Low Income Class Research Articles

Uncovering patient dissatisfaction with Healthcare Services at a tertiary hospital in Uganda: Patient perspective in a descriptive cross-sectional study

Introduction: Patient satisfaction is a widely recognized standard for assessing the effectiveness of healthcare services in hospitals. This study aimed to discover factors associated with patient dissatisfaction with healthcare services offered at Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka District-Uganda. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study that employed quantitative data collection methods was conducted between February and March 2024. Using Systematic random sampling, 384 study participants were included. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire analyzed and presented using Microsoft Excel 2019 Version. Results: Most respondents 120 (31.25%) were aged between 31-40 years, 56.77% were females, 67.71 were married or cohabiting with the majority of respondents in low-income class and, 194(50.53%) having a monthly income of less than 100,000Ug. Shs. As (53.13%) were unemployed, 221 (57.55%) were rural residents, and the majority 248(65%) traveled long distances of greater than 10 kilometers to reach the Hospital. The majority of respondents 298(77.61%) disagreed that there was an adequate seating area, the majority of respondents 304(79.17%) waited for long hours before getting services and 204(53.12%) disagreed upon being given adequate time and information regarding their health and 174(45.31%) reported that HCWs were rude to them. Conclusions: Majority of respondents were dissatisfied with the services they had received at the hospital as most of them 208(54.17%) rated the services provided as poor. Therefore, there should be Implementation of targeted Interventions to address socio-demographic disparities, Enhance Patient-Centered Care and Communication Practices, optimization of health institutional practices to improve service delivery, and further research studies are recommended to better understand the gaps in patient satisfaction with healthcare services in Uganda.

Low back pain classifications and their associations with disability, quality-of-life, and sociodemographic factors: a comprehensive examination using the PainDETECT questionnaire

Background Low back pain (LBP) is a debilitating phenomenon that significantly impacts quality-of-life (QoL). The PainDETECT questionnaire (PD-Q) is a screening tool aimed at distinguishing nociceptive pain (NoP) and neuropathic pain (NeP) classifications. Associations between these classifications and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and sociodemographic parameters are yet to be established. Objective The study aimed to determine the relationship between NeP as assessed by the PD-Q and pain, disability, QoL, and sociodemographic factors. Methods A retrospective analysis of an ongoing prospectively collected database was conducted involving 512 patients aged >18 years who presented to a tertiary spine clinic for LBP having completed the PainDETECT questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), EuroQol Five-Dimensional (EQ-5D) questionnaire, or answered questions regarding sociodemographic status. Results The NeP group had a higher mean numerical rating scale (NRS) score (7.96 ± 1.54 vs. 5.76 ± 2.27, p <.001) and lower age (55 ± 15.6 vs. 59 ± 17.8, p <.05) compared to the NoP group. When confounded for NRS, analysis of covariance demonstrated an 89.5% higher total ODI score (p <.001) and 50.5% lower EQ-5D utility score (p <.001) in the NeP compared to NoP group. Smokers and individuals with a no partner marital status were 2.373 (OR = 2.373, 95% CI = 1.319–4.266, p <.01) and 2.384 times (OR = 2.384, 95% CI = 1.390–4.092, p <.01) more likely to have NeP compared to NoP, respectively. Patients with NeP were also of lower income class compared to patients with NoP (Z = −2.45, p <.05). Conclusion NeP was associated with higher levels of disability and lower QoL. Smokers, individuals with a no partner marital status, and individuals with a lower income class were more likely to suffer NeP rather than NoP. These findings have illuminated a crucial notion: in patients with elevated NRS, the detrimental impact of NeP on patient wellbeing underscores the fundamental need to represent pain on a nociceptive-neuropathic continuum, permitting more accurate differentiation of pain components.

Young families’ space adaptation in subsidized housing case study: Mataram city, West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia

ABSTRACT Indonesia’s 2020 census shows that 25.87% of the population comprises productive working-age millennials in the family-forming phase and demand affordable housing. To aid the low-income class in accessing the housing market, the government provides the Rumah Inti Tumbuh (RIT) or “growing core house” programme. This study examines the young families’ adaptation to utilize the available rooms, using mixed methods of observations, interviews, and architectural records. Study analyses employ the six layers’ theory of [Brand, Stewart. 1994. How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They are Built. New York, NY: Viking] to trace back the incremental process from the early home-making, motivation development, and adaptation strategy of the spatial usages in the post-reconstruction. The study concludes that young families needed to incrementally outmode the forms of provision even in the early occupation. The adaptive solutions gradually blurred the initial design idea provided by the developer. The home-making practices also accommodate daily activities connected with Islamic cultural, social, and intimate spheres.

