Low Income Class Research Articles

개발제한구역 규제 개선방안의 법적 검토

Greenbelt policy started as needs to regulate and manage excessive city expansion rose. Greenbelt have not been newly designated in the past 50 years and have been released according to occasional needs. It was lifted to secure land, mainly to supply housing. There are several legal issues with the supply of housing using greenbelts as well as The Bogeumjari Housing. First, A large part of the Bogeumjari Housing Project is the supply of pre-sale housing. There is a fundamental problem in the public interest of the project in that it is a policy to promote housing stability for the low-income class by releasing a considerable amount of greenbelt. Second, although the release of the greenbelt is an important matter for the people's property rights and the balanced development and preservation of national land, there is a problem that the legal basis for the cancellation of the greenbelt for housing supply is not clear. Lastly, although the legal basis for the restoration of the greenbelt has been established, the question of the legitimacy of the restoration still remains. Although the release of greenbelts with low conservation value and supplying them to public housing areas can be seen as a weakening of public necessity at the time of designation of Bogeumjari housing districts, it is a logical contradiction that it is restored to a greenbelt due to the deterioration of the real estate market. The importance of preserving the greenbelt is further revealed in that the expansion of environmental capacity is important for urban growth management. In a situation where the concept of ‘sustainable development’ has emerged as an important issue in national land policy, it is necessary to develop and manage the greenbelt in a balanced manner under national consensus and mid- to long-term plans.

The Government’s Assistance to Lower-Income Families’ Education

Since there are inequalities in education level, and those inequalities form a huge gap between different family classes, such as students in the lower-income family can’t own equal education resources as higher-income family students, and the graduation rate remains to be standstill since the number of people educated is mostly higher-income students, but lower-income family students need education as well. The government began to pay attention to the lower-class families’ education level and wanted to balance the inequalities. Undoubtedly, the government took several actions by introducing new policies or constructing new institutions and programs such as the NCLA program assisting lower-income family students. In this paper, there will be analyzation of the policy or strategy used to assist lower-income family children and what advantages or disadvantages those strategies have, and finally, compare the policies used for lower-income families with higher-income families. Although there are difficulties or useless strategies while assisting the lower-income class, the government never gives up, this paper will also discuss how government plays its role in executing the assisting strategies. Besides educational strategies, there are other solutions that would be included as well, such as health or housing assistance. So the government made significant efforts to support lower-income households, and this support greatly advanced the growth of the entire nation.

Food Production and Amazon Preservation are Not Mutually Exclusive: Exploring Feasible Avenues from the Perspective of Land Use Related NDCs in Brazil

The COP21 Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) have proven to be milestones in the operationalization of climate action at the country-level, particularly in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector. In Brazil, AFOLU-related NDC actions in its first version envisaged the elimination of, for instance: illegal deforestation in the Amazon region, the restoration and reforestation of 12 million hectares of severely degraded lands, and the substantial expansion of sustainably produced biofuels by 2030. While Brazilian Government commitment to these NDC targets soon vanished, a specific analytical question concerns as to how far sustainable land use scenarios can contribute to non-climate benefits (i.e., socioeconomic development) despite their internal challenges of harmonizing them with environmental protection and climate change mitigation. In this paper, we analyse the potential socioeconomic and environmental synergies and trade-offs in NDC implementation, given the possibility of the demand for land in Brazil increase due to agricultural and livestock expansion. We focus our analysis on GDP growth, income distribution, and food security. We do so by integrating land-use with computable general equilibrium (CGE) models and running policy scenarios, emulating different levels of NDC and development policy implementation. Our analysis helps us to understand how social and economic outcomes do change under varying levels of commitment by decision-makers. It shows that NDC implementation in Brazil is preferable to a business-as-usual development pathway, particularly when climate change is taken into consideration. While GDP and household income appear unaffected by NDC implementation, reducing the pressure over Amazon deforestation along with other social benefits appears under more stringent NDC implementation. Those results are particularly important given the significant upward trend in Amazon deforestation recorded in the last few years and the loss of purchasing power of low-income classes observed since 2015 in Brazil. In the AFOLU sector, NDC implementation, as in its first version, could thus act as entry points for alternative development pathways. For instance, such as the ones discussed under green economy or low carbon growth paradigms - although, possible trade-offs between agricultural and other sectors will still need to be closely monitored.

Role of stem cells in arteriovenous access: perspective from Lower Middle Income Countries.

