Lower Levels Of Educational Attainment Research Articles

Income, educational attainment, and green infrastructure in Houston, Texas, USA

Previous studies suggest that when the residents of an area have lower educational attainment or income levels, residents are less likely to be exposed to the concepts of alternative stormwater management such as green infrastructures or have financial resources to install them. Therefore, fewer green infrastructures will be located in areas with higher poverty levels and lower educational attainment levels. However, previous studies failed to address that some socioeconomically disadvantaged areas are highly prone to hydrological disasters, such as hurricanes and flooding. Geographical specificity may illustrate very different research results than what scholars have previously studied. This study fills the gap in the literature by focusing on areas that desperately need these structures because of its low elevation and adjacent location to hurricane prone coastal areas by investigating educational attainment, poverty, and ethnicity data taken from the United States Census Bureau and combining it with Google Earth Street View data in order to identify green infrastructures. Within Houston, Texas the socioeconomically disadvantaged have more green infrastructures than those of higher educational and income levels do. We argue that the pattern of green infrastructure development in Houston is not so much due to the residents’ interest and concern for the environment, but it is more likely the result of past flood events. Results from this research indicate that ethnicity may correlate more closely to the location of green infrastructures within the Houston area than previously indicated. We will discuss our study results with the historical perspective as well as the federal and local government’s effort and potential policy implications.

Educational attainment predicts negative perceptions women have of their own climate change knowledge.

Education may encourage personal and collective responses to climate change, but climate education has proven surprisingly difficult and complex. Self-perception of knowledge and intelligence represent one factor that may impact willingness to learn about climate change. We explored this possibility with a case study in Raleigh, North Carolina in 2015 (n = 200). Our goal was to test how gender and ethnicity influenced perceptions people had of their own climate change knowledge. Survey respondents were asked how strongly they agreed with the statement “I feel knowledgeable about climate change” (1 = strongly disagree, and 5 = strongly agree). Our survey instrument also included demographic questions about race, age, income, gender, and education, as well as respondent’s experience with natural disasters and drought. We observed an interaction between education and gender where women’s self-perceived knowledge was higher than men among people with low levels of educational attainment, but was higher for men than women among people with high levels of educational attainment. In addition, minority respondents self-reported lower perceived climate change knowledge than white respondents, regardless of educational attainment. This study enhances our understanding of the gender gap in self-perceptions of climate knowledge by suggesting it is contingent on educational attainment. This could be the result of stereotype-threat experienced by women and minorities, and exacerbated by educational systems. Because people who question their knowledge are often more able to learn, particularly in ideologically charged contexts, highly educated women and minorities may be more successful learning about climate change than white men.

Trust, business, and society in a post-conflict scenario - the case of managing workplace practices in Colombia

Colombia has been plagued by outbreaks of violence for several decades. As a post-conflict scenario emerges, businesses face new challenges and opportunities. Ending the conflict inevitably involves an effort of somehow integrating ex-guerrilla combatants into the formal labour market. Given the high levels of mistrust or fear that Colombians manifestly have towards such individuals and the low levels of educational attainment they have achieved, a thorough debate on the issue of trust on an overall societal level as well as within firms cannot be avoided. Regarding opportunities, the post-conflict scenario opens a window to modernise relations between different groups making up society. The central thesis of this research is that trust has perhaps become more reciprocal than unidirectional or top-down. We provide survey data, and conduct in-depth, semi-structured interviews with business leaders representing four economic sectors.

