Low Oil Content Research Articles

Exploring the influence of different vegetable oils on the stability of nanoemulsions in the presence and absence of nisin and limonene

AbstractBACKGROUNDContamination during food production and handling is a major health concern. Traditional preservation methods often influence food quality as well as their organoleptic characteristics. In contrast, natural alternatives like bacteriocins and essential oils are emerging. Nisin, a natural antimicrobial agent, is effective against Gram‐positive bacteria but not against Gram‐negative bacteria. Moreover, essential oils like limonene, although they have broad antimicrobial properties, are not water‐soluble and affect the sensory properties. Encapsulation in oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions offers a promising approach, enhancing the stability, solubility, and functionality of these natural antimicrobial agents.RESULTSDifferent concentrations of olive, corn, and sesame oils were used in the presence or absence of nisin and limonene. Parameters such as droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and cream index were assessed. Oil type and concentration played a crucial role in the stability and properties of produced nanoemulsions. Sesame oil‐based emulsions showed superior stability, while olive oil‐based emulsions performed well at lower concentrations. Nisin reduced droplet size, while limonene increased it, with combined use yielding intermediate results.CONCLUSIONThe properties and stability of oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions using olive, corn, and sesame oils at varying concentrations, with and without nisin and limonene, were investigated. Sesame oil‐based nanoemulsions exhibited stable droplet size and lower polydispersity index values, while nisin reduced droplet size and limonene increased it. Stability assessments favoured olive oil‐based formulations at low oil concentrations (2% v/v). These findings provide insights into optimizing nanoemulsion formulations for food and pharmaceutical applications. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Evaluating value-added biochemical and biodiesel production from Chlorococcum humicolo algal biomass in phycoremediation of textile dye effluents.

This study investigates the potentials of Chlorococcum humicolo algal biomass for the extraction of valuable biochemical and biodiesel production, with focus on the phycoremediation of textile dye effluents. The alga was cultivated in three media: CFTRI medium, combined dye effluent, and dye bath effluent in the laboratory. The highest cell count (254 × 104 cells/ml) and lowest oil content (16.6 %) were observed in CFTRI medium, while the combined dye effluent yielded the highest biomass (2.8 g/L dry weight (DW)) and oil content (26 %). Dye bath effluent produced intermediate results with 2.0 g/L DW biomass and 24 % oil content. Biochemical analysis revealed that algae grown in dye bath effluent from High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP) contained the highest levels of lipids (45.00 mg/106 cells), β-carotene (0.5683 µg/106 cells), proteins (9.89 mg/106 cells), and chlorophyll 'a' (0.9890 µg/106 cells). GC-MS analysis of the algal oil's FAME profile showed a high proportion (up to 94 %) of saturated fatty acids, making it an excellent candidate for biodiesel production. Despite its better lipid content, C. humicolo demonstrates dual benefits for wastewater remediation and biofuel generation.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction vs. Hexane Extraction and Cold Pressing: Comparative Analysis of Seed Oils from Six Plant Species.

Supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) brings a convincing advance in the production of plant oils used in cosmetics, in fortified foods and dietary supplements, and in pharmaceuticals and medicine. The SFE-CO2-extracted, hexane-extracted, and cold-pressed plant oils of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), linden (Tilia sp.), poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), and marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) seeds were investigated in terms of oil yield, fatty acid composition, unsaponifiable matter yield and composition, and the antioxidant activity of unsaponifiable matter. SFE-CO2 proved to be the preferred extraction method for four out of six plant materials, especially for seeds with lower oil content. However, for seeds with higher oil content, such as apricots, cold pressing is a viable alternative. A comparison of fatty acid composition did not reveal significant differences between extraction techniques. SFE-CO2 extraction improved the total phytosterol content of oils, especially pumpkin seed oil. A high variability in the antioxidant potential of the unsaponifiable matter studied was determined, with pumpkin seed oil showing the highest antioxidant activity. A correlation analysis was performed between unsaponifiable composition and antioxidant activity, and showed statistically significant correlations with squalene, cycloartenol, and an unidentified compound. This is the first comparison of the phytosterol compositions of linseed, apricot, linden, and marigold. Through continued optimization, SFE-CO2 has the potential to revolutionize the production of plant oils and provide a sustainable and efficient alternative.

