Low-level Language Research Articles

Exploring the efficacy of peer assessment in university translation classrooms

ABSTRACT Informed by the effective feedback model, the study explored the efficacy of peer assessment (PA) regarding feedback content, strategy, and uptake along with their intertwined relationships in translator education. Multiple sources of data, including students’ translation drafts and their revised work, audio recordings of PA presentations and discussions, questionnaires, and teaching materials were collected. The results revealed that the students tended to provide direct correction and reformulation on lower-level language issues. While they positively responded to the peer feedback they received, the explicitness of the feedback and solutions to the problems significantly influenced their responses. The study also discovered associations between content and strategy, as well as between strategy and uptake, while no connection was found between content and uptake. The study contributes to the extant research on PA in higher education by investigating its efficacy from a multidimensional perspective and provides practical implications for its effective implementation in translation classrooms.

An Overview of WebAssembly for IoT: Background, Tools, State-of-the-Art, Challenges, and Future Directions

This paper explores the relationship between two emerging technologies, WebAssembly (Wasm) and the Internet of Things (IoT). It examines the complementary roles of these technologies and their impact on modern web applications. First, it delves into the capabilities of Wasm as a high-performance binary format that allows developers to leverage low-level languages for computationally intensive tasks. Second, it seeks to explain why integration of IoT and Wasm is important. Third, it discusses the strengths and limitations of various tools and tool chains that are crucial for Wasm development and implementation, with a special focus on IoT. Fourth, it presents the state-of-the-art with regard to advances that combine both technologies. Fifth, it discusses key challenges and provides future directions. Lastly, it provides an in-depth elaboration of the future aspects of Wasm, with a strong focus on IoT, concluding that IoT and Wasm can provide developers with a versatile toolkit that enables them to balance productivity and performance in both web and non-web development scenarios. The collaborative use of these technologies opens up new possibilities for pushing the boundaries of web application development in terms of interactivity, security, portability, scalability, and efficient computational capabilities. As web and non-web embeddings continue to evolve, the integration of IoT and Wasm will play a crucial role in shaping the future of innovative application development. The key findings of this extensive review work suggest that existing tool sets can be easily conglomerated together to form a new era in WebAssembly–IoT infrastructure for low-power, energy-efficient, and secure edge–IoT ecosystems with near-native execution speed. Furthermore, the expansion of edge–IoT ecosystems can be augmented with prospective cloud-side deployments. However, there remains a strong need to more cohesively advance the amalgamation of Wasm and IoT technologies in the near future.

Programming microcontrollers through high-level abstractions: The OMicroB project

In this paper, we present an approach for programming microcontrollers that provides more expressivity and safety than the low-level language approach traditionally used to program such devices. To this end, we provide various abstraction layers (abstraction of the microcontroller, of the electronic components of the circuit, and of concurrency) which, while being adapted to the scarce resources of the hardware, offer high-level programming traits for the development of embedded applications. The various presented abstractions make use of an OCaml virtual machine, called OMicroB, which is able to run on devices with limited resources. These take advantage of the expressivity and safety of the OCaml language (parameterized modules, advanced type system). Its extensibility allows to define a synchronous extension to manage concurrency while keeping a good level of efficiency at execution. We illustrate the value of our work on both entertainment applications and embedded software examples.

STLs for GPUs: Using High-Level Language Approaches

Self-Test Libraries (STLs) are widely used for in-field fault detection in processor-based systems. Currently, their adoption is being extended to Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), due to their increasing usage in the safety-critical domain, and the demand for effective in-field functional safety mechanisms mandated by the functional safety standards (e.g., ISO 26262 for automotive). This work describes a method to develop suitable STLs resorting to High-Level Languages (HLLs) (e.g., CUDA) for some modules in GPUs, thus reducing the complexity of the STLs development process. We also discuss the method’s main advantages/limitations, as well as the challenges and constraints when developing HLL STLs for GPUs. Furthermore, we outline those cases demanding the usage of Low-Level Languages (LLLs) for the implementation of STLs. The evaluation and validation of the method resort to the FlexGripPlus GPU model, implementing one micro-architecture of NVIDIA. The experimental results show that HLL STLs can be effectively developed for regular modules in the GPU.

