Lower Viscosity Values Research Articles

Numerical analysis of single-phase liquid immersion cooling for lithium-ion battery thermal management using different dielectric fluids

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells are responsible for powering most electric vehicles. LIB is still a superior battery available in the market because of its high energy density, specific power, and long cycle life. However, LIB comes with the challenges like thermal management as it is highly sensitive to temperature. Amongst different cooling methods, direct liquid cooling, also known as immersion cooling, can deliver a high cooling rate mainly because of its complete contact with the heat source. The single-phase liquid immersion with dielectric fluids (DELC) offers safety and cooling performance with lower parasitic power consumption and space requirements. This research involves studying and comparing different DELC's for the direct cooling of lithium-ion batteries. A numerical analysis of the 4S1P arrangement of LIB cells with direct cooling is conducted with three different DELC's including deionised water, mineral oil, and an engineered fluid. The transient behaviour of the battery module for various mass flow rates of DELC and at 1C,2C,3C-discharge rates are examined. All DELC maintains an excellent temperature homogeneity within the individual cells and LIB cells. The DELC with higher specific heat and thermal conductivity is suitable for cooling the LIB cells during high discharge conditions. However, all the dielectric fluids studied here effectively limit the temperature rise below 5 °C at 2-C discharging operation when the mass flow rate is increased to 0.05 kg/s. This improvement in thermal performance comes at the expense of extra power consumption. Even though both DELC-2 and DELC -3 delivered almost similar temperature rise values of 6.1, 5.2 °C, respectively during 2C discharging operation, the latter consumed 76.43% less power at a mass flow rate of 0.05 kg/s. For this reason, engineered fluids with lower viscosity values can be preferred over mineral oils. The deionised water is more effective for limiting the temperature rise below 2.2 °C for 3C discharging with the least parasitic power consumption of 0.52 mW at a mass flow rate of 0.05 kg/s. A variable cyclic load matching HWFET-driving cycle has been applied to the battery pack with all three DELCs, and all three fluids limited temperature rise below 1 °C.

Altering almond protein function through partial enzymatic hydrolysis for creating gel structures in acidic environment

Protein inadequacy is the major problem for most plant-based dairy yoghurt substitutes. This study investigated three limited degree of hydrolysis (DH: 1%, 5%, and 9%) of almond protein and the combined effect of DH and hydrolysed almond protein (HP) to non-hydrolysed almond protein (NP) ratios (HP/NP: 40:60, 20:80, 10:90 and 5:95) on the physicochemical properties of resulting fermentation induced almond-based gel (yoghurt). The gel microstructure, particle size, firmness, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), lubrication, flow, and gelation characteristics were measured and associated with the DH, composition, and SDS-PAGE results. The results show significant differences in gel samples with the same HP/NP (40:60) ratio of protein but different protein DH. A higher DH (9%) resulted in samples with lower hardness (6.03 g), viscosity (0.11 Pa s at 50 s-1), cohesiveness (0.63) and higher friction (0.203 at 10 mm/s) compared to sample with 1% DH with higher hardness - 7.34 g, viscosity at 50 s−1 - 0.16 Pa s, cohesiveness - 0.86 and friction at 10 mm/s - 0.194. Comparing samples with the same DH (5%) but different HP/NP ratios showed smaller coarse microgel particles (21.36 μm) and lower hardness (7.17 g), viscosity (0.14 Pa s at 50 s−1) and friction value (0.189 at 10 mm/s) in samples with high HP/NP (40:60) compared to sample with low HP/NP (5:95) that contained significantly large coarse microgel particles (34.61 μm) with the gel being very hard (9.38 g), highly viscous (0.32 Pa s at 50 s−1), and less lubricating (0.220 at 10 mm/s).

Thiourea modified low molecular polyamide as a novel room temperature curing agent for epoxy resin.