Determinants of Residential Real Estate Property Prices in Ethiopia: The Case of Bahir Dar City

The Ethiopian real estate industry has grown in the previous two decades, especially in the capital city of the country and regional capitals, including Bahir Dar. Real estate prices have doubled and even tripled in a few years because of different factors. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyse the factors affecting residential real estate prices in Ethiopia, particularly in Bahir Dar City. For this purpose, the study used both purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data, and the ordinary least squares method was used to identify the factors that influence residential real estate prices. The hedonic regression model result reveals that R&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; statistics (0.880) indicate that 88% of the variation in residential real estate prices can be explained by variation in the independent variables. Hedonic regression model results revealed that plot size, floor area, number of rooms, age of the house, external wall finishing material, ceiling finishing material, the direction of the house, distance of the property from the main road, and involvement of brokers in the transaction process, were major micro-factors that had a significant effect on residential real estate prices at the 5% level of significance. Furthermore, the interview results show that the challenges faced by real estate developers mostly include loans and aid issues, high-interest rates, mortgage restrictions, the financial capacity of real estate companies, delays in plan approvals, and rising costs of construction materials are among the major challenges affecting investment in real estate. The study suggests that the municipality of Bahir Dar City should provide an adequate supply of land to real estate developers, improve infrastructure development, and federal and regional governments should provide the credit lending mechanism by lowering interest rate especially for low-income class.

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Level of E-Commerce Utilization and Digital Social Participation According to the Changes in the Digital Trade Environment: Focusing on the Low-Income Class in Korea

Purpose - As the intact environment spread with the emergent of COVID-19, the use of mobile, Internet, and O2O(Online to Offline) services increased, and since it is expected that the digital transformation will be accelerated as a result, this study intended to provide policy implications by identifying factors that can increase the level of e-commerce use and digital participation in society under the consideration of that the attitude toward digital technology, digital-related capabilities, and the intention of digital transformation of the low-income group as vulnerable classes of the Korean people are significantly lower than that of the general public. Design/Methodology - A survey was carried out by Kantar Public of 2,200 national basic livelihood act recipients from the low-income group of the whole Korean people (as of August 2022) under the supervision of the Ministry of Science and ICT to secure the response data from September 1 to December 31, 2022, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS as well as mediation effect analysis using Process Macro were conducted. Findings - First, it was found that the attitude toward digital technology, digital capabilities, and the intention of digital transformation had a significant effect on the level of e-commerce use. Second, it was found that the attitude toward digital technology did not have a significant effect on digital participation in society. Third, when the attitude toward digital technology, digital capabilities, and the intention of digital transformation affect the level of e-commerce use, and when these also affect digital participation in society, it was found that digital social capital has a mediating effect. Originality/value - This study has academic implications in that those concepts of the capability approach and the theory of planned behavior have been expanded to include digital characteristics, the level of e-commerce use levels, and digital participation in society. In addition, it contributed to broadening and deepening the range of understanding so that the level of e-commerce use and digital participation in society can increase through the verification of the mediating effect of digital participation in society.

Disponibilidade domiciliar e fontes de carotenoides importantes na saúde nos centro urbanos brasileiros segundo a renda em 2017/2018

ABSTRACT Objective Low carotenoid intake is associated with the incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Given the large diversity and specificity of chemical structures and functions, along with the wide Brazilian geodiversity, it should be important for health to examine the cross-sectional distribution of carotenoid availability. Considering family incomes, the authors have calculated and analyzed the individual household availability of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin according to income in the eleven largest Brazilian urban centers in 2017-2018. Methods Data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics’ latest Family Budget Survey on monetary food acquisitions and food composition tables were used to calculate the individual carotenoid contents of both vegetable and animal food sources. Results The family acquisitions of carotenogenic foods showed to be insufficient for most families living in these urban centers, except Salvador, Belem, Belo Horizonte, and Porto Alegre, where certain key-carotenoid sources did reach the higher income groups. The main foods identified that contributed to the supply of carotenoids were carrot and common squash (α-carotene), common squash, carrot, scallion/parsley, mango, and tomato (β-carotene), papaya, orange, and tangerine (β-cryptoxanthin), tomato sauce, tomato paste, guava, watermelon and papaya (lycopene) and scallion/parsley, kale, egg, corn meal and corn flakes (lutein/zeaxanthin). Conclusion Based on the home availability of specific carotenoids estimated in the present study, it is concluded that the population was not reasonably well protected against chronic diseases given the low acquisition of key carotenoid sources in these urban centers, especially among the lower-income class.