Acoustic and phonemic processing are impaired in individuals with aphasia

Acoustic and phonemic processing are understudied in aphasia, a language disorder that can affect different levels and modalities of language processing. For successful speech comprehension, processing of the speech envelope is necessary, which relates to amplitude changes over time (e.g., the rise times). Moreover, to identify speech sounds (i.e., phonemes), efficient processing of spectro-temporal changes as reflected in formant transitions is essential. Given the underrepresentation of aphasia studies on these aspects, we tested rise time processing and phoneme identification in 29 individuals with post-stroke aphasia and 23 healthy age-matched controls. We found significantly lower performance in the aphasia group than in the control group on both tasks, even when controlling for individual differences in hearing levels and cognitive functioning. Further, by conducting an individual deviance analysis, we found a low-level acoustic or phonemic processing impairment in 76% of individuals with aphasia. Additionally, we investigated whether this impairment would propagate to higher-level language processing and found that rise time processing predicts phonological processing performance in individuals with aphasia. These findings show that it is important to develop diagnostic and treatment tools that target low-level language processing mechanisms.

Perceived barriers to physical activity in the social spaces of low socioeconomic status suburbs

The promotion of physical activity and well-being calls for sociological knowledge of the factors that constrain individual's activities, especially among disadvantaged populations. We investigated perceived barriers to physical activity and their associations with social background factors within the theoretical framework of social space. Survey data (n = 302) were collected from adult residents in two low socioeconomic status city suburbs in Finland and examined using binary logistic regression analysis, multiple correspondence analysis and variance analysis. The most prevalent barriers among adults were low mood, lack of time, health problems and lack of companions. A data-driven classification of the barriers showed that an accumulation of barriers was associated with nondomestic native language, single parenting, age 30–44 years and low household income. Perceiving personal barriers, as opposed to environmental barriers, was characterised by retirement, low household income, low physical activity level and domestic native language. The results support the following deduction: to reduce inequalities in access to physical activity, policies should focus on sports service delivery that aims at the removal of barriers to physical activity, especially social and personal barriers. Deepening this understanding requires not only further development of relevant theory and empirical research into the different social spaces of physical activity but also close dialog with welfare policy decision makers and sports service planners.

Collaborating with ChatGPT in argumentative writing classrooms

Composing high-quality argumentative writing requires consideration of the dialogical, structural, and linguistic aspects of argumentation. However, finding an ideal peer student to practice argumentation skills can be challenging, and providing feedback on lower-level language concerns and complex issues related to content and organization can be time-consuming for teachers. In this article, we suggest the integration of ChatGPT, a chatbot released by OpenAI in 2022, into argumentative writing classrooms as a promising solution. The article explores the possibilities of ChatGPT in assisting students with tasks such as outline preparation, content revision, proofreading, and post-writing reflection. We also acknowledge the limitations of ChatGPT and offer suggestions for future considerations in teaching and research.

Pace v0.2: a Python-based performance-portable atmospheric model

Abstract. Progress in leveraging current and emerging high-performance computing infrastructures using traditional weather and climate models has been slow. This has become known more broadly as the software productivity gap. With the end of Moore's law driving forward rapid specialization of hardware architectures, building simulation codes on a low-level language with hardware-specific optimizations is a significant risk. As a solution, we present Pace, an implementation of the nonhydrostatic FV3 dynamical core and GFDL cloud microphysics scheme which is entirely Python-based. In order to achieve high performance on a diverse set of hardware architectures, Pace is written using the GT4Py domain-specific language. We demonstrate that with this approach we can achieve portability and performance, while significantly improving the readability and maintainability of the code as compared to the Fortran reference implementation. We show that Pace can run at scale on leadership-class supercomputers and achieve performance speeds 3.5–4 times faster than the Fortran code on GPU-accelerated supercomputers. Furthermore, we demonstrate how a Python-based simulation code facilitates existing or enables entirely new use cases and workflows. Pace demonstrates how a high-level language can insulate us from disruptive changes, provide a more productive development environment, and facilitate the integration with new technologies such as machine learning.