A thiourea modified low molecular weight polyamide (TLMPA) as a room temperature curing agent was synthesized by a two-step method. Firstly, a low molecular weight polyamide curing agent (LMPA) with low viscosity and high amine value was synthesized by amidation of sebacic acid with tetraethylenepentamine, then the synthesized curing agent was modified with thiourea to increase its reactivity at room temperature. The optimal reaction conditions were studied by L9(33) orthogonal experiments. The structure of the prepared curing agent was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The kinetics of TLMPA curing of E-51 epoxy resin was analyzed using the Kissinger method with non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The activation energy of TLMPA/E-51 calculated by the Kissinger method and FWO method was 38.79 kJ mol−1 and 42.73 kJ mol−1. The nano-SiO2 filler was compounded with E-51 epoxy resin, TLMPA, allyl glycidyl ether diluent, and KH-560 coupling agent to prepare the room temperature curing epoxy resin (EP) system. L9(34) orthogonal experiments were carried out to study the effect of various factors on the mechanical properties of the cured resin systems. The best formulation of the system is that the content of nano-SiO2, curing agent, diluent, and coupling agent is 3, 35, 15, 1 wt%, respectively. With the optimal formulation, the tensile and shear strength, tensile strength, impact strength, and bending strength of the cured EP system was 13.19 MPa, 53.8 MPa, 52.16 kJ m−2, and 94.95 MPa, respectively.

Effect of Temperature and Nanoparticle Concentration on the Viscosity of Glycerine-water based SiO2 Nanofluids

Dynamic viscosity of SiO2/22nm nanofluids prepared in a glycerine-water (30:70 by volume) mixture base liquid, referred to as GW70, is measured experimentally. Nanofluids with concentrations of 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 percent are produced, and viscosity measurements are carried out at temperatures ranging from 20 to 80 oC using a LVDV-2T model Brookfield Viscometer. The particle size and elemental composition of nanoparticles are determined using FESEM and EDX. XRD images confirm the SiO2 peaks in the crystalline structure. The rheology of nanofluids is influenced by the nanoparticle’s concentration. In the experimental temperature and concentration range, nanofluids show Newtonian behavior. The viscosity of nanofluids enhanced as particle concentration increased and reduced as temperature increased. For 1.0 percent vol. concentration at 20oC, the maximum viscosity value is achieved, and for 0.2 percent vol. concentration at 80oC, the lowest viscosity value is observed. The viscosity of the glycerine-water base fluid was also determined at 20, 40, 60, and 80 degrees Celsius. The viscosity ratio of nanofluids to the base liquid is found to be more than one for all the nanofluids. This viscosity data is useful to estimate HTC of glycerine-water-based silica nanofluids.

The Influence of Hazelnut Skin Addition on Quality Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Functional Yogurt.

There is an increasing interest in applying fruit-processing wastes as functional food ingredients. Hazelnut skin, an interesting and innovative ingredient has recently been evaluated as one of the richest edible sources of polyphenolic compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the use of hazelnut skin as a functional additive in yogurt and to determine the effect of various percentages (2%, 3%, and 4%) of hazelnut skin on the physicochemical, microbiological, rheological, biochemical, and sensorial properties of yogurt. The results showed that the addition of hazelnut skin significantly increased total solids from 16.5% to 17.7% and fat content from 3.45% to 4.60% and decreased titratable acidity by up to 36%. The enrichment with hazelnut skin also improved the viability of yogurt bacteria, water holding capacity (WHC), and antioxidant activity of yogurts. Better results for WHC and antioxidant values were found in yogurt enriched with 4% hazelnut skin. Total phenolic content and Fe2+ chelating activity of yogurts increased with the increasing hazelnut skin ratio. However, yogurts with hazelnut skin had low instrumental texture parameters and apparent viscosity values. On the other hand, acceptable sensorial properties similar to control yogurts increase the consumption potential of yogurts enriched with hazelnut skin.

Microscopic multifrequency MR elastography for mapping viscoelasticity in zebrafish.