NUTRITIONAL ADEQUACY AND ORAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION IN OLDER COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULTS

Background: Older adults (65 years and older) comprise a high-risk group that are susceptible to the development of malnutrition. Dietary intake and diet quality represent key modifiable risk factors to help prevent and to treat declines in nutrition status, with oral nutritional supplements (ONS) often being a cost-effective therapy for many to increase protein and caloric intake. The DETERMINE Checklist offers a series of questions capable of mapping the initial landscape of contextual factors that influence the dietary patterns of the at-risk populations. Objectives: To examine independent predictors of inadequate dietary intake and poor diet quality amongst a multi-ethnic sample of urban community-dwelling older adults in an effort to identify target groups of participants that could benefit most from an ONS intervention. Design: Cross-sectional. Participants: Chicago, Illinois, United States urban residents greater than 55 years of age who self-reported to be non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, or Hispanic. Methods: Telephone surveys were conducted to obtain basic demographic information. The DETERMINE Checklist was administered to (1) characterize participants’ nutritional risk, and (2) identify participants with inadequate intake and/or poor diet quality. Predictors of inadequate intake, defined as any participant who reported either to eat less than two meals per day and/or poor diet quality, defined as any participant who reported to eat few fruits, vegetables or dairy were used to identify groups of participants who could benefit most from ONS consumption. Mantel-Hanzel chi square, Breslow-day tests, and logistic regressions were conducted. Results: 1001 ethnically diverse participants were interviewed (37% non-Hispanic White, 37% non-Hispanic Black, and 26% Hispanic). Respondents were predominantly female (69%) with a mean age of 66.9 (± 6.4) years. The majority were found to be at either moderate or high nutrition risk (78.7%). Domains of the DETERMINE Checklist that predicted either inadequate dietary intake or poor diet quality included social isolation, lower levels of educational attainment, food insecurity, limitations in activities of daily living (ADL), polypharmacy, or three or more alcoholic drinks per day. Of the participants who met the criteria as those who would benefit from ONS, less than 50% had reported consuming ONS in the past six months. Conclusion: Older community-dwelling adults living in an urban setting, especially those with social isolation, lower levels of education, food insecurity, limitations with ADLs, polypharmacy, and those reporting heavy alcohol intake represent a population who could benefit from consuming ONS. Efforts should be made towards further understanding these contextual factors and providing nutrition education along with an ONS intervention that could be beneficial to supplement dietary inadequacies in this population.

Why Does Parental Divorce Lower Children's Educational Attainment? A Causal Mediation Analysis.

Mechanisms explaining the negative effects of parental divorce on children’s attainment have long been conjectured and assessed. Yet few studies of parental divorce have carefully attended to the assumptions and methods necessary to estimate causal mediation effects. Applying a causal framework to linked U.S. panel data, we assess the degree to which parental divorce limits children’s education among whites and nonwhites and whether observed lower levels of educational attainment are explained by postdivorce family conditions and children’s skills. Our analyses yield three key findings. First, the negative effect of divorce on educational attainment, particularly college, is substantial for white children; by contrast, divorce does not lower the educational attainment of nonwhite children. Second, declines in family income explain as much as one- to two-thirds of the negative effect of parental divorce on white children’s education. Family instability also helps explain the effect, particularly when divorce occurs in early childhood. Children’s psychosocial skills explain about one-fifth of the effect, whereas children’s cognitive skills play a minimal role. Third, among nonwhites, the minimal total effect on education is explained by the offsetting influence of postdivorce declines in family income and stability alongside increases in children’s psychosocial and cognitive skills.

Combining employment and care-giving: how differing care intensities influence employment patterns among middle-aged women in Germany

AbstractGiven an ageing population and increased participation by women in the labour force, the relationship between unpaid care and the availability of women to the labour force is gaining in importance as an issue. This article assesses the impact of unpaid care on transitions into employment by women aged between 45 and 59 years. It uses the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) from the years 2001–2014 to estimate Cox regression models for 6,201 employed women. The results indicate that women with higher caring responsibilities and women with lower caring responsibilities are heterogeneous in terms of the socio-economic characteristics that they exhibit: higher-intensity care providers tend to have a lower level of educational attainment and a weaker attachment to the labour force than women with less-intensive caring responsibilities. Furthermore, while women with more-intensive caring roles are highly likely to exit the labour market altogether, female carers with less-intensive roles seem to be able to combine work and care better. These results highlight the importance of providing more affordable institutional and professional care services, especially for low- and medium-income families.