Syndromic diagnosis, sexual behavior, and management in rural population among all cases attending sexually transmitted infection clinic in a tertiary care center from the east-central zone of India: A retrospective study.

Rural population constitutes a significant population of our country. According to the regions, the sexual behavior and pattern of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) changes because of variation in health facilities, education, and sociocultural belief. To study the sociodemographic profile, sexual behavior, and pattern of STIs based on the syndromic approach in the rural population attending STIs clinic from the east-central zone of India. Between January 2020 and July 2022, a retrospective study was carried out in a STIs clinic at a tertiary care facility in India's east-central region. Data included demographics, clinical profiles (syndromic approach), and sexual behavior from all the rural population suffering from STIs. The data were corroborated using the proper statistical tools. Seven hundred and twenty-two (63.6%) of the 1135 STI cases were from the rural population. The gender ratio was 17:1, with 333 (46.1%) patients between the ages of 20 and 30 years. Four hundred and ninety-four (68.4%) of the rural population had education qualifications below the 10th class. The predominant occupation was a homemaker (582; 80.6%). Drug abuse was noted in 13 (1.8%) cases. Lower abdominal pain was the most clinical manifestation seen in 441 (61%) cases, followed by vaginal discharge in 89 (12.3%) cases. The majority of the patients presented with the first episode of symptoms and had a single regular partner with no symptoms in a partner. In 22.9% of cases, the partner had a history of frequent travel. In 94.1% of cases, protective measures were not used. Young married adults, female partners, lower education, and low-income classes were among those who had STIs, with frequent unprotected sexual activity. Lower abdominal pain is the most common symptom in this area.

정부당파성에 따른 교육시장화 비교 분석 연구 : 유럽 및 북미 국가의 민간교육 투자와 사립학교 등록 비율을 중심으로

This paper purposed to analyze the marketization of education according to education policy determined by political factors by presenting changes in private education investment and private school enrollment rates in European and North American countries according to government partisanship. As with other policies, it was derived that fundamental changes occur in educational policies because of political factors rather than fragmentary educational considerations.&#x0D; Based on the main support of the high-income class, the right-wing party revitalizes the education market. It lowers education regulations to increase the effectiveness of private investment in education. As a result, there is a high possibility that education marketization will intensify. On the contrary, the left-wing party supported by the low-income class tries to reduce the effect of private investment. Rather than segmentation according to the special separation of secondary education, integration and education regulation are strengthened to reorganize the system to lower the marketization of education.&#x0D; This article, I looked at education marketization according to government partisanship and analyzed changes in education policy. Regarding education marketization, the ratio of private education expenditure and the ratio of private school student enrollment were used as dependent variables, and the cabinet composition ratio of left-wing and right-wing parties was used as independent variables. Through panel statistical analysis, this article obtained significant results on the changes in education marketization that differ depending on the left and right-wing government partisanship.&#x0D; In conclusion, it can be seen that the partisanship of the governments of the left and right has changed the education policies to realize the policies of their constituencies.

음악상담 프로그램이 초등학생의 자기표현력에 미치는 효과

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a music counseling program on the self-expression of elementary school students. One of the three fifth grade classes of D Elementary School in Y-gun, Jeollanam-do (a total of 23 students, 9 males and 14 females) was selected as the experimental group, and the other homogeneous class (a total of 22 students, 9 males and 13 females) was selected as the control group. The self-expression test was used as the test instrument. The experimental group received a total of 10 sessions of the music counseling program, while the control group received regular educational activities. To verify the effectiveness of the program, a t-test was conducted, and the students' reflections after each session and the researcher's observations were analyzed. The results showed that the post-test mean overall score of self-expression of the experimental group participating in the music counseling program was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the mean of the experimental group was significantly different from that of the control group in all three subdomains of self-expression (content expression, verbal expression, and nonverbal expression). In addition, the subjects' reflections and the researcher's observations after each session confirmed that the program had a positive effect on improving the self-expression of the experimental group. These results indicate that the music counseling program is effective in improving children's self-expression. This study is meaningful to veryfy that the music counseling program is effective in improving self-expression for general elementary school students, not just for special cases such as maladjustment, low-income class, and multi-culturalism.