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an important animal model in a wide range of biomedical research disciplines. Growing awareness of the role of biomechanical properties in tumor progression and neuronal development has led to an increasing interest in the noninvasive mapping of the viscoelastic properties of zebrafish by elastography methods applicable to bulky and nontranslucent tissues. Microscopic multifrequency MR elastography is introduced for mapping shear wave speed (SWS) and loss angle (φ) as markers of stiffness and viscosity of muscle, brain, and neuroblastoma tumors in postmortem zebrafish with 60µm in-plane resolution. Experiments were performed in a 7 Tesla MR scanner at 1, 1.2, and 1.4kHz driving frequencies. Detailed zebrafish viscoelasticity maps revealed that the midbrain region (SWS = 3.1±0.7m/s, φ=1.2±0.3radian [rad]) was stiffer and less viscous than telencephalon (SWS = 2.6±0. 5 m/s, φ=1.4±0.2rad) and optic tectum (SWS = 2.6±0.5m/s, φ=1.3±0.4rad), whereas the cerebellum (SWS = 2.9±0.6m/s, φ=0.9±0.4rad) was stiffer but less viscous than both (all p<.05). Overall, brain tissue (SWS = 2.9±0.4m/s, φ=1.2±0.2rad) had similar stiffness but lower viscosity values than muscle tissue (SWS = 2.9±0.5m/s, φ=1.4±0.2rad), whereas neuroblastoma (SWS = 2.4±0.3m/s, φ=0.7±0.1rad, all p<.05) was the softest and least viscous tissue. Microscopic multifrequency MR elastography-generated maps of zebrafish show many details of viscoelasticity and resolve tissue regions, of great interest in neuromechanical and oncological research and for which our study provides first reference values.

Bayesian estimation of the specific shear and bulk viscosity of the quark-gluon plasma with additional flow harmonic observables

The transport properties of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions are extracted by Bayesian parameter estimate methods with the latest collision beam energy data from the CERN Large Hadron Collider. This Bayesian analysis includes sophisticated flow harmonic observables for the first time. We found that the temperature dependence of specific shear viscosity appears weaker than in the previous studies. The results prefer a lower value of specific bulk viscosity and a higher switching temperature to reproduce additional observables. However, the improved statistical uncertainties both on the experimental data and hydrodynamic calculations with additional observables do not help to reduce the final credibility ranges much, indicating a need for improving the dynamical collision model before the hydrodynamic takes place. In addition, the sensitivities of experimental observables to the parameters in hydrodynamic model calculations are quantified. It is found that the analysis benefits most from the symmetric cumulants and nonlinear flow modes, which mostly reflect nonlinear hydrodynamic responses, in constraining the temperature dependence of the specific shear and bulk viscosities in addition to the previously used flow coefficients.

Mixture design and physicochemical characterization of amino acid-based DEEP eutectic solvents (AADES) for sample preparation prior to elemental analysis

Amino acid-based deep eutectic solvents (AADES) represent a new subclass of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in which at least one of the components must be an amino acid, offering advantages such as low toxicity, biodegradability and low cost. In this work, β-alanine was used as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) in the preparation of a total of 30 AADES mixtures, with the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) being malic acid (AADES 1), citric acid (AADES 2), or xylitol (AADES 3), together with the addition of water. A restricted mixture design was employed to optimize the ideal proportions of the AADES components, which were determined as (% m m−1) 12.50 for β-alanine, 43.75 for the HBD component, and 43.75 for water (represented by molar ratio 1:2:17 for the three AADES mixtures), with lower values of density and viscosity being the desired responses. Solvents that have low density and viscosity provide greater efficiency in sample preparation procedures, due to faster mass transfer. The highest density and viscosity values were found for AADES 2, due to the greater presence of carboxyl groups in the molecular structure of citric acid, allowing the formation of more hydrogen interactions. The Herschel-Bulkley model provided the best fit to the rheological behavior of the AADES, with AADES 2 showing the highest consistency index. Solvatochromic analyses showed that these solvents had high polarity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis revealed hydrogen interactions between the precursor components, confirming formation of the AADES. Thermal analysis revealed the ideal working temperature ranges for applying these solvents in sample preparation, with thermogravimetry (TGA) indicating maximum temperatures of 130 °C for AADES 1 and 150 °C for AADES 2 and AADES 3. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed the minimum temperatures at which the solvents remained liquids, which were −13 °C for AADES 1, –22 °C for AADES 2, and −21 °C for AADES 3. Therefore, these AADES were shown to be promising solvents for application in sample preparation, being suitable for the extraction of polar compounds, as well as metals and semimetals. An EcoScale study was carried out, which confirmed that the preparation of the solvents could be considered an excellent green synthesis.