Excess Molar Viscosities and Excess Molar Gibbs Energies of The Mixtures of Tire Pyrolytic Oil + Diesel Fuel at 293.15 K and 303.15 K

Diesel-like fuel mixtures are obtained by blending the pyrolytic oil obtained from the pyrolysis of tires and diesel fuel. The excess thermodynamic properties of blended fuel mixtures give a preliminary idea about the transport, storage and combustion properties of the fuel mixture. In this study, pyrolytic oil and diesel fuel were mixed in different proportions at temperatures of 293.15 K and 303.15 K and their excess molar properties were determined. A positive deviation was observed in the excess molar volume and excess molar Gibbs energy values of the two-component mixture, and a negative deviation was observed in the excess molar viscosity values. Volumetric expansion and flow rate of the mixture were found to be higher at 303.15 K. It has been observed that at low pyrolytic oil concentrations, dispersive and physical forces are dominant between molecules, while at high pyrolytic oil concentrations, π-π interactions are more dominant for the molecules.

Usaha Penggorengan Kerupuk Pasir Sebagai Sumber Belajar Berbasis Etnopedagogi

Sand-frying of crackers is a traditional technique that has been used for a long time, especially in several regions of Indonesia. This method is unique because it uses sand as a heat transfer medium for frying crackers, instead of oil. This research aims to document the traditional process of sand-frying crackers as a form of cultural heritage preservation and to combine traditional knowledge with modern technology to create unique and value-added cracker product innovations. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method. Qualitative methods are research methods that focus on in-depth observation to understand social phenomena, events, and individuals. The data collection techniques used by the researcher are: (1) In-depth interviews, a data collection technique conducted through question-and-answer sessions between the researcher and the informant. (2) Observation, a data collection technique through observation and recording of the object being studied. (3) Documentation, collecting information from various written sources, such as books, journal articles, and local publications. When conducting interviews, the researcher not only recorded the answers from the informants. From this research, it was found that the sand-frying process gives a unique flavor to the crackers that is different from frying using oil and that crackers fried with sand have a much lower oil content compared to crackers fried with oil. This makes sand-fried crackers a healthier alternative. Sand-frying crackers is a cultural heritage that needs to be preserved. Crackers fried with sand tend to have a crispier texture, are more durable, and have a much lower oil content compared to crackers fried with oil. This makes sand-fried crackers a healthier and more attractive alternative for health-conscious consumers. By developing this method, we also preserve traditional knowledge and skills.

Kualitas Sale Pisang Goreng Pada Berbagai Tingkat Kematangan Buah Pisang Raja Siem (Musa Acuminata) dan Potensinya Dalam Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup

Raja Siem Banana (Musa acuminata) is a type of banana that can be used as a fried banana sale. This study aims to determine the quality of fried banana sale ripeness levels. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), the level of ripeness of banana fruit with four levels after picking: 0 day, 1 day, 2 days and 3 days. The parameters observed were water content, total sugar content, oil content, and organoleptic. Analysis of the potential of fried banana sale for environmental management was carried out by reviewing the literature on relevant sources from journals. The study’s proximate water content test results met the standard of 8.79% - 17% (maximum 40%). The lowest total sugar content was 45.11%, and the highest was 70.22%. The lowest oil content was 10%, and the highest was 12.53%, meeting the maximum standard of 30%. The fried banana sales were produced based on the overall preference test. The panellists gave an average score of 4.2 in liking colour, taste, texture, and aroma. Processing Raja Siem bananas into a fried banana sale is one step in seeking optimal environmental conditions due to banana rot to create good environmental conditions.

