Low Tolerance Research Articles

The informational role of analyst coverage on firm innovation: evidence from China

ABSTRACT We examine the effect of financial analysts’ informational and monitoring roles on firm innovation in the developing Chinese market. The findings demonstrate that analyst coverage has a positive influence on the number of corporate patent and invention applications. Causality is established by using an instrumental variable, and is reinforced by implementing a regression-discontinuity design (RDD) based on index reconstitutions and a difference-in-difference (DiD) analysis using the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect program as a plausible exogenous shock. Further, the positive effects are more pronounced for firms with severer financial constraints, higher information asymmetry, lower tolerance for failure among investors, and lower institutional ownership. These findings indicate that the informational role of financial analysts is more salient than their monitoring role in the context of developing markets.

Machine learning aided evaluation and design based on polymer membrane materials

With the acceleration of the global modern industrialisation process and the increasingly serious environmental problems, the development of low energy consumption, high efficiency electrochemical energy conversion equipment and separation system has become a research hotspot in the scientific and industrial circles. At present, machine learning has become an important research method to explore and expand two-dimensional material family. Traditional experimental and computational methods have low fault tolerance when studying two-dimensional materials, which requires a lot of time and research and development costs. Machine learning, due to its powerful data processing capability and flexible algorithm model, can help reduce the time and cost of discovering and understanding two-dimensional materials, and can effectively predict and expand two-dimensional material systems based on data and explore their potential for experimental synthesis and application. This paper will focus on the methods of machine learning, the exploration of machine learning in 2D material design and synthesis, and the exploration of machine learning in 2D material properties and applications. Finally, this paper uses ML algorithm to test the synthesised polymer. The experimental data points and prediction data points have relatively good consistency with each other, which indicates that ML model can be used as a prediction tool to identify the undeveloped polymer for gas separation.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Response Mechanisms of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) to Phosphorus Deficiency.

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutritional element needed by plants. Roots obtain P as inorganic phosphate (Pi), mostly in H2PO-4 form. It is vital for plants to have a sufficient supply of Pi since it participates in important processes like photosynthesis, energy transfer, and protein activation, among others. The physicochemical properties and the organic material usually make Pi bioavailability in soil low, causing crops and undomesticated plants to experience variations in accessibility or even a persistent phosphate limitation. In this study, transcriptome data from pepper roots under low-Pi stress was analyzed in order to identify Pi starvation-responsive genes and their relationship with metabolic pathways and functions. Transcriptome data were obtained from pepper roots with Pi deficiency by RNASeq and analyzed with bioinformatic tools. A total of 97 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified; Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment revealed that metabolic pathways, such as porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, were down-regulated, and galactose and fatty acid metabolism were up-regulated. The results indicate that bell pepper follows diverse processes related to low Pi tolerance regulation, such as the remobilization of internal Pi, alternative metabolic pathways to generate energy, and regulators of root development.

Screening of microalgae strains for efficient biotransformation of small molecular organic acids from dark fermentation biohydrogen production wastewater

Dark fermentation biohydrogen production is a rapidly advancing and well-established field. However, the accumulation of volatile organic acid (VFAs) byproducts hinder its practical applications. Microalgae have demonstrated the ability to efficiently utilize VFAs while also treating waste gases and other nutrient elements. Integrating microalgae cultivation with dark fermentation is a promising approach. However, low VFAs tolerance and slow VFAs consumption restrict their application. To find suitable wastewater treatment microalgae, this work screened eight microalgae strains from five family. The results demonstrated that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exhibited significant advantages in VFAs utilization, achieving a maximum removal of 100% for acetate and 52.5% for butyrate. Among the tested microalgae strains, CW15 outperformed in terms of photobioreactor adaptability, VFAs utilization, biomass productivity, and nutrient removal, making it the most promising microalgae for practical applications. This research demonstrates the feasibility of integrating microalgae cultivation with dark fermentation and providing a viable technical solution for integrated-biorefining.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of Eil1 transcription factor genes affects exogenous ethylene tolerance and early flower senescence in Campanula portenschlagiana.