Ultrasonication enhanced the multi-scale structural characteristics of rice starch following short-chain fatty acids acylation

Considering the variation of the diffusion character of the three anhydrides, ultrasonication was applied for investigating its impact on the reaction efficiency of the rice starch acylation from three short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The current data indicated that the signal peak of the FTIR spectrum at 1720 cm−1 and additional resonances in the NMR confirmed the occurrence of the acylation reaction onto the starch molecules. More interestingly, this is the first study to reveal that a lower power density ultrasonication improved the reaction efficiencies of acetylation (19%), while a higher power density could lead to a reduced acylation reactivity of propionylation compared to the control one. On the contrary, the reaction efficiency of butyrylation (64%) was significantly enhanced by the ultrasound-assisted treatment with a greater association between reaction efficiency and ultrasonic power density, indicating the importance of the diffusion character for impacting the acylation reactivity among these three anhydrides. The ultrasonic-assisted SCFAs-modified rice starch has a lower peak viscosity and setback value, indicating that the replacement of the acyl groups for OH groups in the starch avoids starch molecules rearrangement. Meanwhile, the rheological properties exhibited that the starch achieved from ultrasonic-assistance significantly reduced the area of the hysteresis curve, suggesting a destroyed gel textural property. Thus, an appropriate ultrasonication but not all could effectively enhance the acylation efficiency and improve starch rheological property.

On a model of the generation of turbulence

In this article, the nonlinear term of the Navier-Stokes equation is approximated to nonlinear convolutional expressions. At low values of viscosity, their values are close if the carrier of the convolution is of the same order of magnitude as the value of viscosity. It is expected that the dynamics of the thus obtained modified Navier-Stokes equation preserves the physical phenomena described by the Navier-Stokes equation. The dynamics of the modified Navier-Stokes equation is investigated in this work.

Experimental investigation of performance, emissions and tribological characteristics of B20 blend from cottonseed and palm oil biodiesels

Reserves of fossil fuel are being depleted, and its use to generate energy also affects the environment. Sustainable and clean energy sources, therefore, need to be produced to meet the demands. In this research, combined blended fuels were produced from cottonseed and palm oil methyl esters with petroleum diesel fuel. To achieve the benefits of palm oil biodiesel (high calorific value) and cottonseed oil biodiesel (low kinematic viscosity and acid value), the combined biodiesel blend (C05P15, C10P10, and C15P05) has been tested to assess their effect on engine performance, emissions, and tribological properties. The physicochemical properties of all fuels were measured following ASTM D6751 standard. A single-cylinder, 4-stroke, and the natural aspiration diesel engine were used for engine testing. The experimental results showed that all combined blended fuels have low brake thermal efficiency and emitted fewer hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke opacity apart from nitrogen oxides compared with petroleum diesel fuel. Based on results, the combined blended fuel can be used as a substitute fuel in diesel engines without any engine modifications.

Focused Penetrative Plumes: A Possible Consequence of the Dissociation Transition of Post‐Perovskite at ∼0.9 TPa in Massive Rocky Super‐Earths

AbstractBased on the standard view of depth‐increasing viscosity in the mantle of rocky planets, convection in the deep mantle of these planets is expected to become less likely as the size of planet increases. However, a recent theoretical study suggests that above 100 GPa pressure, the mantle viscosity can instead decrease with pressure at higher depths. We explore the potential impact of this type of viscosity structure on the nature of mantle convection in a super‐Earth planet of size GJ 876 d with a mass of ∼7.33 M⊕ (M⊕: Earth's mass). The pressures at the bottom of the mantle of GJ 876 d allow MgSiO3 post‐perovskite to dissociate into magnesium oxide (MgO) and relatively highly oxidized magnesium silicate MgSi2O5 at 0.9 TPa with highly negative Clapeyron slope. Our 3D‐spherical numerical model results suggest that for sufficiently low values of viscosity at the transition depth, a vigorous layered mantle convection may develop at the bottom of GJ 876 d‐size super‐Earth. Focused penetrative plumes originating from the deep mantle layered region can survive and stabilize over very long geological timescales and reach to the surface, which may induce unique circumstances of volcanism and tectonic activity.