The impact of flaxseed gum addition on oil absorption of deep-fried dough sticks and its underlying mechanism

The present study investigated the effect of flaxseed gum (FG) in wheat flour on the oil absorption capacity of deep-fried dough sticks (DFDS) and the underlying mechanism. Results showed that the addition of FG limited the oil uptake of the dough during the deep-frying process. The lowest oil content in DFDS was observed in the group in which 1.0 % FG was added. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, the rheological properties of the dough, secondary structure of protein, covalent and noncovalent bonds, and the microstructure of gluten were investigated. The viscoelasticity, covalent and noncovalent bonds of gluten increased with the addition of FG. In terms of the secondary structure of gluten, the β-sheets content increased, while the content of α-helices and β-turns decreased with the addition of FG. The results regarding the microstructure indicated that there were fewer breakages in the dough with FG, which showed a denser gluten network. The denser gluten network contributed to the reduced ability of oil uptake in DFDS. Interestingly, the lowest oil content and the highest moisture content of DFDS were observed when 1.0 % FG was added, resulting in a 30.27 % decrease in oil content and an 11.67 % increase in moisture content compared with the control group. Additionally, both the covalent and noncovalent bonds in gluten protein were the strongest with 1.0 % FG addition, where the β-sheets content was highest. This study revealed the effect of FG on the formation of the gluten network, offering a potential approach for the production of high-quality DFDS.

Active cardboard box with palm wood waste powder and orange oil to prevent browning and quality loss in cabbage: Mode of action and potential for reuse.

Browning, caused by enzymatic activity and storage conditions, affects cabbage during cold storage and is crucial for customer acceptance. This study investigated the effect of cardboard packaging containing low concentrations of nano-orange oil (ONE) at 0.006% in palm wood waste powder for anti-browning and extending the shelf life of cabbage. The incorporation of ONE into palm wood powder (PWP) using different methods (soaking, vapor, vapor with ultrasonic device, and control) was examined before using the active PWP to develop cardboard cabbage packaging. The reuse of the active cabbage box packaging was also investigated for up to three reuses. The results showed that a greater anti-browning effect was achieved with cardboard packaging made from active PWP with orange oil vapor and an ultrasonic device compared to other adsorption methods, with significantly higher inhibition of the key browning enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). Additionally, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds were improved, maintaining the bright green color of cabbage after 21 days of storage. The shelf life of cabbage stored in active cardboard was extended to at least 21 days compared to 5 days for the control. The active cabbage box with PWP and ONE vapor with an ultrasonic device showed potential for reuse at least two times. Limonene was found on the surface of stored cabbage and may be a key factor in antimicrobial activity, helping to control microbial growth on the cabbage surface within standard limits during long-term storage. This finding provides valuable guidance for reducing cabbage waste during transportation and storage from farm to market. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research offers new insights into active cardboard packaging made from palm wood powder with a low concentration of orange oil vapor to prevent browning and microbial growth in storage boxes. The optimal method for producing this packaging uses nano-orange oil vapor at 0.006% with an ultrasonic device, which could be feasible for large-scale production. The packaging effectively reduced PPO and POD enzyme activity, delaying browning and extending cabbage shelf life by at least threefold compared to the control, while maintaining color and freshness. This cost-effective method promotes the sustainable use of agricultural waste in the fresh vegetable industry, as it can be reused at least twice, benefiting farmers and reducing cabbage waste.

Comparative Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Possible Roles of Rice Phospholipase A Genes in the Accumulation of Oil in Grains.