The Relationship between Conversion Factors and Health: Evidence from the Ready-Made Garment Workers in Bangladesh

This study examined the association between health condition and conversion factors (i.e. environmental, individual and social) among workers in the ready-made garment (RMG) industry in Bangladesh. It used data gathered from a cross-sectional survey of 775 RMG workers in the Dhaka and Narayanganj districts. Using multiple logistic regression, the study found that: (1) achieving good health among RMG workers is hindered by various factors including high job-related demands, high noise levels, workplace crowding, heavy workloads, and low level of educational attainment; (2) job-related rewards and marital status have contributed to achieving good health; (3) health condition of workers is worse for women than for men; and (4) poor health condition is more prevalent among the oldest age group than in the lowest age category. The main contributions of this research: (1) this study develops a comprehensive framework to determine the factors affecting the health condition of manufacturing workers in general, and RMG workers in particular; and (2) it also examines the effects of both psychosocial and physical working conditions on the health of RMG workers.

Patients with Benign Thyroid Diseases Experience an Impaired Sex Life.

This study aimed to characterize the frequency of self-reported thyroid-related impaired sex life in patients with thyroid diseases, to examine its clinical correlates and relationship with overall quality of life (QOL), and to investigate the effect of treatment. Two separate patient samples with benign thyroid diseases were investigated: a cross-sectional sample (759 women and 118 men) treated at two Danish university hospital outpatient clinics, in 2007-2008, and a longitudinal sample (358 women and 74 men) undergoing treatment at the abovementioned centers, during 2008-2012, evaluated before and 6 months after therapy. The thyroid-specific QOL questionnaire ThyPRO was used to measure patient-evaluated thyroid-related sex life impairment. Biochemical and clinical variables were analyzed (i.e., age, education, degree of thyroid dysfunction, comorbidity, serum thyrotropin, total thyroxine, and triiodothyronine, as well as thyroperoxidase and thyrotropin receptor antibody concentrations). The SF-36 Health Survey was used to analyze the effect of impaired sex life on overall QOL. In the cross-sectional sample, 36% of women and 31% of men reported what they perceived to be thyroid-attributable impaired sex life. Women with autoimmune thyroid diseases reported more impairment than those with non-autoimmune thyroid diseases. In patients with Graves' disease lower levels of educational attainment and in patients with toxic nodular goiter comorbidities were associated with impaired sex life. Overall QOL was lower in patients with thyroid-related sex life impairment. In the longitudinal sample, 42% of women and 33% of men had impaired sex life at baseline, which improved at 6 months follow-up only in women and, when analyzing individual diagnoses separately, statistically significantly among those with autoimmune hypothyroidism. Sexual impairment was associated with low education in patients with toxic nodular goiter and with high plasma triiodothyronine concentrations in patients with Graves' disease. In autoimmune hypothyroidism, a younger age was associated with sex life impairment. We found a high frequency of self-reported, thyroid-related sex life impairment in patients with benign thyroid diseases, especially in young women with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Self-perceived impaired sex life persisted in women treated for Graves' disease, suggesting that normalization of thyroid function was not sufficient to restore sexual function.