Resting State fMRI for Neuroprognostication in Traumatic Brain Injury: Clinical Experience of Evaluation for Covert Consciousness and Epileptogenic Networks in Acute Coma (P14-7.005)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To report the <b><i>clinical</i></b> experience of resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) for neuroprognostication, consciousness recovery, and epileptogenic networks in acute coma. <h3>Background:</h3> Diagnosis and prognosis in acute disorders of consciousness (DoC) remains a challenge. Early withdrawal of care for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with recovery potential and continuation of care for patients with devastating prognosis due to misdiagnosis of DoC have both been reported. The rs-fMRI is an innovative tool that has shown promise in diagnosis and prognosis of DoC but has yet to see widespread clinical use. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Case Report. <h3>Results:</h3> We present a case of a previously healthy 38-year-old man who received clinical rs-fMRI in acute coma due to TBI. Initial exam: nonreactive pupils, intact corneal reflexes, absent cough and gag reflexes and no motor response. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 3 and Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CSR-R) score was 0. CT head showed acute left subdural hematoma, rightward midline shift, and uncal herniation. After undergoing emergent hemicraniectomy, MRI brain showed evolving Grade III diffuse axonal injury, severe ventriculomegaly, and protrusion of cortex through the hemicraniectomy. EEG demonstrated bilateral slowing but no seizures. Rs-fMRI (hospital day 36) demonstrated no epileptogenic networks, preserved default mode network, language and subcortical motor networks with moderate impairment. These findings supported return of consciousness, lower-level language comprehension, and motor impairment. Despite the patient’s poor initial examination, the rs-fMRI was useful in supporting the family’s decision to continue care. At three months, the patient’s CSR-R improved to 9, including regained localization to sound, visual fixation, flexion withdrawal, oral reflexive movements, no communication, and eye opening without stimulation, which is consistent with minimally conscious state minus. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Clinical utilization of rs-fMRI has limitations but can aid in clinical decision-making when evaluating for epileptogenic networks, potential for consciousness recovery, and overall functional outcome in patients with DoC and severe TBI. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Aseem has nothing to disclose. Dr. Strohm has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carlson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Karazanashvili has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gilbert has nothing to disclose. Ms. Gillette has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boerwinkle has nothing to disclose.

Low-level language processing in brain-injured patients.

Assessing cognitive function-especially language processing-in severely brain-injured patients is critical for prognostication, care, and development of communication devices (e.g. brain-computer interfaces). In patients with diminished motor function, language processing has been probed using EEG measures of command-following in motor imagery tasks. While such tests eliminate the need for motor response, they require sustained attention. However, passive listening tasks, with an EEG response measure can reduce both motor and attentional demands. These considerations motivated the development of two assays of low-level language processing-identification of differential phoneme-class responses and tracking of the natural speech envelope. This cross-sectional study looks at a cohort of 26 severely brain-injured patient subjects and 10 healthy controls. Patients' level of function was assessed via the coma recovery scale-revised at the bedside. Patients were also tested for command-following via EEG and/or MRI assays of motor imagery. For the present investigation, EEG was recorded while presenting a 148 s audio clip of Alice in Wonderland. Time-locked EEG responses to phoneme classes were extracted and compared to determine a differential phoneme-class response. Tracking of the natural speech envelope was assessed from the same recordings by cross-correlating the EEG response with the speech envelope. In healthy controls, the dynamics of the two measures were temporally similar but spatially different: a central parieto-occipital component of differential phoneme-class response was absent in the natural speech envelope response. The differential phoneme-class response was present in all patient subjects, including the six classified as vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome by behavioural assessment. However, patient subjects with evidence of language processing either by behavioural assessment or motor imagery tests had an early bilateral response in the first 50 ms that was lacking in patient subjects without any evidence of language processing. The natural speech envelope tracking response was also present in all patient subjects and responses in the first 100 ms distinguished patient subjects with evidence of language processing. Specifically, patient subjects with evidence of language processing had a more global response in the first 100 ms whereas those without evidence of language processing had a frontopolar response in that period. In summary, we developed two passive EEG-based methods to probe low-level language processing in severely brain-injured patients. In our cohort, both assays showed a difference between patient subjects with evidence of command-following and those with no evidence of command-following: a more prominent early bilateral response component.