The effect of income distribution on diet‐related environmental footprints: Evidence from urban China

AbstractGiven that income disparity is expanding and diet‐related environmental footprints are increasing in urban China, this study aims to investigate the heterogeneity in these footprints across various income classes and examine the effect of income distribution on the total environmental footprints. Based on the quadratic almost ideal demand system model and taking into consideration the problems of endogeneity of food expenditure and zero expenditure, we estimate the income elasticities for 10 food categories across seven income classes and project the diet‐related environmental footprints under seven scenarios for various strategies of the income distribution. The results show that per capita diet‐related environmental footprints are greater for higher income classes than for lower income classes, as the former consume more animal‐based food. Compared with high‐income classes, income growth favouring low‐income classes results in a rather significant increase in diet‐related environmental footprints. With further economic growth, the lowest income group makes the greatest contribution to the increase in diet‐related environmental footprints. Thus, policymakers should promote a more sustainable diet on the road to alleviating income inequality to ensure sustainable environmental development.

Analysis of Obesity Based on Various Indicators by Countries via Linear Regression

Obesity, a prevalent disease, begins with the Third Industrial Revolution. Obesity not only lowers numerous individuals’ quality of life, but also affects budgets in the health sector across the country and around the world. Obesity was once considered an exclusive problem among the rich: In general, high-quality meat is expensive, and plants (grains) have been relatively affordable. This proposition held true until the late 20th century, but today, obesity is no longer just a concern for the affluent. Factors such as climate change, supply-chain problems, high consumption demands, and more expensive materials such as feed and biofuels result in a price surge. Increased food prices have a direct impact on households, making it more difficult for the lower-income class to access nutritious foods. As a result, the poor reduce their consumption of nutritious foods such as fruits, vegetables, and grains and replace meals with inexpensive, artificial meat, and ultra-processed foods. This paper proposes policies by analyzing and predicting the degree of obesity using linear regression, a data mining technique, according to the development or welfare level of the country using various indicators by country. This paper refines and evaluates data through a preprocessing method after data collection and concludes by explaining the results.

A Critical Analysis of Pakistan's Budget 2023-24: The Fiscal Challenges

The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of Pakistan's Budget 2023-24 and its fiscal landscape, sketching the challenges and opportunities within its revenue generation, economic growth, and debt management. The primary challenge facing Pakistan’s economy is the gap between government revenue and expenditures. The country faces hurdles in tax collection, marked by a complex tax system, tax evasion, and discrepancies impacting the middle and lower-income classes. A mixed research method was used in conducting this study, analysis of fiscal data, extensive literature review, and consultations with economic experts. An in-depth analysis of Pakistan's revenue sources, inflationary trends, budget deficits, and global economic conditions was conducted. The results show a complex web of challenges in Pakistan's fiscal framework, the gap between revenue collection and government spending, high inflation rates, the imbalance between exports and imports, encircling tax evasion, and an intricate tax system. The paper offers a sequence of strategic reforms, emphasizing expense reduction, tax simplification policy, political and legislative reforms, and encouraging investment for economic stability. It also highlights the need for coordination among government organizations, strategies to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and endorsing Human Resource Development (HRD) for a skilled workforce. The analysis highlights the importance of reforms in the governance structure, taxation system, and spending to achieve stability and economic growth in the country.

Effects of Sanctions on Food Intake of Urban Households in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran (2017-2019)

Background: Sanctions are a type of forfeit aimed at forcing the subject to obey the desired political will. Since sanctions affect various components of the economic sectors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sanctions on food intake of households living in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Methods: To investigate the effect of sanctions on food intake of households living in Khorasan Razavi province, the survey data of the National Statistics Center of Iran (NSCI) on cost and income was used. 2129 households (number of households in 2017: 702, 2018: 726 and 2019: 701) were studied. In the N4 program, macronutrients and micronutrients were calculated. The studied variables were analyzed based on four income categories. In the SPSS software, quantitative variables of 2017 to 2019 were reviewed by ANOVA test and variables in pairs of the same period were reviewed by post hoc Tukey test. Results: The analysis showed that by intensifying sanctions, the cost of food has increased more than the average of income, and prices of all food groups spesifically healthy food groups have increased. The diet quality index has decreased significantly. The lower-income classes had the most insufficient dietary intake of micronutrients and the gap between dietary intake of different income classes increased during the study. Conclusion: Sanctions have affected the dietary intake due to the rise in the price of food expenditure and as a result people tend to consume cheaper and lower quality food.

