cis/trans‐2‐butene (from Biogenic Emissions and Solvent Usage), isoprene (from Biogenic Emissions), and propylene (from Liquid Petroleum Gas Evaporation), respectively. The three dominant RO2 radicals contributed significantly to O3 production (28%, 10% and 14%), comparing with other 16 RO2. Sensitivity studies indicated that O3 production can be decreased effectively by reducing the dominant RO2 species for each source. Quantitative evidence suggested that targeting dominant RO2 sources can be a novel direction for O3 control.

Rural household nonagricultural income and energy transition: Evidence from central China

Promoting China's energy transition is essential for achieving low-carbon development and achieving the nation's carbon neutrality target. Previous research has primarily focused on industrial production energy consumption transition paths, and rural household energy consumption has rarely been investigated. This study focuses on the impact of nonagricultural income on rural household energy consumption in the Huang-Huai-Hai region using questionnaire data, examining the contribution of rural households' nonagricultural income to the energy consumption transition (i.e., from dirty energy sources such as firewood to clean energy sources such as liquified petroleum gas (LPG)). Instrumental variable two-stage least squares (IV-2SLS) estimation and IV-tobit models are applied to solve potential endogeneity problems. The results demonstrate that nonagricultural income can promote rural households' energy structure transformation, increase spending on clean energy such as LPG and electricity, and decrease expenditure on dirty energy sources such as coal and firewood. Further examination reveals that nonagricultural income can enable rural households to afford modern necessities and transition to cleaner, more efficient energy. The study proposes promoting rural energy structure transformation to boost sustainable development and increase nonagricultural income. Strengthening skills training, encouraging more off-farm employment, and other approaches will diversify rural households' income.

Tray Dryer's Performance in the Drying of Banana Slices Using LPG and Wood Stove

An evaluation was carried out on a simple tray dryer of banana slices in the "sale pisang" production. The dryer is designed to use gas fuel and a wood-burning stove as a source of energy. The dryer's performance is analyzed to evaluate its ability to dry the product efficiently and effectively to prevent excessive heat use. The research aims to analyze the temperature distribution in the drying chamber, the profile of the product's moisture content, the drying rate on each shelf, as well as the efficiency of dryers using gas fuel and wood-burning stoves. At an air speed of 0.0176 m3/s, the drying chamber reaches a maximum temperature of 76.2 ℃ using gas and 66.23 ℃ using a wood stove. The use of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) gives an average room temperature of 73.46 ℃, while the furnace gives a less stable pattern with an average temperature of 63.02 ℃. Drying using LPG occurs more quickly with a constant drying rate and a falling rate period of 0.8262%/hour and 0.01504%/hour, higher than using wood fuel which is 0.5482%/hour and 0.0098 %/hour. Within 400 minutes, the product’s moisture content reached 24.64% using LPG and 36.762 using the furnace. The efficiency for heating the drying air is 28.51% and the drying process efficiency is 27% using 8.6 kilograms of LPG as fuel. Meanwhile, using a furnace energy source, the dryer provides a heating efficiency of 15.9% and a drying efficiency of 7.37% with a fuel consumption of 34.12 kg of wood.

LPG gas leakage detection using ESP32

This research paper presents the development of an LPG gas detection system utilizing the capabilities of the ESP32 microcontroller and email notification functionalities. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), a widely used fuel source, poses a significant threat due to potential fire and explosion hazards in case of leaks. This project addresses this concern by proposing a cost-effective and user-friendly solution for early leak detection. The system employs an MQ-series sensor specifically designed for LPG detection. The sensor's output voltage changes in response to LPG concentration in the surrounding air. This data is acquired by the ESP32 microcontroller and processed to trigger email notifications when gas levels exceed a pre-defined threshold indicative of a potential leak. This allows for remote monitoring and prompt intervention, potentially mitigating safety risks associated with LPG usage in homes and industries. The paper further discusses the system's functionality, development process, and potential applications, along with suggestions for future improvements. Keywords— LPG gas detection, ESP32, MQ-series sensor, email notification, leak detection, safety system, Internet of Things (IoT), microcontroller, sensor data acquisition

Study Experimen Monitoring Laju Gas LPG Menggunakan MQ 6 Sensor Terhadap AFR Pengujian Mesin Genset 160 CC


