Lower Egypt Research Articles

Peribsen and Lower Egypt

The article deals with some aspects of Peribsen’s policy. In author’s opinion this pharaoh of the Second dynasty possibly led military campaigns in Lower Egypt. This hypothesis can be maintained by the data of seal impressions, stone vessels and the steles from the Early Dynastic period. The author shows that Peribsen’s election of Seth as the god of royal power and replacement of traditional patron of Egyptian rulers Horus by him could be connected with disintegration of Egypt into two parts. The author shows that the toponyms %Tt and &A-mHw in Peribsen’s monuments must be connected with Lower Egypt. The fact that place-names are connected with the tribute from Delta to Peribsen can prove that this ruler tried to conquer Lower Egypt. In the present study the comparative historical research is used.

Heliodoro de Alejandría y el Comentario Anónimo al Tetrabiblos de Tolomeo

El Comentario Anónimo al Tetrabiblos de Tolomeo (Anon. in Ptol.) contiene un horóscopo (Wolf, p. 98) que puede datarse el 25 de junio de 448, en el bajo Egipto. Otras noticias de carácter astronómico ofrecidas por el maestro del comentarista anónimo en el escolio a Ptol. Tetr. 2.10 (p. 76, ll. 16-29 Wolf) permiten fijar la composición de Anon. in Ptol. entre 467 y 575ca. Por otro lado, esta datación entre los siglos V-VI, así como la localización del horóscopo a mitad del s. V en Alejandría y su entorno, son congruentes con los estrechos paralelismos estilísticos y estructurales que cualquier lector de Anon. in Ptol. puede percibir entre esta obra y los comentarios a Platón y Aristóteles compuestos por Amonio y sus discípulos en la escuela neoplatónica de Alejandría desde 470ca. hasta 570ca. En este artículo, presentamos varios indicios que apuntan con verosimilitud a la hipótesis de que el maestro del comentarista anónimo, cuyo relato en el libro 2 nos ha permitido establecer la cronología de Anon. in Ptol., no sea sino Heliodoro de Alejandría, hermano menor del filósofo neoplatónico Amonio.

Determinants of severe physical disciplinary practices against children in Egypt

BackgroundAlthough nearly 43 % of Egyptian children aged less than 14 years had ever experienced severe physical violent punishment at home, no previous studies identified the predictors of the practice in Egypt. ObjectiveThis research aims at identifying the determinants of the use of any severe violent physical practice to discipline children. Participants and settingThe latest national Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey is the main source of data. The caregivers of 13024 children were interviewed. MethodsA binary logistic regression model is developed to identify the determinants of the use of severe physical disciplinary practices. ResultsResults show that children whose parents believe that physical punishment is necessary to discipline children are more likely to experience severe violence (OR = 3.3). Children in the preprimary stage have a high odds ratio of experiencing a severe violent punishment compared to those in preparatory and secondary stages (OR = 3.5). Children whose mothers have experienced domestic physical violence are more likely to be subject to severe physical violence (OR = 1.6 for husband violence, and 1.4 for parents/siblings violence). Children living in Urban Lower Egypt are approximately twice likely as children living in urban governorates to be subject to severe physical violence. Children living in the poorest households are the most likely to experience severe physical violence. ConclusionSevere violent disciplinary practice inside the home is common in Egypt. The findings urge for activating Egyptian Child Law and implementing continuous training programs for parents on positive parenting.

THE RITUAL ROLE OF HONEY IN ANCIENT EGYPT, HATTI AND GREECE

This is a comparison between the uses of honey in ritual contexts in the cultures of ancient Egypt, Hatti and Greece. Strong differences are illustrated. In Egypt, more particularly Lower Egypt, honey plays an important role in royal rituals linking the power, health and fertility of gods and pharaohs. By contrast among the Hittites honey, though involved in important rituals, especially those intended to ‘sweeten’ gods and make them appear amongst the gods or men, is only one ingredient among many. In Greece there appears to be a difference between Mycenaean times, when as far as the sparse evidence allows us to see honey was not restricted to particular types of god, and the Archaic and Classical periods, when it was very substantially confined to rites of an abnormal kind, rites evoking past ages and rites concerning the Underworld and the dead. The article ends with reflections on the limitations of such a comparison as this, and speculation on the reasons for the differences noted. Though the evidence must perforce be laid out very selectively, a range of original sources is quoted.