The phospholipase A (PLA) gene family plays a crucial role in the regulation of plant growth, development and stress response. Although PLA genes have been identified in various plant species, their specific functions and characteristics in oil quality formation of rice grains (Oryza sativa L.) have not been studied yet. Here, we identified and characterized 35 rice PLA genes, which were divided into three subgroups based on gene structures and phylogenetic relationships. These genes are distributed unevenly across 11 rice chromosomes. The promoter sequence of rice PLAs contain multiple plant hormones and stress-related elements. Gene expression analyses in various tissues and under stress conditions indicated that PLAs may be involved in rice growth, development and stress response. In addition, metabolomics, transcriptomics and qRT-PCR analyses between two rice varieties Guang8B (G8B, high oil content) and YueFengB (YFB, low oil content) revealed that the different expressional levels of rice PLA genes were closely related to the differences in the oil content between 'G8B' and 'YFB' grains. The findings of this study provide potential novel insights into the molecular information of the phospholipase A gene family in rice, and underscore the potential functions of PLA genes in rice oil content accumulation, providing valuable resources for future genetic improvement and breeding strategies.

The influence of pore throat heterogeneity and fractal characteristics on reservoir quality: A case study of chang 8 member tight sandstones, Ordos Basin

The Chang 8 member of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin exhibits extensive development of tight sandstone reservoirs. In comparison to conventional reservoirs, these tight sandstone reservoirs demonstrate smaller pore-throat systems and stronger heterogeneity due to interactions between inherent sedimentary components and various diagenetic processes. To further investigate the influence of microscopic pore throat structure on macroscopic physical properties and oil content within the reservoir, a comprehensive study was conducted utilizing high pressure mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-CT scanning, and other pore throat testing methods. This study was complemented by observation techniques such as polarizing microscope, scanning electron microscopy, and laser confocal imaging, to study the pore throat system of reservoirs under the influence of different sedimentary components and diagenesis. By comparison, it is observed that the radius of the primary pore throat system in the tight sandstone reservoir ranges from 0.01 to 1 μm. The structural characteristics of the pore throat system significantly impact the macroscopic physical properties of the reservoir. Due to variations in testing methods, high pressure mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) reveal different fractal dimensions of the reservoir's pore throat system. Therefore, it is better to respectively utilize fractal dimension Df2, Df2-NMR, Df2-CT, and pore throat parameters to characterize the microscopic pore throat system with a radius ranging from 0.01 to 1 μm. The decrease in the average pore throat radius and the increased irregularity of pore shape contribute to heightened heterogeneity in the micro-pore throat structure within the reservoir. This negatively impacts its physical properties and oil content. Furthermore, it is important to note that the minimum threshold of pore throat radius plays a crucial role as a primary factor determining the fluid seepage capacity within this reservoir. Moreover, when isolated pores exist, reduced fluid mobility ensues, which further worsens the seepage conditions of the reservoir. The chlorite rims development reservoir shows a low fractal dimension in its micro-pore throats, contributing to superior macroscopic petrophysical properties and oil content. However, compression, siliceous cementation, and calcite cementation negatively impact the average pore throat radius by increasing micropores, inaccessible pores, and narrow throat content. This results in a stronger heterogeneity of the pore throat structure, leading to poor seepage conditions and lower oil content.

β-carotene and resveratrol loaded glycerol monostearate-based oleogels: Physicochemical characterization at low gelation concentrations

Oleogels are semi-solid systems that can function both as replacers of trans and saturated fats and/or as carriers of lipophilic bioactive compounds. However, bioactive compounds can affect the structure of the oleogel matrix and this effect depends on the properties of such compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop oleogels loaded with β-carotene (BC) or resveratrol (R), with low concentrations of glycerol monostearate (GMS, 2–5 wt%) and sunflower oil as organic solvent. The gels were characterized by polarized light microscopy, rheological measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, oil binding capacity and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. At higher GMS concentrations, stronger oleogels and higher temperatures associated with transitions (sol–gel/gel–sol and crystallization/melting) were observed. The incorporation of bioactive compounds modified the gelation behavior. BC weakened the oleogel structure during the transient molecular organization of GMS, whereas R increased the dynamic moduli. BC also caused slight oil release at lower concentrations, while R improved retention. The high hydrophobicity of BC may be disturbing the solubility balance of the system, while R has phenolic hydroxyl groups that may strengthen hydrogen bonds. However, there were no considerable changes in mechanical properties after storage. We hypothesize that the molecular organization of GMS over time may be masking the modifications that bioactive compounds cause in mechanical properties. In fact, changes in the structure were revealed, as the addition of BC or R changed the morphology of the three-dimensional network crystals. Thus, the results can contribute to the rational choice of system components using low concentrations of oleogelator, as the composition of the bioactive compound exerts influence on the modulation of lipid matrices.