Editor’s Message

Editor’s Message Benjamin Fraser We begin this new year with sincere gratitude for all the collective work behind the scenes that has been contributed by our editorial board members and our peer reviewers from 2022. Behind the articles that are published in each quarterly issue of Hispania there are numerous peer reviewers who have given generously of their time and expertise. Many times, articles that reach the acceptance stage have passed through multiple rounds of peer evaluation, and we are particularly thankful that our reviewers are ready to take a second (or third!) look at a revision along the way. Our aim in all cases is to provide authors of submissions with rigorous, detailed, and meaningful feedback. It is our pleasure to include these reviewer names in our March issue as a way of saying thanks. The anonymity of the review process is essential to the work we do, and so individual reviewers are never connected with a particular submission. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, please create a reviewer profile in the Scholar One system and make sure to include your areas of expertise!! This issue’s contents are just one batch of contributions to our continuing commitment toward reaching members of the association at K-20 levels and including all research specializations pertaining to the broad categories of literature, linguistics, and pedagogy. The short-form articles section of the journal was formed to provide readers with access to shorter pieces (1,500–3,000 words) that promise to be of interest to K-12 members of the association in particular. Here we include Jerry L. Parker’s “Racial Inclusivity in the Spanish Curriculum: A Case for Afro-Hispanic Literature,” which outlines the impact of diversity equity, inclusion, and belonging (DEIB) efforts in an intermediate Spanish II course. The research articles run the gamut. In “Re-Conceptualizing Affricate Variation in Caracas Spanish,” Manuel Díaz-Campos, Molly Cole and Matthew Pollock tie frication duration to social and linguistic factors in the Venezuelan capital. In “Teaching Special Questions: The Role of Semantics and Pragmatics in Colloquial Interrogative Structures in Spanish,” Javier Fernández-Sánchez and Alfredo García-Pardo assert the special interpretative functions of questions in which evidentiality and irony play a crucial role. Ana Cecilia Iraheta’s article, “Reclaiming the Power of Bilingualism: Spanish Heritage Learners Using Bilingual Skills in a Critical Service-Learning Project,” finds linguistic and affective gains are strengthened through community engagement. Rob A. Martinsen and Gregory L. Thompson discuss the current state of computer-mediated communication in their “Virtual Language Exchanges in Lower-level Language Classes: Promise and Practice.” Two of this issue’s articles blend the study of literature in both Portuguese- and Spanish-language texts. In “Heterotopías decoloniales y subversiones de la sexualidad en ‘A menor mulher do mundo’ de Lispector y en ‘El informe de Brodie’ de Borges,” Gustavo Faverón Patriau revisits two canonical authors from the perspective of the colonial encounter. Jordan B. Jones casts resistance in social, economic and narrative terms in “From Próximos to Prójimos: Discursive Redlining, Autoconstruction, and Crossing in Estação terminal and Angosta.” Finally, Yoel Villahermosa Serrano’s article, “El videojuego queer en el aula: Una alternativa pedagógica española a la cisheteronormatividad,” asserts the value of including LGTBIQ-themed videogames as pedagogical tools in the classroom. [End Page 1] Benjamin Fraser Editor of Hispania Copyright © 2023 American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese, Inc

Future Database Engine Development: You Will Only Need One Programming Language

Database systems must make good use of the hardware for high performance. This is usually done by implementing their core components (storage engine, optimizer and query execution engine) in a low-level programming language (PL) such as C/C++ that can directly "talk to the hardware." But these PLs traditionally lacked high-level abstractions, lowering DBMS developer productivity. Some systems [18, 16, 10] then mix different PLs to balance productivity and performance. For example, Presto [16] and Spark [18] originally used Java but are now replacing their query engines with new ones [12, 1] built in C++ for higher performance. However, doing so brings such non-trivial challenges as interacting with different PL runtimes [1].