Epistaxis among children in Lower Egypt: frequency and risk factors

Abstract:Background: Epistaxis or nosebleeds is a common complaint especially in young children. Most of the risk factors causing epistaxis are preventable or modifiable, so identification of these risk factors decreases complications that may be happening with epistaxis. Objectives: To determine the related risk factors of epistaxis among children aged 6-12 years old in Lower Egypt and its frequency.Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted on 758 children. By multistage sampling technique, Sharkia and Menoufia governorates were selected to represent Lower Egypt, Zagazig and Shebin El-Kom health districts were selected, then four family health facilities were chosen to represent urban and rural areas. Data on participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, characters of the epistaxis attack and many related risk factors were collected via a semi-structured questionnaire.Results: The study revealed a high frequency of epistaxis (35.4%) among children aged 6-12 years old. About (53.3%) of them were of low socioeconomic standard. The attacks were more frequent in winter (43.7%) and most of them were of a little amount of bleeding. the risk was more evident with head and face trauma, cigarette smoke exposure, children suffering from a chronic cough or nasal allergy or using steroid-containing drugs.Conclusion: there is a high frequency of epistaxis among young children. Most of the related risk factors are easily modifiable to prevent the recurrence of the attacks. Health education regarding children's safety measures with increasing awareness about red flags is still needed.Keywords: allergic rhinitis, frequency, Lower Egypt, nosebleed, trauma.

Ethical issues, breakdown during COVID-19 pandemic era in upper and lower Egypt

Background: Outbreaks of infectious disease are also marked by sociocultural unrest, and a general atmosphere of fear and mistrust. On 30 January 2020, a COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) epidemic was declared an international public health emergency, this outbreak provoked a negative association, social stigma and a discriminatory behavior against people of certain ethnic foundations as well as anybody seen to have been in contact with the infection. Aim of the study: The goal of this study is to concentrate on the relationships between stigma evoked during the COVID-19 pandemic, breaking the privacy and confidentiality of infected individuals and job affection, social harm, seeking health assistance and also promoting awareness of these issues among Egyptians. Method: A comparative cross-sectional study questionnaire on a random sample of 500 respondents (250 for each) conducted at Benha city and Assiut city, Egypt. Results: Respondents to the questionnaire revealed that 60.0% of Upper Egypt preferred to home quarantine while (53.2%) of Lower Egypt preferred hospital quarantine. Most respondents from both Upper and Lower Egypt agreed to do COVID-19 PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) test. In addition, respondents in Upper and Lower Egypt declined to publish their names because participants in Upper Egypt related their refuse due to affection on their social lives while participants in Lower Egypt refused to publish their names because of a violation of their privacy. Conclusion: COVID-19 infection pandemic has a negative effect on the ethical issues as confidentiality breakdown of patients, emergence of stigma, economic and social implications.

Net Irrigation Water Requirements for Wheat in Egypt Under Climate Change Conditions عمق ماء الرى الصافى لمحصول القمح فی مصر تحت تأثیر التغیرات المناخیة

Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change especially with water scarcity problem. Climate change not only affects the temporal and spatial distribution of water resources, but also will increase the crop water consumption ( ). The aim of this study is to estimate the effects of climate change on irrigation requirement ( ) for ''Wheat at different geographic regions in Egypt: El-Dakahlia, El-Fayoum and Assuit governorates were selected as Lower, Middle and Upper Egypt regions. The climate change data has been obtained from ''MIROC-ESM'' climate model with ''RCP 8.5'' climate scenario during 2018, 2040 and 2080 as a current, short and long term periods respectively. The results showed that the ETc would increase by 5 %, 8 % and 13 % in 2040 but, in 2080 would decrease by 8.5 % in Assuit. Whereas, in El-Dakahlia and El-Fayoum would increase by 8 % and 13 % respectively. The IR values would increase by 12 %, 21 % and 14 % to become ( 636.61 mm/season),(572.3mm/season) and (331.25 mm/season) in 2040 for Assuit, El-Fayoum and El-Dakahlia, respectively. But, expected to decrease in Assuit by 15 % to reach (478.4 mm/season) and increase by 23 % and 17 % to be (584.01 mm/season) and (339.85 mm/season) in 2080 for El-Fayoum and El-Dakahlia, respectively. These results indicated that, climate change would increase the water consumption for wheat in all examined regions in Egypt, and the highest impact would be in Middle and Lower Egypt followed by Upper Egypt during 2040 and 2080.