Osiągnięcia edukacyjne skazanych i ich znaczenie w planowaniu procesu resocjalizacyjnego – analiza jakościowa

Teza i cel badań
 Osoby naruszające porządek prawny często prezentują niski poziom osiągnięć edukacyjnych. Charakteryzują się niewystarczającym poziomem wykształcenia i brakiem kwalifikacji zawodowych, co przyczynia się do pogłębiania marginalizacji społecznej i w konsekwencji sprzyja powrotności do przestępstwa. Celem badań było przedstawienie osiągnięć edukacyjnych badanych osób oraz ich znaczenia w planowaniu pracy resocjalizacyjnej zmierzającej do wprowadzenia trwałych zmian w funkcjonowaniu społecznym.
 Metoda badań
 Inspiracją prezentowanych w niniejszym artykule analiz były badania przeprowadzone przez autorkę na grupie skazanych pozostających pod dozorem kuratora sądowego. Uzyskane dane pochodzą z analizy dokumentów zawartych w teczkach dozoru. Badania realizowano od czerwca do października 2017r. na próbie dokumentów obrazujących sytuację życiową 57 osób.
 Wyniki badań
 Zdecydowana większość osób, których dokumentacja była przedmiotem analiz charakteryzuje się niskim poziomem osiągnięć edukacyjnych. Spośród 57 osób 43 (75,4%) nie posiada żadnych kwalifikacji zawodowych, a edukację szkolną zakończyły na poziomie podstawowym. Z kolei 11 osób (19,3%) ukończyło szkołę zawodową bądź kurs zawodowy. Tylko w stosunku do 3 osób (5,3%) osiągnięcia edukacyjne ocenić można jako wysokie.
 Wnioski
 Edukacja odgrywa istotną rolę w procesie socjalizacji człowieka i wyposaża jednostkę w skuteczne mechanizmy radzenia sobie z trudnościami w przystosowaniu do wymogów otaczającej rzeczywistości. Ze środowisk osób o niskich osiągnięciach edukacyjnych często rekrutują się osoby wykluczone społecznie i naruszające normy społeczno - prawne. Świadomość znaczenia osiągnięć edukacyjnych w stabilizacji sytuacji życiowej powinna mieć odzwierciedlenie w planowaniu procesu resocjalizacyjnego ukierunkowanego na osiągnięcie trwałych zmian w społecznym funkcjonowaniu jednostki.

Wide educational disparities in young adult cardiovascular health

Widening educational differences in overall health and recent stagnation in cardiovascular disease mortality rates highlight the critical need to describe and understand educational disparities in cardiovascular health (CVH) among U.S. young adults. We use two data sets representative of the U.S. population to examine educational disparities in CVH among young adults (24–34) coming of age in the 21st century: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2010; N= 689) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (2007–2008; N=11,200). We employ descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results show that fewer than one in four young adults had good CVH (at least 5 out of 7 ideal cardiovascular indicators). Young adults who had not attained a college degree demonstrate particularly disadvantaged CVH compared with their college-educated peers. Such educational disparities persist after accounting for a range of confounders, including individuals’ genetic propensity to develop coronary artery disease. The results indicate that the CVH of today’s young adults is troubling and especially compromised for individuals with lower levels of educational attainment. These results generate substantial concern about the future CVH of the US population, particularly for young adults with a low level of education.

Employment of Return Migrants in Turkey: Evidence from the Labour Force Survey

Based on Labour Force Survey data conducted by Turkish Statistical Institute, this study aims at discussing economic integration of return migrants in general and determining whether there are significant differences between return migrants and non-migrants in terms of the effects of demographic factors and work-status nominators on their employment. The study argues that the returnees face far more employment challenges compared to non-migrants. The results of the study suggest that holding a university or postgraduate degree facilitates the employment of returnees to a certain degree. However, lower levels of educational attainment, employment lacking social security and micro-sized establishments pose several challenges.