Potential application of palm oil products as electrical insulating medium in oil‐immersed transformers

AbstractThe physico‐chemical and electrical insulating properties of certain palm oil products, including triglyceride oils, fatty acids, fatty esters, and glycerol were evaluated for use in oil‐immersed transformers. The studied triglyceride oils have excellent kinematic viscosity values: 30.25–40.49 mm2 s−1 at 40°C, 6.46–8.34 mm2 s−1 at 100°C; flash point: 278–320°C; moisture content: 16–175 mg kg−1 and dielectrical breakdown voltage: 29.1–40.9 kV. Fatty acids and fatty esters have relatively lower kinematic viscosity and flash point values than triglyceride oils. The type of hydrocarbon chain, hydrocarbon chain length and molecular size were shown to have substantial effects on the physico‐chemical and electrical properties of the studied oils. The drying process imposed on refined‐bleached‐deodorized palm olein (RBD POo) has reduced the moisture from 400 mg kg−1 to 100 mg kg−1 and improved the dielectrical strength from 31.1 kV to 76.8 kV. Blending of RBD POo with fatty acids or fatty esters has improved the kinematic viscosity of RBD POo and offers even higher flash and fire points than mineral oil. This study showed that palm oil and palm oil products have strong potential to serve as coolants and may be safer for use in oil‐filled transformers as compared to mineral oil.

Physical modification of Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum using cold atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment

In the present study, cold atmospheric-pressure plasma treatments (5 and 10 kV for 4–20 min) were used for the modification of Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum (LPSG). The content of carbonyl and carboxyl groups, as well as the water-solubility of LPSG increased after the plasma treatments; however, the numbers of surface hydroxyl groups decreased when 5kVplasma was used. Molecular weight and polydispersity index of LPSG significantly increased after exposure to the air plasma at 5 kV, whereas a significant decrease in molecular weight and a significant increase in polydispersity was observed with increase in the plasma voltage and treatment time. The molecular conformation of LPSG changed to a more disordered or less ordered form when higher plasma voltage was used. Results demonstrated that cleavage of C–O–C as well as formation of C–O–C bonds occurred during plasma treatments. The elastic components were always higher than the viscous one meaning that all native LPSG and modified gums dispersions had weak gel characteristics. However, plasma treated gums at 5 kV had stronger intertwined network than the native gum. Meanwhile, the viscoelasticity of treated LPSG at 10 kV was weaker than the native one. All modified and unmodified LPSGs dispersions revealed pseudoplastic flow behavior. 5 kV treated samples displayed higher apparent viscosity, while lower values of apparent viscosity was achieved after plasma treatments at 10 kV. Therefore, this study confirms the eminent ability of cold plasma as a means to modify or modulate food polysaccharides properties.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on physicochemical properties of corn starch and improvement of enzymatic saccharification of corn starch at high concentration (45%)

AbstractCornstarch was irradiated under different doses of electron beam radiation (0–5.4 kGy), and the physicochemical properties of starch were analyzed. The dextrose equivalent (DE) values, which is a representative indicator of saccharification in the sugar production process, was measured after the EBI pre‐treated cornstarch at high concentration (45%, wt/wt) was hydrolyzed by thermostable α‐amylase and glucoamylase. The reducing sugar content of the cornstarch markedly increased with increasing irradiation dose. In addition, reduced transmittance, flexural vibration of chemical bond, the viscosity, and the relative crystallinity decreased with increasing irradiation dose. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the penetrating pinholes and pits were observed on the surface of irradiated cornstarch granules. After being hydrolyzed by thermostable α‐amylase and glucoamylase, slurry of cornstarch EBI pre‐treated at dose of 4.32 and 5.4 kGy exhibited the low viscosity values and high dextrose equivalent (DE) values. The resulting low viscosity values and high dextrose equivalent (DE) values slurry from EBI pre‐treated cornstarch have potential for use in syrup industry.Practical ApplicationsThe slurry made from EBI pre‐treated cornstarch at the concentration of 45% (wt/wt)exhibited a rather low viscosity values and high dextrose equivalent (DE) values compared with that of the slurry (45% wt/wt)made from the non‐EBI pre‐treated cornstarch. Therefore, the use of starch modified by electron beam irradiation treatment could lead to reduce corn syrup processing costs. Corn syrup is an important raw material of bakery industry. The reduction of its production cost is of great significance for stabilizing the market price of bakery food and promoting the coordinated development of bakery industry.