The Role of Environmental Factors in the Early Development of Egyptian Stone Architecture

Much detail regarding the early development of stone architecture in Egypt remains unclear. Prevailing studies tend to focus on the contribution of religious and socio-economic factors, but the role of environmental elements should not be understated. For much of the First Dynasty, innovation in stone architecture was driven by developments in the private realm, a result of favourable geology in Lower Egypt. Meanwhile, multiple strands of evidence suggest that Egypt experienced wetter climatic conditions during the Early Dynastic period and the Old Kingdom. This would have had major implications on both the production of mudbrick and the short-term durability of mudbrick structures. It is argued that these environmental factors played a key role in facilitating and accelerating the rise of stone architecture in Egypt.

Provinces inscriptions of Ancient Egyptian Votive Cubits نقوش الأقالیم على الذراع (وحدة قیاس الأطوال) النذرى المصرى القدیم

The votive cubits are those kinds of antiquities that have never been satisfactorily published, and called ceremonial cubit because of their high degree of decoration. The cubit mH is one of the first recorded units of length used by the ancient people. For the Ancient Egyptians it was the standard measure. Those kinds of votive cubits were not actually used as tools, but as votive, or were made for the funerary equipment and therefore more made of hard stone. The main goal of this paper is to explain some of their extraordinarily inscriptions. The searcher made a sort of a comparison between some votive cubits dating back to several periods, and studying the hieroglyphs text found on them. The present research aims to study the provinces of both Upper and Lower Egypt that decorated these kinds of the linear measure, and also their relation with the numerals which carved on. The searcher also makes a comparison with some other tables that appeared on other monuments that might pertain these kinds of inscriptions. الذراع النذري هو ذلک النوع من الآثار التي لم يتم دراستها أبدا بصورة مرضية، حيث يذخر هذا النوع من أدوات قياس الطول فى مصر القديمة بالعديد من النقوش المعقدة التى يصعب فهمها ودراستها. کلمة ذراع mH تستخدم أيضا کمدلول لأحدى وحدات قياس الطول حيث يعتبر المصريين القدماء من أقدم الشعوب أستخداما لهذه الوحدة. ولم يکن هذا النوع من الأذرع النذرية والتى فى الغالب مصنوعة من أحجار ثقيلة يستخدم فعليا کأداة قياس فى الحياة اليومية, ولکن کجزء من الأثاث الجنائزى أو للأحتفاظ بها فى المعبد. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى المساعدة فى فهم وشرح تلک النقوش المثيرة للأهتمام, وللوصول لذلک أجريت نوعا من المقارنة بين بعض من تلک الأذرع النذرية التي يعود تاريخها إلى عدة فترات متفاوتة على مر التاريخ المصرى القديم، ودراسة النصوص التى نقشت عليها, من أجل تحقيق الهدف الرئيسى من هذا البحث الا وهو دراسة النقوش الخاصة بأقاليم مصر العليا والسفلى التى مثلت على أداة القياس تلک, وأيضا دراسة العلاقة بينها وبين الکثير من الأرقام المرتبطة بتلک الأقاليم. کما قام الباحث فى هذه الدراسة بإجراء مقارنة بين تلک النقوش التى تمثل الأقاليم على الأذرع النذرية وغيرها من الأثار الأخرى.

An epidemiological survey of Theileria equi parasite in donkeys (Equus asinus) in Egypt.