Improving tolerance to ethylene-induced early senescence of flowers and fruits is of major economic importance for the ornamental and food industry. Genetic modifications of genes in the ethylene-signalling pathway have frequently resulted in increased tolerance but often with unwanted side effects. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout the function of two CpEil1 genes expressed in flowers of the diploid ornamental plant Campanula portenschlagiana. The ethylene tolerance in flowers of the primary mutants with knockout of only one or all four alleles clearly showed increased tolerance to exogenous ethylene, although lower tolerance was obtained with one compared to four mutated alleles. The allele dosage effect was confirmed in progenies where flowers of plants with zero, one, two, three and four mutated alleles showed increasing ethylene tolerance. Mutation of the Cpeil1 alleles had no significant effect on flower longevity and endogenous flower ethylene level, indicating that CpEil1 is not involved in age-dependent senescence of flowers. The study suggests focus on EIN3/Eils expressed in the organs subjected to early senescence for obtaining tolerance towards exogenous ethylene. Furthermore, the observed allelic dosage effect constitutes a key handle for a gradual regulation of sensitivity towards exogenous ethylene, simultaneously monitoring possibly unwanted side effects.

Development and comparison of algorithms for beam stabilization in ultrashort pulsed laser equipped on a six-axis robot

We demonstrate an innovative beam stabilization concept consisting of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor cameras and piezo actuators for a six-axis articulated ultrashort pulsed laser robot system. The beam stabilization system is fixed on robot axes 4 and 5. Moving robot axis 5 in an angular range between 0° and 90°, the laser beam position coupled to the actual robot position is monitored by two cameras integrated on robot axis 5 and used for laser beam characterization and model generation. A mathematical description and models generated with machine learning methods, namely, linear regression and neural network, are compared for predicting the beam position drift as a function of robot axis motion, where the neural network model shows a low prediction tolerance of about 7 pixels. In addition, a stand-alone time-triggered beam correction algorithm is developed and implemented on the system, which shows an excellent correction performance for large beam position drifts (below 500 pixels).

Transcriptomics and metabolomics association analysis revealed the responses of Gynostemma pentaphyllum to cadmium.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum an important medicinal herb, can absorb high amounts of cadmium (Cd) which can lead to excessive Cd contamination during the production of medicines and tea. Hence, it is crucial to investigate the response mechanism of G. pentaphyllum under Cd stress to develop varieties with low Cd accumulation and high tolerance. Physiological response analysis, transcriptomics and metabolomics were performed on G. pentaphyllum seedlings exposed to Cd stress. Herein, G. pentaphyllum seedlings could significantly enhance antioxidant enzyme activities (POD, CAT and APX), proline and polysaccharide content subject to Cd stress. Transcriptomics analysis identified the secondary metabolites, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and signal transduction pathways associated with Cd stress, which mainly involved the XTH, EXP and GST genes. Metabolomics analysis identified 126 differentially expressed metabolites, including citric acid, flavonoid and amino acids metabolites, which were accumulated under Cd stress. Multi-omics integrative analysis unraveled that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch, and sucrose metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and ABC transporter were significantly enriched at the gene and metabolic levels in response to Cd stress in G. pentaphyllum. In conclusion, the genetic regulatory network sheds light on Cd response mechanisms in G. pentaphyllum.

Greatly enhanced risk to humans as a consequence of empirically determined lower moist heat stress tolerance

As heatwaves become more frequent, intense, and longer-lasting due to climate change, the question of breaching thermal limits becomes pressing. A wet-bulb temperature (Tw) of 35 °C has been proposed as a theoretical upper limit on human abilities to biologically thermoregulate. But, recent-empirical-research using human subjects found a significantly lower maximum Tw at which thermoregulation is possible even with minimal metabolic activity. Projecting future exposure to this empirical critical environmental limit has not been done. Here, using this more accurate threshold and the latest coupled climate model results, we quantify exposure to dangerous, potentially lethal heat for future climates at various global warming levels. We find that humanity is more vulnerable to moist heat stress than previously proposed because of these lower thermal limits. Still, limiting warming to under 2 °C nearly eliminates exposure and risk of widespread uncompensable moist heatwaves as a sharp rise in exposure occurs at 3 °C of warming. Parts of the Middle East and the Indus River Valley experience brief exceedances with only 1.5 °C warming. More widespread, but brief, dangerous heat stress occurs in a +2 °C climate, including in eastern China and sub-Saharan Africa, while the US Midwest emerges as a moist heat stress hotspot in a +3 °C climate. In the future, moist heat extremes will lie outside the bounds of past human experience and beyond current heat mitigation strategies for billions of people. While some physiological adaptation from the thresholds described here is possible, additional behavioral, cultural, and technical adaptation will be required to maintain healthy lifestyles.

