Low Crossover Rates Research Articles

Aqueous Redox Flow Battery Using Iron Based Complexes as Redox Active Materials

Aqueous Redox flow batteries (ARFBs) are a promising technology for large scale energy storage system. For improving the performance and stability of the ARFBs, the determination of proper active materials is most important. The active materials are immersed into supporting electrolytes, and such produced anolyte and catholyte are stored in tank. They decide cell voltage and maximum solubility, followed by capacity and power density of ARFBs. So far, vanadium was the main host of active material. However, due to its natural limitations, many attempts are made to replace it to other matreials that have appropriate redox kinetics. As the alternative, ornanometallic complex materials can be considered because they offer the benefits such as adjustable redox potential and solubility, a low crossover rate, and a relatively cheap cost. In this presentation, of the candiates, iron based complex materials that are dissolved in high pH electrolytes are considered . Initially, their electrochemical properties and kinetic parameters are evaluated quantitatively to determine their optimal condition. In turn, cycle tests of ARFBs using them are implemented to enhance their performance and stability. Based on that, we corroborate that ARFB using ornanometallic complex materials as redox couple is viable enough to compete with vanadium RFB and littium battery.

Abstract 445: Transradial Versus Transfemoral Access in Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Clinical Outcomes and Complications

Background Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography (CA) is a relatively common procedure that provides detailed evaluation of the brain's blood vessels. With the growing preference for Transradial artery (TRA) access over Transfemoral artery (TFA) access, our review aims to compare clinical outcomes and complications associated with these two approaches. Methods We carried out a systematic review using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus databases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Inclusion was limited to studies that exclusively compared TRA versus TFA approaches for cerebral diagnostic purposes. Results Our study included 27 studies encompassing a total of 12,806 patients. The TRA arm comprised 6,284 patients with a median age of 57.9 years (range: 13.6‐78.2), and 46.4% were male (range: 27.8%‐82%). The TFA arm included 6,522 patients with a median age of 59.0 years (range: 13.0‐79.3), and 44.8% were male (range: 20.7%‐78.4%). Our analysis revealed that the TFA group had a higher successful Cerebral Angiography (CA) rate (OR= 0.62, CI [0.40; 0.95], p=0.03), and lower crossover rate (OR: 2.85, CI [1.39; 5.84], p<0.01) compared to the TRA group. However, the TRA group demonstrated a significantly lower rate of total complications (OR: 0.52, CI [0.33; 0.82], p<0.01, I 2 =59%, p< 0.001) and shorter hospital length of stay (LOS) in hours ([MD]: ‐33.25, CI [‐51.40; ‐15.11], p< 0.001) compared to the TFA group. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of puncture time, procedural time, mean contrast dose, radiation exposure, and radiation dose. Conclusion The choice of access site for cerebral angiography depends on various factors, including facility protocol, provider preference, vascular anatomy, and patient preferences. Our review highlighted the superiority of the transfemoral artery approach in terms of success rates and lower crossover rates. However, transradial artery access may be preferred due to its association with lower complication rates and shorter hospital stays, aligning with patient‐centered outcomes.

Iron-Based Thermally Regenerative Flow Battery Recharged by Distillation of Acetone

Thermo-electrochemical conversion systems can convert abundant low-grade heat into electricity. In particular, thermally regenerative flow batteries (TRFBs) have gained significant attention owing to their high power density compared to other thermo-electrochemical conversion systems. However, the variety of redox species is limited in previous studies. To provide an alternative option for the redox species, we newly propose using Fe, and investigate the performance of an Fe-based TRFB called the solvation difference flow battery (SDFB). In this study, the SDFB uses [Fe(CN)6]4−/3− as the redox species and can be recharged by the distillation of acetone. The maximum power density was 40 W m−2 and the thermal efficiency was estimated to be 0.20% at an average power density of 16 W m−2. In addition, we discuss the challenges for future improvements. The cell voltage should be enhanced by optimizing the electrolyte components, such as solvents and counterions. For the cell design, the cell resistance is reduced by improving the flow fields of the electrolytes to enhance the mass-transfer properties. Moreover, a membrane that satisfies both a high ion conductivity and low crossover rate of the solvents is required. This study provides new options for the redox species in TRFBs.