Abstract C35: Examining the role of social support and spirituality on the health status of Hispanic cancer survivors

Abstract Purpose: Although overall survival rates continue to improve for many cancers, disparities persist for ethnic minorities who have a disproportionately high risk of experiencing poor mental health and quality of life. However, limited research has examined the role of social support and spirituality on the health status of Hispanic cancer survivors. This study examined differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanics on health status, emotional support, and spirituality. It also examined the role of social support and spirituality on health status of cancer survivors directly and mediated through emotional distress and mental health. Methods: We analyzed data (N=9,170) from the American Cancer Society's Study of Cancer Survivors-II (SCS-II), a national cross-sectional study of adult cancer survivors diagnosed at 2, 5, or 10 years prior to sampling. Preliminary analysis compared sociodemographic and medical characteristics between Hispanic and non-Hispanic cancer survivors to identify significant covariates of health status. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess if the latent variables of mental health and emotional distress mediate the impact of social support and spirituality (also modeled as latent variables) on the health status of Hispanic cancer survivors. The final model included sociodemographic characteristics such as age and marital status, health insurance coverage, and cancer-related covariates such as time since diagnosis. Measurement models for social support, spirituality, emotional distress, and mental health were built based on literature and modified through adding meaningful error-covariances. SEM models were estimated in Mplus 7.4. Model fit was assessed using chi-square, RMSEA, TLI, and CFI. Results: Overall, 7.6% of survivors were Hispanics (n=693) and 92.4% were non-Hispanics (n=8,477). Compared to their non-Hispanic counterparts, Hispanics were significantly younger (M= 63.4 ±12.6 vs 67.7 ±11.8, p=0.002) and had lower levels of educational attainment (X2=347.7, p<0.001). The majority of participants reported currently having some form of health insurance coverage; however, Hispanic cancer survivors reported higher rates of being uninsured (6.0% vs 2.0%, p<0.001). Notable differences in cancer treatment were observed. Hispanics were more likely to undergo chemotherapy and immunotherapy and less likely to undergo surgery compared to non-Hispanics. Hispanic cancer survivors reported poorer health and were more likely to have comorbid conditions such as diabetes, depression, anxiety, and chronic back pain compared to non-Hispanics. Structural equation model (SEM) estimates indicated no direct effect of social support on health or any mediated effect of social support through neither emotional distress nor mental health on overall health among Hispanics. On the contrary, there was a small to medium total effect of spirituality on health. The impact of spirituality on health was fully mediated through mental health (total effect β=.26, p<.001) and neither the direct effect nor the mediated effect through emotional distress was statistically significant. The direct effect of spirituality on mental health was large (β=.60, p<.001). The model accounted for most of the variance in health (r-square = .71). SEM model fit indices other than chi-square were very good (RMSEA=.03, CFI=.98, TLI= .98). Conclusion: Hispanic cancer survivors were more likely to report poor health (general health, mental health, and emotional distress). Although data were cross-sectional, findings from this study suggest that the association between spirituality and health is mediated by mental health among Hispanic cancer survivors. Future studies are needed to determine if interventions to enhance spiritual well-being as a coping mechanism will have a direct impact on health of Hispanic cancer survivors. Citation Format: Carol Ochoa, Regine Haardörfer, Cam Escoffery, Kevin Stein, Kassandra I. Alcaraz. Examining the role of social support and spirituality on the health status of Hispanic cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr C35.