DimSum: A Decentralized Approach to Multi-language Semantics and Verification

Prior work on multi-language program verification has achieved impressive results, including the compositional verification of complex compilers. But the existing approaches to this problem impose a variety of restrictions on the overall structure of multi-language programs (e.g. fixing the source language, fixing the set of involved languages, fixing the memory model, or fixing the semantics of interoperation). In this paper, we explore the problem of how to avoid such global restrictions. Concretely, we present DimSum : a new, decentralized approach to multi-language semantics and verification, which we have implemented in the Coq proof assistant. Decentralization means that we can define and reason about languages independently from each other (as independent modules communicating via events), but also combine and translate between them when necessary (via a library of combinators). We apply DimSum to a high-level imperative language Rec (with an abstract memory model and function calls), a low-level assembly language Asm (with a concrete memory model, arbitrary jumps, and syscalls), and a mathematical specification language Spec. We evaluate DimSum on two case studies: an Asm library extending Rec with support for pointer comparison, and a coroutine library for Rec written in Asm. In both cases, we show how DimSum allows the Asm libraries to be abstracted to Rec-level specifications, despite the behavior of the Asm libraries not being syntactically expressible in Rec itself. We also verify an optimizing multi-pass compiler from Rec to Asm, showing that it is compatible with these Asm libraries.

SSA Translation Is an Abstract Interpretation

Static single assignment (SSA) form is a popular intermediate representation that helps implement useful static analyses, including global value numbering (GVN), sparse dataflow analyses, or SMT-based abstract interpretation or model checking. However, the precision of the SSA translation itself depends on static analyses, and a priori static analysis is even indispensable in the case of low-level input languages like machine code.To solve this chicken-and-egg problem, we propose to turn the SSA translation into a standard static analysis based on abstract interpretation. This allows the SSA translation to be combined with other static analyses in a single pass, taking advantage of the fact that it is more precise to combine analyses than applying passes in sequence.We illustrate the practicality of these results by writing a simple dataflow analysis that performs SSA translation, optimistic global value numbering, sparse conditional constant propagation, and loop-invariant code motion in a single small pass; and by presenting a multi-language static analyzer for both C and machine code that uses the SSA abstract domain as its main intermediate representation.

Qunity: A Unified Language for Quantum and Classical Computing

We introduce Qunity, a new quantum programming language designed to treat quantum computing as a natural generalization of classical computing. Qunity presents a unified syntax where familiar programming constructs can have both quantum and classical effects. For example, one can use sum types to implement the direct sum of linear operators, exception-handling syntax to implement projective measurements, and aliasing to induce entanglement. Further, Qunity takes advantage of the overlooked BQP subroutine theorem, allowing one to construct reversible subroutines from irreversible quantum algorithms through the uncomputation of "garbage" outputs. Unlike existing languages that enable quantum aspects with separate add-ons (like a classical language with quantum gates bolted on), Qunity provides a unified syntax and a novel denotational semantics that guarantees that programs are quantum mechanically valid. We present Qunity's syntax, type system, and denotational semantics, showing how it can cleanly express several quantum algorithms. We also detail how Qunity can be compiled into a low-level qubit circuit language like OpenQASM, proving the realizability of our design.

The Study of Pauses in Oral Production from the Perspective of Language Proficiency

This study analyzed the pauses of 20 EFL learners’ monologue recordings. Results indicate the group average of pause frequency is higher in the low-level group, which is manifested by the pause frequency at syntactic boundary. The group average proportion of silent pause duration between sentences is higher in the high-level group. The oral output of low-level group features smaller language units, more frequent times of pauses(mostly at non-syntactic boundaries), while the high-level group has longer language units, less frequent times of pauses and more silent pauses between sentences. The group average of pause frequency at non-syntactic boundaries of students' oral production is negatively correlated with foreign language proficiency, and the average proportion of silent pause duration between sentences is positively correlated with proficiency.

Instruction mapping techniques for processors with very long instruction word architectures

Abstract This paper presents an instruction mapping technique for generating a low-level assembly code for digital signal processing algorithms. This technique helps developers to implement retargetable kernel functions with the performance benefits of the low-level assembly languages. The approach is aimed at exceptionally long instruction word (VLIW) architectures, which benefits the most from the proposed method. Mapped algorithms are described by the signal-flow graphs, which are used to find possible parallel operations. The algorithm is converted into low-level code and mapped to the target architecture. This process also introduces the optimization of instruction mapping priority, which leads to the more effective code. The technique was verified on selected kernels, compared to the common programming methods, and proved that it is suitable for VLIW architectures and for portability to other systems.