Application of Spectral Indices in the Evaluation of Soil-Oil Interaction and Enhanced Detection and Quantification of Oil Contaminants in Bare Soils

ABSTRACT Current methods to monitor oil contamination in bare soils rely upon geophysical techniques or direct sampling and testing, and their use amongst the global community is limited by their complexity and cost. Recent studies demonstrate that Visible-Near Infrared Spectroscopy (VNIRS) may be a reliable technique, but has found limited use due to effects of soil composition and moisture content. This study describes two spectral indices, the ‘Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Index’ (TPHix) and ‘Oil Index’ (Oix), and demonstrate their application in enhanced detection of oil contaminants and the evaluation of soil-oil-water interaction in bare soils. To validate their applicability, soil-oil experiments were performed on 26 samples comprising of 12 artificial and 14 natural soils in dry states, and 10 sub-samples in wet condition. Analyses of TPHix demonstrate that this index provides a better estimate of low oil content in different soil classes, while Oix versus % Oil regression plots with a discrete inflection point termed the ‘Critical Point’ (CP) give an indication of soil-oil-water interaction as CP varies with soil composition and moisture content. This research demonstrates that VNIRS indices can improve oil contaminants detection in soils and provide insight into soil-oil-water interaction where there are few established techniques available to researchers.

Evaluation of drying techniques for postharvest residue utilization in 'Nufar' Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) production

In this study, drying techniques including lyophilization, forced convection, marquee with polyshade, and refractive window were evaluated in the post-harvest residue of Nufar variety basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the department of Tolima, Colombia. The physicochemical and bromatological analysis showed that lyophilization and forced convection better maintained the organoleptic properties of dry basil, while the marquee with polyshade technique did not affect the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The refractive window technique showed higher rehydration capacity but lower essential oil content. In the sensory evaluation, the infusions of dried leaves in the marquee with polyshade method were highly accepted. The results suggest that drying by forced convection and marquee with polyshade are effective methods to preserve the quality of dried basil, presenting a viable alternative for the use of post-harvest residue and improving the useful life of the product, benefitting local producers by increased employability and added value.

Characterization of flax genetic resources in Türkiye through variance analysis of antioxidant, phenolic compound and fatty acid contents

This study was conducted in 2021 using seeds from 10 different flax cultivars (Sarı 85, Cill 1351, Cill 1370, Cill 1400, Cill 1412, Larnaka, Milas, Newtürk, and Dilman) in the Ankara ecology. The study investigated the oil content, protein content, fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacities, and specific phenolic compound contents of these seeds. Correlations among the bioactive compound contents of flax seeds were elucidated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Heatmap analysis. As a result of the research, statistically significant differences were found among the seed properties of the varieties. According to the PCA method, the correlation among fatty acids was determined as 71.2% (PC1+PC2), while the correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidants was determined as 60.4% (PC1+PC2). In the study, the highest oil content was obtained in the Newtürk variety with 35.3%, while the lowest oil content was obtained in the Larnaka variety with 32.2%. The highest α-linolenic acid (C18:3) ratio of 53.9% was detected in the Newtürk variety, while the lowest α-linolenic acid (C18:3) ratio of 46.8% was obtained from the Cill1423 variety. Ferulic (Cill 1351: 18.51 µg/g) and protocatechuic (Cill 1423: 20.83 µg/g) acids were found to be the most abundant compounds in flax seeds. In the research, it was determined that the Cill 1351 (4.08 mg trolox/g) and Dilman (4.16 mg trolox/g) varieties had higher antioxidant capacities than the other varieties.

Non-destructive estimation of flesh oil content in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) using fluorescence images from 365-nm UV light excitation.