세대별 주거복지서비스 만족도에 대한 연구

In Korea, the market environment has changed rapidly due to low birth rate and aging population.&#x0D; Accordingly, there was a need for change in housing welfare policies centered on the homeless and low-income class. In Korea, with the announcement of the Housing Welfare Roadmap in 2017, housing welfare policies according to the life cycle are being pursued in earnest. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate satisfaction with housing welfare services and analyze influencing factors. In this study, based on a housing survey, awareness and satisfaction with housing welfare services were evaluated by generation according to the life cycle and influential factors were analyzed.&#x0D; The results of the analysis showed that, except for loan services and housing supply, awareness of housing welfare services was low. In terms of satisfaction with housing welfare services, the overall level was found to be good. In the analysis of variance by generation for the evaluation of housing welfare services, significant differences in averages by generation were found. In an analysis of factors affecting satisfaction with housing welfare services, it was found that satisfaction was low when the household was headed by a female and the household size was small. As the area of the house increases, satisfaction with lease and purchase financing appears to decrease, but satisfaction with public housing appears to increase.&#x0D; Considering these analysis results, it is necessary to actively promote housing welfare services according to the life cycle and continuously promote the development of differentiated welfare services by generation.

지방자치단체장의 복지권한과 책임 -「국민기초생활보장법」 상 자활센터 운영에 관한 쟁점을 중심으로-

There is a controversy over the authority to designate and cancel a self-sufficiency centers, which is the Minister of Health and Welfare have under the 「National Basic Living Security Act」. This is because the essential authority belongs to the central government even though basic local governments carry out most of the main tasks of centers installed in metropolitan and basic local governments. It is a problem arising from the confusion of the ideology, principles, and standards of the distribution of authority surrounding welfare affairs.&#x0D; In details, for the case of self-sufficiency centers, it is appropriate that the head of a local government who have control over area get a core authority to it installed in a metropolitan area or local government. However, in reality, the authority is concentrated in the Minister of Health and Welfare. This situation have a gap with the legislative purpose of the 「Local Autonomy Act」 and 「Special Act On Local Autonomy And Decentralization, And Restructuring Of Local Administrative Systems」.&#x0D; Since a self-sufficiency business supports self-reliance of the low income class in the local community, it is a task that should fully consider various regional characteristics. As a similar case, most of the designation and declaration systems stipulated in the 「Welfare Of Senior Citizens Act」, 「Act On Activity Assistant Services For Persons With Disabilities」, and 「Social Welfare Services Act」 are established under the authority of local governments. Therefore, the 「National Basic Living Security Act」 also needs to be improved to give the authority to designate and cancel a self-sufficiency centers to heads of metropolitan and basic local governments.&#x0D; On the other hand, 「National Basic Living Security Act」, which is currently the basis for operating a self-sufficiency centers, have insufficient legislative grounds in regulating entry, operation, and exit of the centers. For this reason, a case suspected unconstitutionality were found due to violation of the jurisprudence of the delegated legislation. It is an issue that requires urgent improvement because it can neutralize the self-sufficiency support business for the low-income class in Korea.

Global Burden of Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter by National Income: Results From the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Database.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) are common conditions that can lead to significant morbidity and death. We aimed to understand the distribution and disparities of the global burden of AF/AFL as well as the underlying risk factors. Methods and Results Data on the AF/AFL burden from the Global Burden of Disease data set were analyzed for the years 1990 to 2019, with countries grouped into low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high national income classes according to World Bank categories. Data were supplemented with World Health Organization and World Bank information. The prevalence of AF/AFL has more than doubled (+120.7%) since 1990 in all income groups, though with a larger increment in middle-income countries (+146.6% in lower-middle- and +145.2% in upper-middle-income countries). In absolute numbers, 63.4% of AF/AFL cases originate from upper-middle-income countries, although the relative prevalence is highest in high-income countries. Prevalence of AF/AFL appears to be correlated with medical doctor rate and life expectancy. The most relevant AF/AFL risk factors are unevenly distributed among income classes, with elevated blood pressure as the only risk factor that becomes less common with increasing income. The development of these risk factors differed over time. Conclusions The global burden of AF/AFL is increasing in all income groups and is more pronounced in middle-income countries, with further growth to be expected. Underdiagnosis of AF/AFL in low- and middle-income countries may contribute to lower reported prevalence. The risk factor distribution varies between income groups.