Verification of TRANSPORT Simulation Environment coupling with PHREEQC for reactive transport modelling

Abstract. Many types of geologic subsurface utilisation are associated with fluid and heat flow as well as simultaneously occurring chemical reactions. For that reason, reactive transport models are required to understand and reproduce the governing processes. In this regard, reactive transport codes must be highly flexible to cover a wide range of applications, while being applicable by users without extensive programming skills at the same time. In this context, we present an extension of the Open Source and Open Access TRANSPORT Simulation Environment, which has been coupled with the geochemical reaction module PHREEQC, and thus provides multiple new features that make it applicable to complex reactive transport problems in various geoscientific fields. Code readability is ensured by the applied high-level programming language Python which is relatively easy to learn compared to low-level programming languages such as C, C++ and FORTRAN. Thus, also users with limited software development knowledge can benefit from the presented simulation environment due to the low entry-level programming skill requirements. In the present study, common geochemical benchmarks are used to verify the numerical code implementation. Currently, the coupled simulator can be used to investigate 3D single-phase fluid and heat flow as well as multicomponent solute transport in porous media. In addition to that, a wide range of equilibrium and nonequilibrium reactions can be considered. Chemical feedback on fluid flow is provided by adapting porosity and permeability of the porous media as well as fluid properties. Thereby, users are in full control of the underlying functions in terms of fluid and rock equations of state, coupled geochemical modules used for reactive transport, dynamic boundary conditions and mass balance calculations. Both, the solution of the system of partial differential equations and the PHREEQC module, can be easily parallelised to increase computational efficiency. The benchmarks used in the present study include density-driven flow as well as advective, diffusive and dispersive reactive transport of solutes. Furthermore, porosity and permeability changes caused by kinetically controlled dissolution-precipitation reactions are considered to verify the main features of our reactive transport code. In future, the code implementation can be used to quantify processes encountered in different types of subsurface utilisation, such as water resource management as well as geothermal energy production, as well as geological energy, CO2 and nuclear waste storage.

A Reverse Modification Method for Binary Code and Data.

This paper reveals the hidden dangers of reverse data modifications on distributed software with network synchronization, during the era of 5G, which may occur in more important domains, such as telemedicine and automatic driving. We used pseudo-codes to formally elaborate the distributed software architectures and design patterns. It is necessary to deal with three challenges for the modification of binary code and data in the distributed software architectures: (1) the base virtual addresses of software objects are changed frequently for safety; (2) prior knowledge of the reverse is not considered; (3) system memory values of some target objects are changed with extreme speed. For this purpose, a novel reverse modification method for binary code and data is proposed. According to the knowledge-based rules, our method can manipulate physical data, sight data, animation data, etc., while the game synchronization mechanism cannot detect the changes. The implementation details of our method are presented using high-level programming languages (C++) and low-level programming languages (assembly), based on multiple snippets, so that readers can understand both the overall distributed software developments and the corresponding reverse processes. In particular, two network games are used for the demonstrations in this paper. The demonstration results show that our proposed methodology is efficient (as proved by formulas and practices) to manipulate the codes and data of distributed software using a synchronization mechanism.

Apodization Specific Fitting for Improved Resolution, Charge Measurement, and Data Analysis Speed in Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry.

Short-time Fourier transforms with short segment lengths are typically used to analyze single ion charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) data either to overcome effects of frequency shifts that may occur during the trapping period or to more precisely determine the time at which an ion changes mass or charge, or enters an unstable orbit. The short segment lengths can lead to scalloping loss unless a large number of zero-fills are used, making computational time a significant factor in real-time analysis of data. Apodization specific fitting leads to a 9-fold reduction in computation time compared to zero-filling to a similar extent of accuracy. This makes possible real-time data analysis using a standard desktop computer. Rectangular apodization leads to higher resolution than the more commonly used Gaussian or Hann apodization and makes it possible to separate ions with similar frequencies, a significant advantage for experiments in which the masses of many individual ions are measured simultaneously. Equally important is a >20% increase in S/N obtained with rectangular apodization compared to Gaussian or Hann, which directly translates to a corresponding improvement in accuracy of both charge measurements and ion energy measurements that rely on the amplitudes of the fundamental and harmonic frequencies. Combined with computing the fast Fourier transform in a lower-level language, this fitting procedure eliminates computational barriers and should enable real-time processing of CDMS data on a laptop computer.