 
 
 
 ABSTRACT
 
 
 
 
 Usability of portable generators fueled by petroleum as a substitute for the community's primary source of electrical energy when the main electricity source blackout is still high demand, limited space for good air circulation will make emissions harmful to users or community, innovation is needed to reduce the levels of exhaust emissions produced by saving fuel or converting the fuel used, using monitoring system user could define how the engine working and make a decision to maintaining or modifying the engine, one of which is by replacing the carburetor in portable generators fuel engine with a converter kit using modified Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG). In this study, the result of Arduino serial monitoring was displayed the lowest use of petroleum fuel was obtained at 36.3 ml/minute (36.300 ppm) at 1000-2000 rpm, consumption of LPG fuel is 5.650 ppm at 1000 rpm, and in the high rpm consumption of LPG is 11.972 ppm, result, the use of LPG fuel in Portable Generators with a converter kit has the effect of using more efficient fuel
 
 
 

Determinants of household dependency on Buxa Tiger Reserve in India for fuelwood collection and livestock grazing

The present study examined the extent and pattern of households' dependency on forest for fuelwood and livestock grazing and identifies, analyzed the key factors that determined the level of households' dependency and access to forest resources, and explored the role of ecotourism development in reducing the same. The study used primary data collected randomly from 300 households residing in the Buxa Tiger Reserve (BTR). The study found that the majority of households (88%) engaged in fuelwood collection, and the annual average fuelwood collection was estimated to be 1,502.8 kg. About 56.67% of households were found to be engaged in grazing activities, and on average, 2.57 adult cattle units were brought inside the forest for grazing. The regression results suggested that the education of the household head, household income, liquefied petroleum gas availability, participation in ecotourism, livestock availability, social background (caste), and the number of household labour were the key determinants of household dependency on fuelwood, while the age of the household head, family size, land holding size, participation in ecotourism, and social background (caste) significantly influenced the level of household grazing dependency on the BTR. Most households were affected due to restrictions levied on access to forest resources. Income from forest, fuelwood collection, agricultural landholding size, household dependency ratio, and forest department awareness levels were the key determinants of households affected by protected area (PA) restrictions. Household participation in ecotourism was found to be effective in reducing household dependency on BTR, but it did not adequately alleviate the impact of PA restrictions on their livelihoods. Hence, sustainable ecotourism, along with the provision of smokeless stoves and renewable energy, such as solar, could go a long way in reducing pressure on the BTR and sustainable management of the reserve.

Hydrocarbon fuels, combustion characteristics & insulating refractories in industrial furnace

Liquid fuels like Furnace Oil, Light distillate oil, Diesel & gaseous fuels like PNG (Piped Natural Gas), LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) are predominantly used at present in industrial applications. Single fuel, Dual fuel & Multi-fuel options are available in the market. All these fuels are called hydrocarbon fuel. A loss of drop of oil in every second can waste about 4000 liters in a year. Selection of right type of fuel depends on various factors like availability, storage, handling, Pollution & landed cost of the fuel. These different fuels used for combustion in industrial furnace are discussed herewith. Complete combustion in industrial furnace enhances efficiency, control pollution as well as global warming. Efficient use of fuel leads to complete combustion. This paper deliberates about combustion of fuel and how complete combustion is to be achieved in industrial furnace. Stoichiometric ratio ensures complete combustion. Industrial furnace uses refractories to form a combustion chamber with proper insulation to ensure temperature within the combustion chamber is as per requirement of the job. The outside skin temperature of industrial furnace is about 35ºC to 45ºC from safety point of view. To maintain this temperature difference with minimum wall thickness needs proper refractory selection which must withstand high temperature. The main objective of this research paper is to propose strategies to select the right fuel, proper insulating material to achieve complete combustion & minimum heat losses through the walls of combustion chamber. This will help in making an efficient design and optimize combustion controls to keep heat losses at minimum level.

Effect Analysis of the Venting Direction on Explosion Pressure in LPG Pipelines.