In the present study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of Theileria equi, with sequencing analysis of the PCR product using blood-DNA samples collected from donkeys (n=149) reared in different Egyptian provinces in Lower Egypt (Menoufia and Mersa Matruh) and middle Egypt (Giza). All animals were tested for the presence of T. equi parasite using species-specific PCR assay targeting the Equi merozoite antigen-1 (EMA-1). Nine- (6.04%) samples were positive for T. equi. The highest positive rate for infection was detected in Giza zoological garden (10.16%). Egyptian EMA-1 gene sequence exhibited a high identity with gene sequence from Italy, Japan, South Africa, Indian and Israel, the Palestinian Authority. In conclusion, data presented here revealed for the presence of T. equi in donkeys in two provinces of Egypt either in form of acute infection or carriers. These findings have economic significance and indicate the importance of introducing effective prevention and control strategies throughout Egypt to minimize the prevalence of equine piroplasmosis caused by T. equi.

Determinants of green job creation: an empirical investigation

PurposeThe twenty-first century manifests two of the challenging issues about achieving Sustainable Local Economic Development (SLED) and turning to environmental sustainability through Green Job Creation (GJC). The study examines that not only are both challenges are urgent, but they are also intimately linked and will have to be addressed together. It also finds out that further factors like Managerial Effectiveness (ME) and Public Policy Effectiveness (PPE) affect GJC.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses qualitative and quantitative methods by utilizing primary data collected through designing questionnaires answered by random executives and citizens of three governorates; Cairo, Alexandria and Beni-Suef. These governorates are chosen because they represent different Egyptian geographic areas, i.e. the capital of Egypt, lower and Upper Egypt, where there are numbers of industrial zones with many heavy polluting industrial activities that exist.FindingsThe study showed that there is a lack of effectiveness and efficiency in applying common international standards in GJC’s strategies in Cairo, Alexandria and Beni-Suef. Additionally, it is highly recommended that the three governorates enhance the exploitation of their economic resources. Quantitatively, the study showed a positive and statistically-significant connection between SLED and GJC, alongside with a positive and statistically-significant connection between ME and GJC.Originality/valueThe study provides empirical evidence about the main requirements in designing an efficient framework for achieving eco-friendly local economic activities and suggesting practical solutions to obstacles that face local strategies regarding the study’s variables.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-01-2020-0012

A New Model to Explain the Alignment of Certain Ancient Sites

In a previous study of over two hundred ancient sites, the alignments of almost half of the sites could not be explained. These sites are distributed throughout the world and include the majority of Mesoamerican pyramids and temples that are misaligned with respect to true north, megalithic structures at several sites in Peru’s Sacred Valley, some pyramids in Lower Egypt, and numerous temples in Upper Egypt. A new model is proposed to account for the alignment of certain unexplained sites based on an application of Charles Hapgood’s hypothesis that global patterns of climate change over the past 100,000 years could be the result of displacements of the Earth’s crust and corresponding shifts of the geographic poles. It is shown that over 80% of the unexplained sites reference four locations within 30° of the North Pole that are correlated with Hapgood’s hypothesized pole locations. The alignments of these sites are consistent with the hypothesis that if they were built in alignment with one of these former poles they would be misaligned to north as they are now as the result of subsequent pole shifts.

Experimental and simulated wheat data from across a temperature gradient along the River Nile in Egypt

The dataset includes detailed field experiments from four locations across a temperature gradient along the River Nile. The data covering four contrasting environments from North (low temperature) to South (high temperature), includes Sakha (North delta, lower Egypt), Menofya (Middle delta), Benisuef (Middle Egypt) and Aswan (upper Egypt). Measurements included plant density, aboveground biomass, anthesis and maturity dates, grain yield, grains m-2, kernel weight and N content in grains as well as daily weather data (solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, surface wind, relative humidity, dew point and vapor pressure) and soil characteristics and crop management. Wheat was sown under full irrigation and fertilization with two planting dates. Simulations include three DSSAT-Wheat models (CERES, NWHEAT and CROPSIM).

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AND HEMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BUFFALOES AND COWS UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN EGYPT.