Synthesis of Low Viscosity Polydimethylsiloxane Using Low Grade of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely used as a vitreous humour substitution in vitreoretinal surgery. Due to its limited availability and increasing domestic needs, the price of PDMS in Indonesia became very expensive. Previously, we reported the synthesized of PDMS from a high grade of monomer of 98% of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and found that all PDMS samples produced high quality samples similar to that of commercial one. However, by considering the ease of obtaining raw materials and also the production costs, the synthesis of PDMS using monomer which easy to be found in Indonesia and low production costs is needed to be developed. Here, we reported the synthesis of PDMS using low grade of 96% of D4 in order to produce high quality of PDMS with low viscosity that can be used for vitreous humous substitution in vitreoretinal surgery. PDMS samples with low viscosity value of 0.94-1.35 Pa.s have been successfully synthesized from low grade of D4 and MM using ring-opening polymerization method. The yields of PDMS resulted in this research were in the range between 67.27% and 76.26%. From FTIR spectroscopy, it is found that all synthesized samples have structure and functional groups similar to PDMS using high grade of monomer of 98% Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). From refractometer and surfgauge measurements, all samples have refractive index in the range of 1,4034-1,4040 and the value surface tension was 21 m.N/m.

An experimental assessment on the influence of high fuel injection pressure with ternary fuel (diesel-mahua methyl ester-pentanol) on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of common rail direct injection diesel engine.

Optimization of fuel injection strategies can maximize the utilization of ternary fuel by addressing the issues concerning fuel consumption, engine performance, and exhaust gas emission. In the midst of the pervasiveness of plant-based biofuel, this paper focused on maximizing the mahua oil biodiesel usage in a diesel engine having a common rail direct injection (CRDI) system without any engine modifications. The crude oil extracted from the seeds of Madhuca longifolia is known in India as mahua butter and has shown impressive fuel properties such as lower viscosity, flashpoint, boiling point, and comparable calorific value to diesel. 1-Pentanol, which has a chain of five carbons and can easily be blended with both diesel and biodiesel, is a promising type of alcohol for the future. In this study, the influence of fuel injection pressure with ternary fuel (diesel + mahua methyl ester + pentanol) on engine characteristics of CRDI diesel engine was analyzed. The fuel injection pressure is varied from 20 to 50 MPa so that ternary fuel can be properly utilized. The high injection pressure of 50 MPa has better combustion characteristics and higher brake thermal efficiency (4.39%) value than other injection pressure values. A better mixture is formed due to well-atomized spray, and as a result, the levels of CO (22.24%), HC (9.49%), and smoke (7.5%) fall with the increase in injection pressure. The usage of ternary fuel raised the NOx emission (12.46%) value and specific fuel consumption (SFC) with a decrease in the BTE (brake thermal efficiency) which attributes to its properties and combustion characteristics.