A - 39 Diagnosing Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia in the Absence of Notable Cognitive Changes: the Value of Collateral Reports.

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a neurodegenerative disorder broadly characterized by insidious changes in psychosocial domains including personality/mood, behavior, and cognition. Early detection of bvFTD can be challenging in the absence of structural brain changes, cognitive deficits, and/or patient report. Collateral reports and behavioral observations become integral to diagnostic conceptualization. The patient is a 71-year-old White male who was seen by a neurologist for semi-involuntary fidgeting. His spouse also began noticing medication mismanagement and personality changes characterized by irritability, compulsive spending, and irrational thoughts, as well as uncharacteristic lapses in judgement and difficulty with planning and organization. Additional family reports endorsed new perseverative behaviors and intermittent confusion while operating familiar devices. An MRI of the brain demonstrated mild white matter disease. The patient demonstrated superior premorbid intellectual functioning and average-to-above average scores across most neuropsychological tests. Subtle deficits in maintaining set on executive tasks were noted. Behaviorally, speech was perseverative and tangential throughout the evaluation and he demonstrated low frustration tolerance. Collateral questionnaires indicated a decline in most activities of daily living and significant elevations in apathy, personal neglect, and loss of insight. While there were subtle changes in cognition, the patient's overall cognitive profile was intact. However, collateral reports, reported functional decline, and direct behavioral observations warranted concern for early stage bvFTD. Consistent with bvFTD literature, current neuropsychological assessments lack sensitivity for capturing deficits in the presence of behavioral and functional impairment. This case highlights the continued need to develop and validate naturalistic assessments to appropriately capture bvFTD.

Atrial fibrillation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: prevalence, risk factors and prognostic significance

Aim. To study the epidemiological profile and long-term prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation (AF) as a risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).Material and methods. The study included 270 patients with DCM (206/76,3% men, age 47 [37; 56] years, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction 29 [21; 35]%). The observation period was 6 years (Me 76 [57; 119] months). To assess the effect of AF on DCM prognosis, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression of clinical outcomes, including cardiovascular death, heart transplantation, and ventricular assist device implantation, were analyzed.Results. Of 270 patients with DCM, paroxysmal AF was detected in 10 (3,7%) patients (initial, 5/1,85%; during the first follow-up year, 5/1,85%). After 5 years, another 65 (24,1%) individuals had AF (paroxysmal, persistent or permanent). Ventricular tachyarrhythmias were registered in 163 (60,4%) patients. Compared with patients maintaining sinus rhythm, patients with AF were older (51,4±10 vs 43,6±13 years, p=0,001) and had lower exercise tolerance (6-minute walk test: 379±45 vs 445±43 meters; p=0,0002) and a higher heart failure functional class (NYHA class III-IV: 38/50,7% vs 52/26,7%; χ2=13,6; p=0 ,0003). In patients with AF, initially more pronounced manifestations of right ventricular contractile dysfunction (TAPSE: 13,1±3,4 vs 15,5±4,6 mm; p=0,0001) and LV diastolic dysfunction (E/A: 2,9±1,5 vs 2,1±1,3; p=0,006; E/e' 15,6±6,9 vs 11,8±7,2; p=0,019), more dilated left atrium (left atrial volume index: 63,3±19 vs 50±18,7 ml/m2; p=0,006). During the 6-year median follow-up, AF was observed in 75 patients (0,46 new cases/100 patients/year). As a result of Cox regression analysis, AF as a time-dependent factor was identified as an independent predictor of cardiovascular death (hazard ratio 3,99; 95% confidence interval, 1,67-8,59; p=0,0001).Conclusion. AF, as one of the most common sustained atrial tachyarrhythmias in the population, demonstrated a lower prevalence (27,8%) in the DCM cohort compared to ventricular tachyarrhythmias (60,4%), but a high prognostic significance of the negative impact on the risk of fatal outcomes. The development of AF in patients with DCM is associated with a 4-fold increase in cardiovascular death risk over a 6-year period.