INTERSECTIONALITY BETWEEN SEX AND RACE ON SEMANTIC MEMORY TRAJECTORIES OF BLACK AND NON-HISPANIC WHITE OLDER ADULTS

Previous research has demonstrated differences in cognitive trajectories leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) across racial/ethnic groups, as well as sex groups; however, very few studies have examined how race/ethnicity and sex intersect to affect cognitive trajectories of older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine how race/ethnicity and sex jointly and simultaneously determine semantic memory trajectories among Black and NHW female and male older adults who participated in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) Uniform Data Set (UDS). Non-Hispanic White (NHW; n=5,034) and Black (BLK; n=865) female and male NACC participants age 65 and older who were non-demented at baseline were included in the current analyses. BLK participants had lower levels of educational attainment and were significantly younger at baseline compared to NHW participants. Age-and education-corrected semantic memory scores were derived from immediate and delayed trials of the Logical Memory subtest and Animal and Vegetable Naming Semantic Fluency subtests. Growth mixture models (GMMs) with multiple groups were used to estimate semantic memory trajectories over five years for each racial group. Growth factors were regressed on the binary variable sex to assess whether race moderated the relationship between sex and semantic memory over time. Three latent trajectory classes were identified, representing High-Stable (n = 1,999, 34%), Low-Stable (n = 2,675, 46%), and Decliner (n = 1,168, 20%). Participants in the BLK group tended to have lower initial semantic memory scores across classes; however, BLK participants in the Decliner class demonstrated a slower rate of decline over time compared to NHW Decliners. Being female was associated with higher baseline scores across racial groups. For the BLK decliner class, female sex was associated with more rapid decline in semantic memory over time. Failure to examine the relationship between sex and race/ethnicity on cognitive trajectories raises the potential of obscuring important differences in the onset and course of dementia. The current study takes an important step in understanding racial/ethnic disparities in trajectories to dementia. Future research can build from the current findings and determine how biological and socio-cultural risk factors shape cognitive trajectories over time.

Colorectal cancer and screening awareness and sources of information in the Hungarian population

BackgroundThis study aims to survey the level of awareness of colorectal cancer and screening and to identify sources of information among the population under investigation.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 1150 adults between the ages of 40 and 70 using quota sampling. Data were collected through self-made questionnaires to be completed by respondents.Results32.7% of the participants correctly identified the recommended beginning of colorectal cancer screening, these participants were more likely to see their physician more frequently in the past years than those answering to the qusetion incorrectly (p = 0.008). 22.4% of the respondents were in possession of appropriate information on the frequency of colorectal cancer screening and had a relatively high level of educational attainment (p < 0.001). Very few respondents were well-informed about the risk factors and symptoms of colorectal cancer. Those who were well-informed were likely to live in a county town (p < 0.001) and to have a relatively high level of educational attainment (p < 0.001). They were most likely to have accessed their information on the internet. 27.0% of respondents had not heard of CRC screening methods before. They were likely to be male and relatively young and to have a relatively low level of educational attainment. Furthermore, they saw their doctor relatively seldom. The respondents who had heard about screening methods were most likely to have gathered their information from health workers. Conclusions: The majority of respondents did not have sufficient information about colorectal cancer and screening. This is particularly true of less educated, younger male participants who do not live in a county town and of respondents who see their physician relatively seldom. Sources of information should be used more effectively, thus yielding an increased level of awareness.

To Be or Not to Be Decolonized: A Medicine Wheel Healing Education Model

Colonization has created a sea of troubles for Aboriginal learners through Eurocentric practices and principles that have marginalized learners resulting in lower educational attainment levels. The best reconciliation approach would be to decolonize classrooms so non-traditional learners who fail in mainstream classrooms can excel. This qualitative case study of a high school, mainly consisting of Aboriginal students, presents a medicine wheel healing education model that has decolonized and indigenized the classrooms resulting in improved educational outcomes, increased credit completion, attendance, and graduation rates. More important, students felt pride and improved self-esteem to be Aboriginal. The teaching style emulated traditional Aboriginal teaching by being hands-on, experiential, wholistic, personal, cooperative, flexible, and self-paced while incorporating Aboriginal culture and knowledge into the curriculum.

Fractures and the increased risk of suicide: a population-based case-control study.

A high rate of suicide has been reported in patients who sustain fractures, but the association remains uncertain in the context of other factors. The aim of this study was to examine the association between fractures and the risk of suicide in this contextual setting. We performed a case-control study of patients aged 40 years or older who died by suicide between 2000 and 2011. We included patients' demographics, physical and mental health problems, and socioeconomic factors. We performed conditional logistic regression to evaluate the associations between fractures and the risk of suicide. We included a total of 34 794 patients who died by suicide and 139 176 control patients. We found that fractures as a homogenous group (adjusted odds ratios (aOR), 1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43 to 1.53), and specifically pelvic (aOR 2.04; 95% CI 1.68 to 2.47) and spinal fractures (aOR 1.53; 95% CI 1.43 to 1.64), were associated with a higher risk of suicide. In addition, we found that patients who had a lower income, had never married, had lower levels of educational attainment, or had coexistent physical and mental conditions such as anxiety, mood disorders, and psychosis-related disorders had a higher risk of suicide. Fractures, specifically those of the hip and spine, were associated with an increased risk of suicide. The findings suggest that greater clinical attention should be given to this risk in patients with fractures, especially for those with additional risk factors. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:780-6.