Adequately created well functional haemodialysis access is an important part for the physical and mental wellbeing of renal failure patients. Every effort should be made to enhance the patency of these accesses. Recently, stem cell treatment modalities have opened new avenues in the better patency of arteriovenous fistula. Use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) to prevent venous neointimal hyperplasia have been studied with good success rates. Adopting such costly treatment modalities in low middle income class country like Pakistan is associated with significant challenges. This short report discusses the current role of stem cells in arteriovenous access and how this exciting modality can be utilized in our country.

The Role of Transportation Costs on Affordable Housing for Low-Income Class

This research was conducted to investigate the current state of transportation, as well as the transportation costs of the residents of towns with affordable residential houses, by preparing and presenting a questionnaire to these residents. In this questionnaire, things like housing costs, the amount of travel to the city center, satisfaction with public transportation services and its variety, easy access to public transportation and required places, the amount of use of public transportation and private vehicles were examined and solutions to reduce transportation costs were presented. Although the price of housing in the towns is lower than in the city center; the costs of transporting the residents of these towns are significant. In addition, the state of public transportation and access to needed places is unfavorable, so that about 60 % of the interviewees were dissatisfied with public transportation services.

Savings as a Source of Financial Energy on the Farm—What Determines the Accumulation of Savings by Agricultural Households? Model Approach

The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the factors influencing the propensity of farm households to accumulate savings, which in this work are treated as a source of financial energy, taking into account socioeconomic characteristics relating to the farmer and their household, as well as farm characteristics. Classification and regression tree analysis (CRT) was used to achieve this goal. The study was conducted on a group of farms in Central Pomerania (Poland) participating in the Farm Accountancy Data Network. Data on 348 farms, obtained through a survey carried out in 2020 using a direct survey questionnaire, were used for the analyses. On the basis of the application of the classification-regression tree method, it was found that income (INC) was the key factor differentiating the studied population in terms of savings, followed by the agricultural area (AREA) and the level of education of the head of the household (EDU). It was also found that, in the case of households representing a lower income class, when the head of the household had at most secondary education and was over 34.5 years of age, having a successor (SUC) was also a factor influencing the accumulation of savings; however, the direction of this relationship was negative.

Stroke in women between 2006 and 2018: Demographic, socioeconomic, and age disparities.

Black Americans have a higher prevalence of stroke and stroke-related deaths than any other racial group. Racial disparities in stroke outcomes are even wider among women than men. Conventional studies have cited differences in lifestyle (i.e. smoking, alcohol consumption, etc.) and vascular risk factors between races as the source of these disparities. However, these studies fail to account for the higher prevalence of minoritized populations at the lower end of the socioeconomic distribution. This study explores differences in stroke risk factors across age and socioeconomic cohorts to determine whether comorbidities can sufficiently explain disparities at all ages and income levels. Using the 2006-2018 National Health Interview Survey data, statistical analysis evaluated differences in risk factors among a full sample cohort (aged 18-85 years; n = 131,091) and a "young" subsample cohort (aged 18-59 years; n = 6183) of women. Logistics and unconditional quantile regression models assessed the relationship between stroke and comorbid, demographic, and behavioral characteristics across socioeconomic classes. Results suggest that Black women had a 1.415-fold (confidence interval = 1.259, 1.591) higher likelihood of stroke compared with White women after controlling for age, behavior, and comorbidities. Racial disparities were not statistically significant at the higher income ranges for either the full (odds ratio = 1.404, p = 0.3114) or young samples (odds ratio = 1.576, p = 0.7718). However, Blacks had significantly higher odds of stroke in the lower quartiles (lower odds ratio: 1.329, p = 0.0242; lower middle odds ratio: 1.233, p = 0.0486; and upper middle odds ratio: 1.994, p = 0.0005). Disparities were larger among young women (odds ratio = 1.449, confidence interval = 1.211, 1.734). While comorbidities were highly associated with stroke prevalence in all socioeconomic cohorts, Blacks only had higher relative odds in the lower income classes. Lack of biological or behavioral explanations for these findings suggests that unobserved or uncontrolled factors such as systemic racism, prejudicial institutions, or differential treatment may contribute to this.

Cost and Benefit Analysis of Solar Panels at Home

Due to the high utility costs in Cabanatuan City, the solar panel system is rapidly approaching. People in the middle and lower income classes of the country particularly feel the effects of inflation. In order to address the ongoing rise in oil prices and pollution, the government has made the development of renewable energy one of its top priorities. In order to help consumers reduce their utility costs, save money, and produce greener energy, a study on the installation of a solar panel system at home was carried out. The researchers gathered some data from consumers to be utilized as the basis for the contractors' computations, where the adoption of a 3kw on-grid solar panel system was recommended to those respondents with power bills under ₱2,400. The project costs approximately ₱150,000 in total, including installation and permits, and can save approximately ₱2,300 monthly. This investment has a 5.4-year payback period and a total savings of ₱402,000 over a 20-year period. The consumption analysis revealed a sensitive effect on savings and investment payback periods. The study proved that the project's long-term savings can be more than double the initial investment. A SWOT analysis was also performed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of having an on-grid solar panel, as well as the benefits of clean energy and gas reduction in our environment that future generations could benefit from. The project's cost-benefit is a win-win investment for everyone who wants to save money while also enjoying cleaner air in the long run.