COLOURISM AS A CATALYST FOR THE SKIN WHITENING INDUSTRY IN THAILAND

Colorism is a historical and cultural phenomenon with global dimensions. This phenomenon is credited, in part, for the growth and financial success of the skin-lightening industry throughout the world. In Thailand, dark skin is often associated with lower-income classes, including farm labor. As a pioneering effort, this study sought to empirically identify colorism in a way that would minimize social desirability bias. Three groups in an MBA program at an international university in Bangkok - Thais with Chinese ancestry, non-Chinese Thais, and non-Thai foreigners – were asked to identify socio-economic status (“rich” or “poor”) by examining photographs of male and female Thais with dark, medium, and light skin tones. An analysis was conducted using the demographic variables of ethnicity, gender, and age. The study found significant differences wherein Thai-Chinese associated light skin tone with wealth and dark skin tone with poverty. Non-Chinese Thais followed in this assessment, but foreigners did not. Regarding marriage, both Thai-Chinese and non-Chinese Thais chose photographs of individuals with light skin to marry, but they were significantly different than the foreigners where skin tone was not a factor. There was no significant difference regarding gender. However, age was significant in that the younger group in the study (ages 20 to 27) identified dark skin tones as indicating poverty more than the older group in the study (ages 28 to 48).

Characteristics of Patience in Parents with Autistic Children: A Phenomenological Study

The effectiveness of early intervention involving parents determines the success of services for children with autism. The study aims to deepen our understanding of how Muslim parents developed patience in educating, training, and teaching their autistic children. This study used phenomenology to explore the characteristics of patience in Muslim parents with autistic children in a low-income class. Respondents were four mothers who were actively caring for their children and registered with the Autism Service Center, a local autism service center in Riau Province. The findings showed the types of characteristics associated with patience. Parents with moderately autistic children are patient with self-control patterns. At the same time, the characteristics of patience in parents with severely autistic children are patience with patterns of grit, resilience, and hardiness. The overall characteristics of patience cannot be separated from the characteristics of voluntary patience, which come from the belief in Allah. The characteristics of patience contain an active patient characteristic.

Sanitation Status of Income Groupings of the Sustainable Development Goals: Implications for the Attainment of Target 6.2

The use of safely managed sanitation services (SMSS) has been recognized as fundamental to maintaining good health and prevention of diseases, especially diarrhea. This study assessed the sanitation status of income groupings of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and its implication for the attainment of target 6.2. The descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted, which involved harvesting of retrospective data from the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report for 2021 on household SMSS and open defecation (OD) of the SDG income groupings “(low-income, lower-middle income, upper-middle income &amp; high-income)” that were disaggregated for rural and urban (RU) areas. The findings revealed that the chances of the global population attaining the sanitation targets by 2030 was very slim, as none of the income groupings was projected to reach 100% coverage of SMSS by 2030. The provision of SMSS increases progressively from the low-income to the high-income groupings and from the RU areas. OD was more prevalent in the rural area of the low-income and lower-middle income countries. Therefore, achieving the sanitation component of target 6.2 will require an annual growth rate of SMSS of about six folds of current rates, especially in the low and lower-middle income classes.

개발제한구역 규제 개선방안의 법적 검토

Greenbelt policy started as needs to regulate and manage excessive city expansion rose. Greenbelt have not been newly designated in the past 50 years and have been released according to occasional needs. It was lifted to secure land, mainly to supply housing. There are several legal issues with the supply of housing using greenbelts as well as The Bogeumjari Housing. First, A large part of the Bogeumjari Housing Project is the supply of pre-sale housing. There is a fundamental problem in the public interest of the project in that it is a policy to promote housing stability for the low-income class by releasing a considerable amount of greenbelt. Second, although the release of the greenbelt is an important matter for the people's property rights and the balanced development and preservation of national land, there is a problem that the legal basis for the cancellation of the greenbelt for housing supply is not clear. Lastly, although the legal basis for the restoration of the greenbelt has been established, the question of the legitimacy of the restoration still remains. Although the release of greenbelts with low conservation value and supplying them to public housing areas can be seen as a weakening of public necessity at the time of designation of Bogeumjari housing districts, it is a logical contradiction that it is restored to a greenbelt due to the deterioration of the real estate market. The importance of preserving the greenbelt is further revealed in that the expansion of environmental capacity is important for urban growth management. In a situation where the concept of ‘sustainable development’ has emerged as an important issue in national land policy, it is necessary to develop and manage the greenbelt in a balanced manner under national consensus and mid- to long-term plans.