Characterizing the spectrum of irritability in preadolescence: Dimensional and pragmatic applications.

Characterize the dimensional spectrum of preadolescent (PA) irritability, a robust transdiagnostic vulnerability marker, using the youth version of the Multidimensional Assessment Profiles Temper Loss (MAPS-TL-Youth) scale including common and with developmentally specific items. Based on this, derive and validate a clinically optimized irritability screener to flag psychopathology risk in preadolescents. The normal:abnormal irritability spectrum was modeled using MAPS-TL-Youth data from the Multidimensional Assessment of Preschoolers Study (MAPS) Study PA wave (n=340) via item response theory. Both cross-cutting core items from the MAPS scales and developmentally specific items were used to generate this dimension. Stepwise logistic regression was then used to optimize MAPS-TL-Youth irritability items in relation to Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia impairment to generate a clinically optimized irritability screener. Receiver operator characteristic analysis identified the irritability threshold for the screener. For the first time, youth self-report of their own irritability on the MAPS-TL was also modeled via the MAPS-TL-Youth-Self-Report (MAPS-TL-Youth-SR). Irritability was unidimensional and ranged from mild and common to severe and rare behaviors. Developmentally specific items allowed detection of more severe irritability. Items for the screener were identified in relation to concurrent impairment. These included low frustration tolerance and pathognomonic severe behaviors. The clinically optimized screener demonstrated very good sensitively (87%) and specificity (81%) in regard to concurrent irritability-related DSM disorders. Modeling of the MAPS-TL-Youth-SR yielded similar results. Characterizing the normal: abnormal spectrum of irritability in preadolescence advances application of Research Domain Criteria methods to this developmental period. This foundational work yielded two developmentally specified tools for irritability characterization in preadolescence: a nuanced dimensional scale to precisely characterize the full normal-abnormal irritability spectrum, and a pragmatic, clinically optimized screener suitable for real world use. Future application in mechanistic and clinical studies will be important for establishing validity and incremental utility.

Impact of Low Light Stress on Physiological Characters, Yield and Yield Attributes of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Background: Keeping in view of low light effect on rice yield and quality, identification of low light tolerant genotypes as donor for plant breeding program is needed. Methods: Field experiments were conducted for low light tolerance during kharif 2021 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru with an aim to screen and identify low light tolerant cultivars. The impact of low light was investigated on physiological, yield and yield attributes of eighteen rice genotypes. Result: Low light treatment resulted and increase in mean days to 50% flowering and days to maturity. An increment of both plant height and leaf area was noted under low light stress in all the tested genotypes. Yield and yield attributes such as panicle number, grain number per panicle and test weight were also affected. The reduction in total dry matter and harvest index was recorded on exposure to low light condition. Under low light grain yield was maximum in IET 29032 followed by IET 30408 and Gayatri and these were identified as low light tolerant genotypes. These genotypes had a higher panicle number. Genotype Gayatri showed maximum 1000 grain weight and minimum reduction in harvest index was evident in IET 29032 and IET 30408. The chlorophyll a pigment content reduced under low light while majority of the genotypes showed an increase in chlorophyll b pigment. Gayatri followed by IET 29032 and IET 30408 retained higher chlorophyll content under low light stress. Lesser reduction in chlorophyll content (less than 13%) was evident in IET 30408, Gayatri, Swarnaprabha, IET 29031 and IET 29032.

Entanglement witnessing with untrusted detectors

We consider the problem of entanglement detection in the presence of faulty, potentially malicious detectors. A common—and, as of yet, the only—approach to this problem is to perform a Bell test in order to identify nonlocality of the measured entangled state. However, there are two significant drawbacks in this approach: the requirement to exceed a critical, and often high, detection efficiency, and much lower noise tolerance. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to this problem, which is resilient to the detection loophole and is based on the standard tool of entanglement witness. We discuss how the two main techniques to detection losses, namely the discard and assignment strategies, apply to entanglement witnessing. We demonstrate using the example of a two-qubit Bell state that the critical detection efficiency can be significantly reduced compared to the Bell test approach.

Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals Insights for Low Phosphorus Tolerance in Wheat Seedling.