In order to study the effect of the venting direction on explosion pressure in liquefied petroleum gas pipelines, explosion accident scenarios are experimentally tested and numerically simulated in a pipeline model with different explosion venting directions. In addition, the effect characteristic is analyzed through the pressure field varying with time and peak pressure varying with the distance. Results show that the pressure in the vertical branch decreases sharply, while the pressure in the horizontal branch does not show an obvious decrease with explosion venting of the vertical branch. However, the pressure decreases obviously in both branches with explosion venting of the horizontal branch, and the biggest reduction of peak pressure of monitoring points is 73.55% compared with that without venting. In addition, large areas of negative pressure appear in both branches with explosion venting of the vertical branch; however, a large area of negative pressure area appears in the horizontal branch with explosion venting of the horizontal branch. What is more, the arrival time of peak pressure in the main pipe of the explosion pipeline is significantly reduced with explosion venting, which is caused by the different generation ways of peak pressure. The effect analysis result of the venting direction on explosion pressure could aid the optimal layout design of LPG pipelines with the location of venting and important facilities as well as with the selection of negative-pressure-resistant material and higher-accuracy sensors.

Carbon monoxide poisoning manifesting with rhabdomyolysis, Takotsubo syndrome, and skin lesion: A case report

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is characterized by non-specific and protean clinical manifestations, exhibiting a highly variable presentation. We present a case of an 83-year-old female Alzheimer’s patient, a non-smoker, who was found unconscious in her wheelchair by her caregiver at home. The heating in the apartment was powered by liquefied petroleum gas. On admission to the emergency department, her vital signs were normal, but she was unconscious and slightly dyspneic. The examination revealed red-colored skin lesions in the submammary area, where the wheelchair safety belt was firmly fastened. The rest of the physical examination results were unremarkable. The carboxyhemoglobin level was 23%, and there was an increase in creatine phosphokinase and troponin I levels. On the 2nd day of hospitalization in the emergency ward, the electrocardiogram revealed negative T waves in the V1–V6 leads, while the bedside echocardiogram revealed apical ballooning of the left ventricle. The myocardial perfusion examination yielded a negative result for myocardial ischemia. In the management of patients with CO poisoning, it is important for emergency physicians to assess the presence of multiple organ and tissue disorders. Consequently, the patient was diagnosed with CO poisoning with skin, skeletal, and cardiac muscle involvement.

PEMANTAUAN KEBOCORAN GAS DAN PANAS UDARA DENGAN METODE FUZZY BERBASISKAN IOT

The fuel commonly used by people for daily needs is Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). LPG leaks can occur in closed spaces with temperatures above 30℃ because they contain very dangerous propane and butane compounds. If there is no early warning, the gas cylinder can expode and cause a major fire. The proposed model is capable of displaying gas concentrations and air heat (temperature and humidity) and reporting via telegram using the fuzzy mamdani algorithm. The aim of the research is to design a model for monitoring gas leaks and air heat. The sensors used in this system are tehe MQ6 sensor for gas detection, DHT22 for temperature and humidity detection, fire sensor, and nodeMCU as an Internet of Things-based processor using the fuzzy logic method. This system will turn on fan, buzzr and send a warning to telegram automatically when conditions are unsafe and dangerous. The conclusion of the research is that buzzer warning and telegram notifications make it easier for users to identify gas leaks so they can take immediate action

Operating temperature and ruthenium doping influence on the charge carriers type transition in the ɑ-Fe2O3 sensors upon liquefied petroleum gases detection

Metal oxide-based sensors have been extensively used for environmental monitoring, health, and safety. This work focuses on synthesizing ɑ-Fe2O3 and doping it with Ruthenium (Ru) to study its gas-sensing properties over flammable and hazardous gases. An anomalous behavior was observed during the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). This Ru-doped ɑ-Fe2O3 showed a charge carrier switching transition from n- to p-type conductivity due to Ru doping and the sensor’s operating temperature. The switching behavior on the Ru-doped samples happened between 3,000 and 4,000 ppm of the LPG concentrations. However, the Ru doping content did not seem to be affecting this transition except to alter the LPG response. The sensors’ operating temperature did alter the switching transition from n- to p-type conductivity. The temperatures varied from 175 to 225 °C. Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) based on α -Fe2O3 nanoparticle doped with ruthenium (Ru- α-Fe2O3) was more selective towards LPG with a gas response of 24.41.