Interrogating the Intersection between Statutory Rent Control and Freedom to Contract in Nigeria

Galloping inflationary dynamics, population explosion and the rise in the use of property as an income tool, have not only instigated scarcity of accommodation in townships but have, over the centuries, delivered very uncomfortable financial fortunes to the middle and low income classes of persons in modern societies. That state of economic conflict has provided a justification for the state to intervene through a diverse range of housing policies. One of the first line policy options for the state has been to intervene by the control of rents on properties. This has become a veritable innovation for the management and balancing of the effects of housing shortages induced by population growth, etc. On the other hand, the freedom to contract by way of leases, tenancies, etc. has suffered a progressive neglect under the rent control regimes. The emerging conflict between the control of rent by the State and the concept of freedom to contract has thrown up a number of practical and legal issues. One of such issues is the interference in the right of property owners to receive appropriate and commercial rents from their properties. This paper argues that due to the consequences of this conflict on the property market and its owners, there is the need for the State to intervene by way of provision of property tax waivers and other accommodations.

Participation of public-private partnership in housing provision in the core areas of Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Private-Public partnership (PPP) is a new paradigm in the development arena that involves collaborative working arrangements between the public, profit and non-profit private sectors in providing public services hitherto provided solely by the sector. This study carried out research on the impact of participation of Private-Public partnership (PPP) in housing provision in the core area of Akure with a view to suggesting effective measures to promote housing development and delivery in the study area. It examined the socio-economic characteristics of the residents, investigated the illegal dumpsites in the area, examined the system of waste disposal and management in the area, and identified the effect of illegal dumpsites on residents and the environment and possible measures to improve waste management in the area were suggested. Using simple random sampling techniques, Questionnaire was used to gather primary data from 181 respondents and an interview guild with the Director of works and housing in the Ministry of Works and Housing, Akure South Local Authority (Ondo State). Akure was interviewed on the operations of the public estate. It was gathered that the majority of the resident were female with at least a secondary school certification. The Public-Private housing schemes were not designed for the low-income class. Untarred roads, irregular electricity supply, and high cost of housing units amongst others were the challenges encountered by residents in the study areas. It was recommended that Community Based organization approach and Mortgage housing scheme should be introduced in the PPP housing schemes in the areas in order to achieve a maximum result in the housing provision business amongst others. Keywords: Participation, public, private, housing, provision.

A Mixed-Method Study on Rural Community's Response to Public Health Emergency in the Philippines: Lessons from the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

People from rural communities are not spared from COVID-19. But implementing preventive measures and strategies can be made to control the spread. This study was conducted to describe the epidemiologic situation and the healthcare capacity of the locality, determine the responses and strategies implemented in the control of COVID-19, and explain the activities performed in relation to the epidemiologic situation in Tarangnan, Samar - a low-income class municipality in the Philippines. A mixed qualitative-quantitative design was employed in this study. Descriptive documentary research design through review of records from March to October 2020 was utilized. For the qualitative context, a case study design was employed whereby focus group discussions and key informant interviews using open-ended questions were performed. A total of 66 individuals were recorded as having COVID-19 in the municipality from March to October 2020. The first recorded confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Eastern Visayas were two adults in Tarangnan, Samar, in March 2020. Since then, additional confirmed cases have been recorded every month, but confirmed COVID-19 dramatically reduced from August to October 2020. Qualitative analysis revealed stringent COVID-19 preventive measures reflected in the confirmed case numbers. The tailwinds of the COVID-19 response include: the SARS pandemic precedent, coordination and communication, outpouring of support from other government and non-government partners, and innovative community-based approaches. The headwinds of COVID-19 response were challenges in imposing minimum health and safety precautions, stigmatization, and discrimination. Even if challenges have arisen in implementing measures against the spread of the disease, good outcomes have been achieved through persistent good practice, positive modifications, and community-based innovations.