Should women aged 70–74 be invited to participate in screening mammography? A report on two Australian community juries

ObjectiveTo elicit informed views from Australian women aged 70–74 regarding the acceptability of ceasing to invite women their age to participate in government-funded mammography screening (BreastScreen).DesignTwo community juries held in...

Testing the causal hypothesis that repeated bullying victimization leads to lower levels of educational attainment: A sibling-comparison analysis

ABSTRACTExisting research suggests that repeated bullying victimization is associated with lower levels of educational attainment. However, it is difficult to ascertain whether a true causal association exists since previously reported associations may be confounded by genetic and shared environmental factors that affect both repeated bullying victimization and overall educational attainment. The present study aimed to address this issue by analyzing a sample of sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to examine between-family associations (where observable confounds are controlled for) and within-family associations (where observable and unobserved genetic and shared environmental confounds are controlled for). The results revealed that bullying victimization significantly reduced the odds of high school and college graduation when estimating between-family effects, but were rendered nonsignificant once within-family effects were controlled for. Implications of these results for future research on bullying victimization and educational attainment are discussed.

Active labour market policies in economies based on tourism: The Balearic Island experience

&lt;p&gt;Balearic Islands are a European-leading destination but the economic specialization in&lt;br /&gt;tourism activities produce dysfunctionalities in the labour market such as seasonality, a high&lt;br /&gt;demand of human resources in a short period, low level of educational attainment and underemployment.&lt;br /&gt;As counterpart, Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) are a set of interventions&lt;br /&gt;aimed to enhance human capital and to smooth career transitions. The aim of this paper is&lt;br /&gt;to shed light on these issues. Results suggest that Balearic Islands Employment Service (SOIB)&lt;br /&gt;is focused on counselling and training while other policies are not properly developed.&lt;/p&gt;

Associations Between Marijuana Use Trajectories and Educational and Occupational Success in Young Adulthood

Adolescence and young adulthood is a critical stage when the economic foundations for life-long health are established. To date, there is little consensus as to whether marijuana use is associated with poor educational and occupational success in adulthood. We investigated associations between trajectories of marijuana use from ages 15 to 28 and multiple indicators of economic well-being in young adulthood including achievement levels (i.e., educational attainment and occupational prestige), work characteristics (i.e., full vs part-time employment, hours worked, annual income), financial strain (i.e., debt, trouble paying for necessities, delaying medical attention), and perceived workplace stress. Data were from the Victoria Healthy Youth Survey, a 10-year prospective study of a randomly recruited community sample of 662 youth (48% male; Mage = 15.5), followed biennially for six assessments. Models adjusted for baseline age, sex, SES, high school grades, heavy drinking, smoking, and internalizing and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. Chronic users (our highest risk class) reported lower levels of educational attainment, lower occupational prestige, lower income, greater debt, and more difficulty paying for medical necessities in young adulthood compared to abstainers. Similarly, increasers also reported lower educational attainment, occupational prestige, and income. Decreasers, who had high early use but quit over time, showed resilience in economic well-being, performing similar to abstainers. Groups did not differ on employment status or perceived workplace stress. The findings indicate that early onset and persistent high or increasingly frequent use of marijuana in the transition from adolescent to young adulthood is associated with risks for achieving educational and occupational success, and subsequently health, in young adulthood.