Development of ice cream recipe with dates processing products

The trend of healthy eating determines several areas of modern consumer trends: the Ukrainian buyer pays more attention to the naturalness of ice cream and more carefully analyzes the ingredient composition of the product. More popular is ice cream, which does not contain synthetic dyes and flavors and is lower in sucrose. The article substantiates the use of dates processing products in ice cream technology. The aim of the work was to develop ice cream technology with partial and complete replacement of sucrose with date paste and date syrup. The research was conducted at the Department of Milk and Dairy Products Technology at Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv. The raw materials used for research met the requirements of current regulations in terms of quality and safety. Date paste was made independently, hazelnut oil was added to it. Organic date syrup was used under the trademark Bio Planet. Four ice cream recipes were developed and technological operations of ice cream production with dates processed products were worked out. Denise 855 was used as a stabilizer and emulsifier in the ice cream recipe, which gives an unsurpassed creamy taste and homogeneous structure and provides the initial air distribution and stable whipping. In the study of organoleptic characteristics of ice cream, it was found that all samples had a similar sense of aroma and taste – with the taste of dates. The addition of date syrup improved the taste of ice cream. Taste indices increased significantly with increasing concentration of date syrup. Complete replacement of granulated sugar with date syrup significantly lowered the pH and increased acidity. In addition, the replacement of sucrose with date processed products has been shown to increase the viscosity of ice cream. The lowest viscosity value was observed in the control sample, while the highest viscosity value was obtained when the sugar was completely replaced with date syrup.

Formation and thermal and colloidal stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized using quinoa and lentil protein blends.

The amino acid composition, and rheological, thermal and colloidal stability of plant protein-based oil-in-water emulsion systems containing 1.90, 3.50 and 7.70 g 100 mL-1 protein, fat and carbohydrate, respectively, using quinoa and lentil protein ratios of 100:0 and 60:40 were investigated. The emulsion containing lentil protein showed lower initial, peak and final viscosity values (22.7, 61.7 and 61.6 mPa s, respectively) than the emulsion formulated with quinoa protein alone (34.3, 102 and 80.0 mPa s, respectively) on heat treatment. Particle size analysis showed that both samples had small particle sizes (~1.36 μm) after homogenization; however, the sample with 60:40 quinoa:lentil protein ratio showed greater physical stability, likely related to the superior emulsifying properties of lentil protein. However, upon heat treatment, large aggregates (~100 μm) were formed in both samples, reducing the physical stability of the samples. This physical stability was increased with the addition of 0.20% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), whereas it was negatively affected by the addition of α-amylase. Addition of α-amylase led to lower viscosity for both emulsion samples, with measured values of 41.8 and 46.0 mPa s for the 100:0 and 60:40 samples, respectively. This suggests that the heat-induced increases in particle size were partially due to hydrophobic interactions between the proteins as SDS disrupts hydrophobic bonds between proteins. These results demonstrated that using a mixture of lentil and quinoa proteins positively affected the physical stability of plant protein-based emulsions, in addition to contributing to a more nutritionally complete amino acid profile - both important considerations in the development of plant-based beverages. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Improving the shelf life of fresh cut kiwi using nanoemulsion coatings with antioxidant and antimicrobial agents

The effect of nanoemulsion coatings with antioxidant and antimicrobial agents on the physicochemical, antioxidant properties and microbial stability of ready to eat fresh cut kiwi slices during storage at 5 ± 1 °C for 7 days was studied. Nanoemulsion coating formulations used were alginate 2% (w/w) and carboxymethylcellulose 2% (w/w) containing Tween 80 (2 mg), ascorbic acid 0.5% and vanillin 0.5 and 1.0%. Fresh cut kiwi slices were coated with nanoemulsion coatings, while the uncoated sample dipped in water served as control. Average drop diameter of the nanoemulsions was between 220 and 335 nm. Nanoemulsions had high negative ζ-potential value, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower viscosity and whiteness index values than coarse emulsions. During storage fresh cut kiwi fruit quality attributes especially weight loss, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid, firmness and microbial load were measured. Results confirmed that nanoemulsion coatings significantly delayed physiological weight loss 8–14%, decay percentage 3–59%, retained firmness 14.1–17.9 N, DPPH radical scavenging activity 53–59% and ascorbic acid content 73–79 mg 100−1 g compared to control. Dispersion of several concentrations of the antimicrobial agent in a combination with emulsion coatings successfully slowed bacteria, yeast and mold growth during storage, thus leading to increased shelf life of fresh cut ready to eat kiwi fruit during storage.