The aimed of this study to evaluate the relationship between temperature humidity index (THI) and the changes in physiological responses and hematological aspects of buffaloes and cows under different climatic conditions in Egypt. The data used were collected from six Egyptian Governorates located in three different geographic regions (Lower, Middle and Upper Egypt) during the period from January (2010) to December (2015). Two Governorates from each region were visited to collect the data. In each Governorate, 25 farms randomly selected to represent small, medium and large farms, the measurements were taken from 20 animals divided into (10 buffaloes and 10 cows) in each farm. Each group was divided into two groups (5calves less than year, 5 calves more than year) The environmental conditions were recording air temperature (AT°C) and relative humidity (RH %) to calculate temperature humidity index (THI). The environmental regions based on THI values were classified into four classes (cold, thermal neutral, mild heat stress and moderate heat stress). During farm monitoring, hair temperature (HT°C), skin temperature (ST°C), rectal temperature (RT°C) and respiration rate (RR r/min) of animals were recorded. In addition, blood samples were collected for determining hemoglobin concentration (Hb g/100 ml) and hematocrit (Ht%). The results indicated that, values of HT, ST, RT and RR were slightly higher in cows than in buffaloes among all studied regions.Higher estimates of HT and ST were observed for buffaloes and cows in Lower Egypt (LE) compared with those in Middle Egypt (ME). Both species showed increased HT and ST with elevated temperature in the different climates. Narrow changes in RT among the different seasons and regions were noticed.Values of RR for both species were the highest at LE followed by ME and UE. It was observed that buffaloes have the potentiality to maintain stability of ST within the different climatic conditions. Despite, sensitivity of buffaloes to cold waves was noticeable, the physiological characteristics of buffaloes showed more suitability to hot conditions than cows. Values of Ht% during winter were less than those recorded in other seasons regardless of age category or species. Meanwhile, with subsequent increase in the ambient temperatures Ht % values descended relatively in both species. Value of Ht were noticeably greater in both species of UE compared with LE. or ME. The study revealed the ability of using RR and Ht in particular as predictive measures for animal acclimation based on THI values in each specific region so that livestock holder has the choice to select the appropriate breed for raising to get efficient productivity according to compatibility with his farm location.

Coding-Complete Genome Sequences of Two SARS-CoV-2 Isolates from Egypt.

This report announces the complete genome sequences of two severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) isolates detected in Egypt. The isolates were obtained from oropharyngeal swab specimens from two Egyptians in Upper and Lower Egypt. Sequence analysis showed mutations that differentiate Egyptian strains from the reference strain 2019-nCoV WHU01.

Assessment of facility performance during mass treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Egypt: Enablers and obstacles

BackgroundThe national committee for control of viral hepatitis (NCCVH) in Egypt, settled by the Ministry of health, treated over one million patients in around 60 centers with chronological changes in drug combinations. This research aims to study the health care facilities and services provided by NCCVH treatment centers in Egypt and explore hinders faced. MethodsA cross-sectional operational research study. Multistage random sampling technique was applied for Egyptian governorates. From each stratum one governorate was chosen from which one center was randomly selected. Quality of recorded data for each center in the central server (Data-oriented parameter), newly designed score to assess the overall performance of the centers was retrieved from computer based recording system. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by the centers head. ResultsThis study included 24 treatment centers from urban, rural areas, Upper and Lower Egypt. The Upper centers showed the best completeness of follow-up records and the least compliance rates. None of the centers had 100% completeness of follow-up data. Proportion of SVR is minimally less than proportion of patient with known outcome in all treatment centers. A novel indicator standardizing the comparisons of performance of different facilities was introduced: Total number of physicians/total number of SVR patients with completed records. The highest response rate: Monfiya Governorate (Lower Egypt), Aswan (Upper Egypt), Completeness of follow-up records: Kalyoubia (Lower Egypt), Sohag governorate (Upper Egypt). The average administrative score was 64%. ConclusionChallenges of NCCVH program: overcrowdings, resistant sociocultural background among rural patients, limited accessibility for internal migrants and incompleteness of data entry are system lacking points. Strengths include, clear patient pathway, well-established database online application, well-trained physicians and treatment availability.