Why the Equalizing Effects of Democracy Do Not Work

Meltzer and Richard (1981) argued that democracy mitigates income inequality through redistribution if democracy gives more people the right to vote, regardless of income level, and if the political system reflects the interests of the lower-income class earning below median income. According to the Meltzer and Richard model, the spread of democracy globally over the past 40 years should have lowered global income inequality; however, the validity of the model has not been borne out in reality as income inequality has risen in nearly every country. This study refers to prior political and economic research to model why, unlike the Meltzer and Richard (1981) hypothesis, redistribution policies under democracy have failed to adequately counter widening income inequality. By analyzing a variety of scenarios — including captured democracy, policy regime, corrupt government, absence of a political party representing lower-income class interests under a two-party system, and class betrayal voting through identity cleavages — this study finds that even after income redistribution policies are implemented, income inequality may still end up worse than otherwise would have been expected in a democratic system.

가구특성에 따른 주거복지서비스 인지에 대한 연구

In this study, the effect of household characteristics on the perception of housing welfare services wasanalyzed through the results of the housing situation survey. Recently, the government is developingvarious programs and expanding the budget to improve housing welfare. In order for these policies to beeffective, it is necessary to check whether residential welfare services are properly recognized by thetargeted class. For this purpose, this study analyzed the current status of residential welfare services anddivided household characteristics into demographic characteristics and housing characteristics. Next,logistic analysis was performed to confirm the influence of each item on the perception of residentialwelfare services. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the elderly and newlyweds had relatively low awareness ofwelfare services in terms of demographic characteristics. In terms of housing characteristics, it was foundthat non-homeowners and households willing to buy a house had higher awareness of welfare services. The higher the income, the higher the awareness of welfare services. Therefore, it was found that themore economically available, the higher the awareness of the service. Therefore, it is necessary to expand and promote welfare programs for the low-income class. Thisstudy is meaningful in that it analyzed whether the beneficiaries were aware of welfare services. It ishoped that various studies that can improve the efficiency of residential welfare services will continue inthe future.

Social Rental Flats: Perceptions of Emerald Sky Tenants, East London Eastern Cape

The right to sufficient housing was established for the first time in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, time and experience have demonstrated that achieving this correctly is tough. Social housing can take the shape of purchased and restored flats, homes, or townhouses on Greenfield, infill, or inner-city blocks. The study's goal was to determine if social housing rental apartments in East London were cheap for low-income households and whether tenants were pleased with the administration of the flats (Emerald Flats). The study's aims were to determine if rental flats in social housing are a viable alternative for the low-income class, to examine the renters' socioeconomic situations, and to determine how residents feel about the social housing rental flats. This research assessed the affordability, administration, and safety of social housing rental units. Emerald Sky Social Housing served as the research study location. This study employed a quantitative strategy, with structured questionnaire surveys serving as the quantitative research approach. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used for the statistical analysis. The study's major findings indicated that respondents in social renting apartments were unable to afford rent and their monthly utilities. The study findings present various challenges that are faced by social house rentals in Emerald Sky. Keywords: Social rental, Breaking new ground, Human settlements, Affordability

Socioeconomic status index is an independent determinant of breast cancer screening practices: Evidence from Eastern China.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy affecting Chinese women, and early routine screening is incredibly important for its prevention and control. This study aimed to investigate the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in female breast cancer screening practices using the composite SES index. This cross-sectional study involved 1816 women in Eastern China. Data were collected using an online self-administered questionnaire from January 2020 to May 2021. We used principal component analysis to construct the composite SES index using educational level, annual household income, and occupation. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the SES index and breast cancer screening utilization. Of the participants, 19.27% reported having performed breast self-examination, 12.89% reported having undergone clinical breast examination, and 3.52% reported having received mammography. The SES has a significant influence on the patronage of female breast cancer screening in Eastern China. The composite SES index was found to have a positive and significant association with breast cancer screening practices. An interaction was found between the SES index and patient characteristics, such as health awareness, marital status, and location of residence. In addition, the SES index had a positive effect on breast cancer-related knowledge. Socioeconomic inequalities existed in Eastern China and were related to breast cancer screening patronage. The composite SES index was identified as a significant determinant of breast cancer screening practices. Our results highlighted the negative impacts of socioeconomic inequities on female breast cancer screening utilization. This suggests that reducing socioeconomic inequalities in breast cancer screening requires more focused interventions and concerted outreach activities for groups with lower education levels, lower income, or lower occupational classes.