The flesh oil content (OC) is a crucial commercial indicator of avocado maturity and directly correlates with its nutritional quality. To meet export standards and optimize edible characteristics, avocados must be harvested at the appropriate stage of physiological maturity. The significant variability in OC during maturation, without any external morphological indicators, poses a longstanding challenge. Currently, harvesting maturity is optimized through time-consuming, destructive laboratory methods like freeze-drying and chemical extraction, which use representative samples to estimate the maturity of entire orchards. In this study, for the first time, we employed fluorescence imaging of avocado skin using 365-nm UV polarized light excitation to estimate the OC in the 'Bacon' avocado cultivar. We developed a surface fluorescence index that strongly correlates with OC, achieving correlation coefficients up to -0.91. Our non-destructive and rapid approach achieved a cross-validation accuracy with an R2 value of 0.81, enabling the classification of avocados with low and high OC. This pioneering method shows considerable potential for further improvement and refinement. This study lays the groundwork for developing a portable, cost-effective, and real-time method for non-destructive in situ monitoring of avocado OC in the field and its integration into large-scale post-harvest grading systems.

Determination of proximate analysis of individual and combined samples of <i>Dioscorea alata</i>, <i>Musa parasidiaca</i> and <i>Xanthosoma sagittifolium</i> peels

This study investigates the proximate composition of yam (Dioscorea alata), cocoyam (Musa parasidiaca) and plantain (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) plant wastes, with a focus on evaluating the impact of the individual and combined plant wastes. Tubers of yam (Dioscorea alata), cocoyam (Musa parasidiaca) and plantain (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) used in this study were obtained from Obibi in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Yams are tubers, plantains are fruits, whereas cocoyam is derived from corms, underground stems, and swollen hypocotyls. All these crops can be propagated by vegetative parts and these include tubers (yams), sucker (Plantain) and side shoots, stolons, or corm heads (cocoyam). Peels from the yam tubers were obtained by using a kitchen knife to carefully remove the peels. The peels were then immediately oven dried at 45oC for 24 hours. The dried peels were then ground through a 40-mesh screen using a Wiley. Analyses conducted isproximate determination using AOAC method. The results highlight the high ash content of Yam and Cocoyam Peel, which contributes to mineral enrichment; the enhanced moisture content of Plantain Peel, which has implications for water retention; and the low fat and oil content of Cocoyam Peel, which suggests that it is appropriate for use as a low-fat organic material. Yam Peel has a high crude fiber level, which indicates that it has the capacity to improve the structure of the soil. On the other hand, Yam and Cocoyam Peel stand out because it has largest protein content, which is essential for the development of plants. Plantain and cocoyam peel have the largest carbohydrate content, making it an excellent source of energy for the bacteria and plants that live in the soil below it. These findings have practical implications for sustainable agriculture by optimizing crop yields in diverse agro ecosystems.

Investigation on the oil permeation–adsorption–diffusion combined action mechanism of the adsorbed layer for flexible oil storage in waters

A novel method entitled flexible oil storage in waters is proposed, aiming to address the limitations of current oil storage systems and enhance the country's oil storage capacity. However, oil contamination severely restricts its applicability. To ensure the environmental sustainability of the method, the adsorbed layer is added outside the oil bladder, and the study investigates the material and the action mechanism of the adsorbed layer for flexible oil storage in waters. The results show that, with long breakthrough time and low oil concentration as criteria, the reed straw biochar is more suitable as the adsorbed layer filling material compared to the coconut shell and the apricot shell biochar and the fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer is more suitable as the adsorbed layer membrane material compared to polyvinyl chloride. The adsorbed layer action mechanism involves multiple interactions, including permeation, adsorption, accumulation, and diffusion. They are coupled and together influence the adsorption effect. The empirical formula for the adsorbed layer's lifespan is derived, which helps in designing the adsorbed layer to satisfy specific lifespan requirements. This study provides theoretical and engineering guidance for the application of flexible oil storage in waters, contributing to the development of oil storage techniques.