Morphologic and genetic analysis for geographic populations of greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Egypt

Greenbug Schizaphis graminum is one of widespread aphid species in most wheat growing regions of Egypt that causes severe damages to crops. Studying morphological and genetic variations within insect pest populations are essential for identifying species and population distinctions and subsequently developing integrated pest management. Sixteen geographic populations of S. graminum were sampled from wheat fields in Egypt. Specimens were characterized by morphological screening for 19 quantitative morphological characters, examination of genomic DNA polymorphism with 11 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers, and measuring melting temperature (Tm) for cDNA of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The greatest morphological variance was observed among aphid populations from Domiata, El-Menia, and Beni-Suif. Geographic location of sampled populations had significant effect on melting temperature of the COI gene. The highest value was observed in populations from Assuit and the lowest from El-Gharbia. Populations from El-Monofia and Kafer El-Shikh were most similar based a combination of COI melting temperatures and quantitative morphological features. Tested ISSR primers showed a polymorphism rate of 49.43% among geotypes. The UBC814 primer recognized a population-specific band of 950 bp that characterized the Domiata population. Moreover, UBC811 and UBC868 primers generated bands with molecular sizes 440 and 340 bp characterizing only populations of Lower and Upper Egypt, respectively. ISSR analysis revealed that geographic populations from El-Behera, Domiata, and Kafer El-Shikh are genetically homologous with identities of 90.4–90.7%. In contrast, populations of Luxor and El-Behera are genetically analogous. Finally, a molecular branching key was constructed to discriminate among tested populations.

Croft’s cycle in Arabic: The negative existential cycle in a single language

AbstractThe negative existential cycle has been shown to be operative in several language families. Here it is shown that it also operates within a single language. It happens that the existentialfīthat has been adduced as an example of a type A in the Arabic of Damascus, Syria, negated with the standard spoken Arabic verbal negatormā, does not participate in a negative cycle, but another Arabic existential particle does. Reflexes of the existential particlešay(y)/šē/šī/šiof southern peninsular Arabic dialects enter into a type A > B configuration as a univerbation betweenmāand the existential particlešiin reflexes ofmaši. It also enters that configuration in others as a univerbation betweenmā, the 3rd-person pronounshūorhī, and the existential particlešīin reflexes ofmahūš/mahīš. At that point, the existential particlešīloses its identity as such to be reanalyzed as a negator, with reflexes ofmahūš/mahīšnegating all manner of non-verbal predications except existentials. As such, negators formed of reflexes ofšīskip a stage B, but they re-enter the cycle at stage B > C, when reflexes ofmahūš/mahīšbegin negating some verbs. The consecutive C stage is encountered only in northern Egyptian and southern Yemeni dialects. An inchoate stage C > A appears only in dialects of Lower Egypt.

Assessment of Weight Loss Practice among Adolescents in Lower Egypt Governorates

Assessment of Weight Loss Practice among Adolescents in Lower Egypt Governorates

Gender-based market constraints to informal fish retailing: Evidence from analysis of variance and linear regression.

Over the last decade, Egypt's aquaculture sector has expanded rapidly, which has contributed substantially to per capita fish supply, and the growth of domestic fish markets and employment across the aquaculture value chain. Despite the growing importance of aquaculture sector in Egyptian labour force, only a few studies have explored the livelihoods of Egypt's women and men fish retailers. Even fewer studies have examined gender-based market constraints experienced by these informal fish retailers. This study uses sex-disaggregated data collected in 2013 in three governorates of Lower Egypt to examine the economic and social constraints to scale of enterprises between women (n = 162) and men informal fish retailers (n = 183). Specifically, we employ linear regression method to determine the correlates of enterprise performance. We found that both women and men retailers in the informal fish market earn low profits and face livelihood insecurities. However, women's enterprise performance is significantly lower than that of men even after controlling for individual socio-economic and retailing characteristics. Specifically, the burden of unpaid household work and lack of support therein impedes women's ability to generate higher revenues. These findings strengthen the argument for investing in understanding how gender norms and attitudes affect livelihood options and outcomes. This leads to recommendations on gender-responsive interventions that engage with both men and women and enhance the bargaining power and collective voice of fish retailers.