Low phosphorus (LP) stress leads to a significant reduction in wheat yield, primarily in the reduction of biomass, the number of tillers and spike grains, the delay in heading and flowering, and the inhibition of starch synthesis and grouting. However, the differences in regulatory pathway responses to low phosphorus stress among different wheat genotypes are still largely unknown. In this study, metabolome and transcriptome analyses of G28 (LP-tolerant) and L143 (LP-sensitive) wheat varieties after 72 h of normal phosphorus (CK) and LP stress were performed. A total of 181 and 163 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected for G28CK vs. G28LP and L143CK vs. L143LP, respectively. Notably, the expression of pilocarpine (C07474) in G28CK vs. G28LP was significantly downregulated 4.77-fold, while the expression of neochlorogenic acid (C17147) in L143CK vs. L143LP was significantly upregulated 2.34-fold. A total of 4023 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were acquired between G28 and L143, of which 1120 DEGs were considered as the core DEGs of LP tolerance of wheat after LP treatment. The integration of metabolomics and transcriptomic data further revealed that the LP tolerance of wheat was closely related to 15 metabolites and 18 key genes in the sugar and amino acid metabolism pathway. The oxidative phosphorylation pathway was enriched to four ATPases, two cytochrome c reductase genes, and fumaric acid under LP treatment. Moreover, PHT1;1, TFs (ARFA, WRKY40, MYB4, MYB85), and IAA20 genes were related to the Pi starvation stress of wheat roots. Therefore, the differences in LP tolerance of different wheat varieties were related to energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, phytohormones, and PHT proteins, and precisely regulated by the levels of various molecular pathways to adapt to Pi starvation stress. Taken together, this study may help to reveal the complex regulatory process of wheat adaptation to Pi starvation and provide new genetic clues for further study on improving plant Pi utilization efficiency.

Numerical investigation of the low-velocity impact damage resistance and tolerance of composite laminates with preloads

Composite materials employed in engineering services are often subjected to preloads such as pre-tension and pre-compression, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their effects on the Low Velocity Impact (LVI) damage resistance and tolerance. Driven by this, a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model, accounting for fibre damage, matrix damage, and delamination, has been developed to capture the LVI behaviors of composite laminates subjected to various preloads. Furthermore, the developed model has also been employed to predict the Compression After Impact (CAI) strength of these composite laminates which have been impacted under pre-loading conditions. By comparing the modelling results with experimental data, the fidelity of the model is demonstrated, especially revealing a deviation of less than 10 % between the measured and predicted CAI strengths. The validated model is then employed to further explore the relationships between LVI behaviors, CAI strength, and different types and magnitudes of preloads under varying impact energies. The findings indicate that a monotonic transition in preloading from compression to tension leads to a reduction in LVI delamination area and energy dissipation, while for CAI strength, it is related with the stacking sequence.

Posttraumatic stress and distress tolerance in relation to opioid misuse and dependence among trauma-exposed adults with chronic pain.

Posttraumatic stress symptoms have been associated with opioid misuse and dependence among adults with chronic pain. Lower levels of perceived distress tolerance (i.e., perceived ability to withstand negative emotional states) have been independently associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms and opioid-related problems among nonchronic pain samples. However, there has not been a test of whether distress tolerance interacts with posttraumatic stress in terms of opioid misuse among trauma-exposed persons with chronic pain. Therefore, the present study examined the interaction between distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress symptoms in relation to opioid misuse and dependence among trauma-exposed adults with chronic pain who were using opioids (N = 289; 70.9% female, Mage = 37.75, SD = 10.83). Results indicated a significant negative interaction of distress tolerance with posttraumatic stress in terms of opioid misuse and dependence, as the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and opioid misuse and dependence was diminished at higher levels of distress tolerance. The current findings help refine our understanding of the subgroups of persons with chronic pain distinguished by low distress tolerance and at the greatest risk for misusing opioids. Furthermore, current models of chronic pain and opioid misuse could be refined by integrating distress tolerance. These findings may help inform interventions for trauma-exposed persons with chronic pain who use opioids. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Gene Networks Analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium Reveals New Insights on Key Genes Involved in Response to Low Water Activity.

When Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a foodborne bacterium, is exposed to osmotic stress, cellular adaptations increase virulence severity and cellular survival. The aim of the gene network analysis of S. Typhimurium was to provide insights into the various interactions between the genes involved in cellular survival under low water activity (aw). We performed a gene networkanalysis to identify the gene clusters and hub genes of S. Typhimurium using Cytoscape in three food samples subjected to aw stress after 72 hours. The identified hub genes of S. Typhimurium belonged to down-regulated genes and were related to translation, transcription, and ribosome structure in the food samples. The rpsB and Tig were identified as the most important of the hub genes. Enrichment analysis of the hub genes also revealed the importance of translation and cellular protein metabolic processes. Moreover, the biological process associated with organonitrogen metabolism in milk chocolate was identified. According to the KEGG pathway results of gene cluster analysis, cellular responses to stress were associated with RNA polymerase, ribosome, and oxidative phosphorylation. Genes encoding RNA polymerase activity, including rpoA, rpoB, and rpoZ, were also significantly identified in the KEGG pathways. The identified motifs of hub DEGs included EXPREG_00000850, EXPREG_00000b00, EXPREG_000008e0, and EXPREG_00000850. Based on the results of the gene network analysis, the identified hub genes may contribute to adaptation to food compositions and be responsible for the development of low water stress tolerance in Salmonella. Among the food samples, the milk chocolate matrix leads to more adaptation pathways for S. Typhimurium survival, as more hub genes were down-regulated and more motifs were detected. The identified motifs were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, carbohydrate transport, electron transfer, and oxygen transfer.

Implementation of a Pressure Injury Prevention Protocol for Intensive Care Unit Patients Undergoing Prone Positioning.

Pressure injuries remain the most common hospital-acquired condition, according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 are at especially high risk for pressure injuries, including those related to medical devices, because of their lower tissue tolerance, prolonged intubation, and common treatment with prone positioning. The COVID-19 pandemic brought an increased incidence of hospital-acquired pressure injury. A 350-bed hospital in St. Joseph, Missouri, recognized that an intervention to lower the risk of pressure injury for these patients was needed. A quality improvement project was initiated to reduce the incidence of pressure injuries in patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit. A protocol was implemented for patients with COVID-19 undergoing prone positioning that included the use of dressing packets. The incidence of hospital-acquired pressure injury during the 1-year periods before and after implementation of the protocol were determined. Before implementation of the new protocol, 18 of 155 intensive care unit patients with COVID-19 who were placed in a prone position (11.6%) experienced a hospital-acquired pressure or medical device-related injury, compared with 3 of 111 patients (2.7%) after protocol implementation, a reduction of 76.7% (P = .008). The risk of hospital-acquired pressure injuries can be reduced with additional education and the use of appropriate products and protocols. All patients who undergo prone positioning, regardless of diagnosis, may benefit from implementation of a pressure injury prevention protocol that includes the use of dressing packets.

Improved sputtering method to deposit high conducting doped ZnO films without substrate heating

Magnetron sputtering deposition with Zn supply was utilized to deposit Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) films to minimize acceptor-like crystalline defects. This deposition technique significantly increased the carrier concentration of GZO films. In addition, the impact of partial oxygen pressure on the deposition atmosphere on carrier concentration was remarkably reduced. As a result, the resistivity of the films decreased to as low as 4 × 10−4 Ωcm without the need for intentional substrate heating. Consequently, the deposition with Zn supply shows great potential for producing ZnO-based transparent conducting films with practically low resistivity on polymer substrates that have lower heat tolerance.

Spectroscopic Study of Copper Plasma Produced by Fundamental Nd: YAG Laser by LIBS

Background:
 The effect of laser wavelength on the analytical results obtained from LIBS by Nd: YAG laser diagnostics to copper element is experimentally investigated by Nd: YAG laser at 1064 nm wavelength. The temperature and density of electrons in copper plasma are calculated under (LTE) conditions.
 Materials and Methods:
 Various copper transitions were obtained. Identification of transition lines from the spectrum is carried out by comparing spectral lines with NIST atomic database. The results after performing the analysis were compared with (NIST) database.
 Results:
 The result showed that the various wavelengths obtained from the copper target tare with significant compatibility with the same wavelengths from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
 Conclusion:
 LIBS technique proved to be a precise and accurate tool for calculating electron temperature and electron number density, the presence of different elements with very low tolerance, and diagnosing their concentrations.