Selected Soluble Dietary Fibres as Replacers of Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA) Starch in Spray-Drying Production of Linseed Oil Powders Applied to Apple Juice

The aim of the study was to compare two kinds of soluble dietary fibres in a mixture with OSA-starch as wall components of linseed oil capsules. Comparison was made based on emulsion (droplet size, polydispersity index, and viscosity) and powder properties (outer structure, colour, surface oil content, and encapsulation efficiency). Additionally, linseed oil powders were applied to the food model (apple juice) and the colour, physical stability, and volatile compound profile of fortified juice were determined. Although the obtained linseed oil emulsions with different compositions of polysaccharide components showed some variation in droplet size, polydisperse index and viscosity, their encapsulation efficiency by spray-drying was very high (>98%). The powders produced had a similar structure and low surface oil content, and their 2% addition to apple juice did not change its stability and only slightly decreased its colour lightness and yellowness. However, greater differences in the volatile compounds of obtained juices were observed. Overall, the added powders reduced the volatility of aroma compounds typical of apple juice but introduced propanal and hexanal, especially the powders with the highest OSA-starch share.

Microencapsulation of turmeric oleoresin: complex coacervation and crosslinking strategies for improving encapsulation efficiency and stability in gastrointestinal simulated fluids

Turmeric oleoresin microcapsules were prepared by complex coacervation of gum arabic (GA) and chitosan (Ch) using genipin as a crosslinker. For this propose, the effect of pH and the biopolymer mass ratio ( R GA / Ch pH ) on the zeta-potential and coacervate yield and their viscoelastic properties were evaluated. A liquid-like behavior was found for all the samples in the small- and large-amplitude oscillatory shear regions, with sample R 5 4.5 having the highest viscoelastic properties. Samples R 6 3 , R 5 4.5 and R 4 6 with the highest coacervate yield (∼98%) for each pH chosen to produce the microcapsules. Then, turmeric oleoresin-gum arabic emulsions were produced and characterized. The pH affected the droplet size and charge. At pH 3.0, the droplets were about 50 nm and had a negative charge. At pH 4.5 and 6.0, the droplets were larger but more negatively charged. These emulsions were coated with chitosan and crosslinked with genipin were lyophilized to make microcapsules, showing high encapsulation efficiency (>98%) and low surface oil content (4.5–9.0%). The crosslinked turmeric oleoresin microcapsules showed lower swelling and water uptake in gastrointestinal media than did the uncrosslinked powders. The results of this research will contribute to the knowledge of coacervate systems for nutraceutical applications.

Adjusting the hydrophobicity of recombinant microgels to improve interfacial activity: Using a promising pickering emulsion stabilizer with a dense cubic structure

Developing recombinant microgels (RMs) with high mechanical and anti-coalescence properties provides a safe and economical method for constructing uniform and stable Pickering emulsions. Previously, we prepared RMs based on polysaccharides using freeze–thaw cycles, displaying excellent stability. Because RMs can be formed between polysaccharides, we studied whether they can be formed between polysaccharides and proteins for preparing Pickering emulsions. Therefore, we report a heat-induced gelation method to generate RMs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and κ-carrageenan (KC). Owing to heat-induced treatment (90 °C), the high hydrophilicity of KC could be regulated by the exposed hydrophobic groups of BSA, and the system rapidly gelated after cooling (−18 °C) to obtain a dense recombinant structure. The TPA and SEM results further demonstrated that the RMs with a BSA:KC ratio of 1:2 have a typical cubic structure (0.93 μm) and excellent gel strength. RMs adsorbed at the oil–water interface to form non-covalent binding layers, which improved interfacial activity and reduced interfacial tension (95.10°) to obtain more uniform and stable Pickering emulsions. The above results indicate that synthesizing RMs provides a feasible method for constructing uniform and stable Pickering emulsions with low oil content, these are similar to high internal phase emulsions with semi-solid rigid structures.