FAKTOR SOSIAL DEMOGRAFI YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERUBAHAN PENDAPATAN (LABOR INCOME CHANGES) SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19 DI PROVINSI ACEH

Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) to minimize the spread of Covid-19 have a negative impact on labor conditions, one of which is in terms of labor income. Aceh is the province with the highest poverty rate on the Sumatra Island and is higher than the national poverty rate, so attention needs to be paid to the impact of COVID- 19 on income, one of which is income from work (labor income). This study aims to analyze how the conditions of labor income change for workers in Aceh Province during the Covid-19 pandemic and find out how socio-demographic factors affect it. This study uses the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) August 2021 raw data. To achieve the research objectives, this research uses descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis was carried out using tables and figures. Meanwhile, inferential analysis uses binary logistic regression analysis. The results of the study show that workers with low-income classes have the most potential to experience a decrease in labor income during the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, workers who have the characteristics of not using the internet for work, reduced working hours, informal workers, working in the industrial or service sector, low education, and male worker tend to have a higher tendency to experience a decrease in income during Covid-19.

FAKTOR SOSIAL DEMOGRAFI YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERUBAHAN PENDAPATAN (LABOR INCOME CHANGES) SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19 DI PROVINSI ACEH

Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) to minimize the spread of Covid-19 have a negative impact on labor conditions, one of which is in terms of labor income. Aceh is the province with the highest poverty rate on the Sumatra Island and is higher than the national poverty rate, so attention needs to be paid to the impact of COVID-19 on income, one of which is income from work (labor income). This study aims to analyze how the conditions of labor income change for workers in Aceh Province during the Covid-19 pandemic and find out how socio-demographic factors affect it. This study uses the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) August 2021 raw data. To achieve the research objectives, this research uses descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis was carried out using tables and figures. Meanwhile, inferential analysis uses binary logistic regression analysis. The results of the study show that workers with low-income classes have the most potential to experience a decrease in labor income during the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, workers who have the characteristics of not using the internet for work, reduced working hours, informal workers, working in the industrial or service sector, low education, and male worker tend to have a higher tendency to experience a decrease in income during Covid-19.

The Impact of Fiscal Policy on GDP

GDP is an important indicator of a country's economic development and an economic variable that countries are concerned about. High and stable growth of real GDP is the goal of governments. So governments achieve this goal by adopting a number of economic policies, such as the fiscal policy discussed in this paper. Fiscal policy is the sum of fiscal measures taken by a country to achieve its macro-control objectives. The good or bad fiscal policy of a country directly affects economic development, political stability, and the improvement of people's living standards. For example, the fiscal investment policy determines the rate of economic growth of a country: the fiscal taxation policy is an important guarantee for the state to exercise. The fiscal policy of taxation is an important guarantee of the state's ability to exercise macro-control and an important means to solve the problem of equity: the fiscal policy of price subsidies can protect the low-income class; the fiscal policy of transfer payments can provide assistance to poor areas.

Who Belongs to the Middle Income Class in Europe? The Role of Gender-Specific Occupational Characteristics in Multi-Level Analyses for 17 European Countries

For many years scholars and politicians discuss the economic importance of the middle income class. Our article contributes to broaden the present state of research by not only examining the structure of the middle class whilst focusing on individual attributes, but by especially taking the role of gender-specific occupational characteristics and country-specific conditions into account. Based on the EU-SILC data 2020 for 17 countries, we analyze which factors affect the structure of the middle income class on the individual, on the occupational and country level. Our findings show that occupational attributes (e.g. part-time rate) prove to be highly relevant in this realm. Moreover, significant gender differences can be observed: women who work in an occupation which is mainly performed by women bear a higher risk of belonging to the lower income class as compared to men.

소득수준과 이념성향 관계에서 성장 및 분배의 가치선호가 미치는 영향

This study empirically examined the impact value preference for growth and distribution may have on ideological tendency, using the “Korea Social Integration Survey” as base-line data. Specifically, this study assessed the distribution of ideological tendencies by household income levels and empirically analysed the possible link between the preferred-value system of growth and distribution and ideological tendencies(i.e., progressive or conservative tendencies) using a process SPSS macro. The results are as follows. First, people in lower income classes reveals the stronger tendency for conservatism. Second, regarding the relationship between value preference and income levels, the moderating effect was not immediate in the entire period, but in the period of 2021 lower income classes tended to be skewed to a more conservative continuum. In particular, it was found that the positive relationship between value for growth and conservatives was reinforced especially in the low income classes. It helps to interpret the class treachery vote, revealed in the 20th presidential election, in which people in the low-income class supported the conservative party. Korean economy is running out the efficiency of endogenous growth engine, mainly due to the transition to an aging society and economic polarization, coupled with repeated external economic shocks. Under such growth constraints, political parties should come up with a pragmatic policy that satisfies the expectations of voters by integrating growth and distribution perspective into economic policies.