Thin Reinforced Anion-Exchange Membranes for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Battery Employing Fe/Co-Metal Complex Redox Species

Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) have been attracting much attention because they can significantly increase power and energy density compared to conventional RFBs. In this study, novel pore-filled anion-exchange membranes (PFAEMs) for application to a NAPFB employing metal polypyridyl complexes (i.e., Fe(bpy)32+/Fe(bpy)33+ and Co(bpy)32+/Co(bpy)33+) as the redox species are successfully developed. A porous polyethylene support with excellent solvent resistance and mechanical strength is used for membrane fabrication. The PFAEMs are prepared by filling an ionic liquid monomer containing an imidazolium group and a crosslinking agent into the pores of the support film and then performing in situ photopolymerization. As a result, the prepared membranes exhibit excellent mechanical strength and stability in a non-aqueous medium as well as high ion conductivity. In addition, a low crossover rate for redox ion species is observed for the prepared membranes because they have relatively low swelling characteristics in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions and low affinity for the metal-complex redox species compared to a commercial membrane. Consequently, the PFAEM is revealed to possess superior battery performance than a commercial membrane in the NARFB tests, showing high energy efficiency of about 85% and stable operation for 100 cycles.

Has recombination changed during the recent evolution of the guppy Y chromosome?

Genome sequencing and genetic mapping of molecular markers have demonstrated nearly complete Y-linkage across much of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) XY chromosome pair. Predominant Y-linkage of factors controlling visible male-specific coloration traits also suggested that these polymorphisms are sexually antagonistic (SA). However, occasional exchanges with the X are detected, and recombination patterns also appear to differ between natural guppy populations, suggesting ongoing evolution of recombination suppression under selection created by partially sex-linked SA polymorphisms. We used molecular markers to directly estimate genetic maps in sires from 4 guppy populations. The maps are very similar, suggesting that their crossover patterns have not recently changed. Our maps are consistent with population genomic results showing that variants within the terminal 5 Mb of the 26.5 Mb sex chromosome, chromosome 12, are most clearly associated with the maleness factor, albeit incompletely. We also confirmed occasional crossovers proximal to the male-determining region, defining a second, rarely recombining, pseudo-autosomal region, PAR2. This fish species may therefore have no completely male-specific region (MSY) more extensive than the male-determining factor. The positions of the few crossover events suggest a location for the male-determining factor within a physically small repetitive region. A sex-reversed XX male had few crossovers in PAR2, suggesting that this region's low crossover rate depends on the phenotypic, not the genetic, sex. Thus, rare individuals whose phenotypic and genetic sexes differ, and/or occasional PAR2 crossovers in males can explain the failure to detect fully Y-linked variants.

Partial cytological diploidization of neoautotetraploid meiosis by induced cross-over rate reduction

Polyploids, which arise from whole-genome duplication events, have contributed to genome evolution throughout eukaryotes. Among plants, novel features of neopolyploids include traits that can be evolutionarily or agriculturally beneficial, such as increased abiotic stress tolerance. Thus, in addition to being interesting from an evolutionary perspective, genome duplication is also increasingly recognized as a promising crop improvement tool. However, newly formed (neo)polyploids commonly suffer from fertility problems, which have been attributed to abnormal associations among the multiple homologous chromosome copies during meiosis (multivalents). Here, we test the long-standing hypothesis that reducing meiotic cross-over number may be sufficient to limit multivalent formation, favoring diploid-like bivalent associations (cytological diploidization). To do so, we developed Arabidopsis thaliana lines with low cross-over rates by combining mutations for HEI10 and TAF4b. Double mutants showed a reduction of ~33% in cross-over numbers in diploids without compromising meiotic stability. Neopolyploids derived from the double mutant show a cross-over rate reduction of about 40% relative to wild-type neotetraploids, and groups of four homologs indeed formed fewer multivalents and more bivalents. However, we also show that the reduction in multivalents comes with the cost of a slightly increased frequency of univalents and that it does not rescue neopolyploid fertility. Thus, while our results do show that reducing cross-over rates can reduce multivalent frequency in neopolyploids, they also emphasize that there are additional factors affecting both meiotic stability and neopolyploid fertility that will need to be considered in solving the neopolyploid fertility challenge.

Independent evolution of sex chromosomes and male pregnancy-related genes in two seahorse species.

Unlike birds and mammals, many teleosts have homomorphic sex chromosomes and changes in the chromosome carrying the sex-determining locus, termed "turnovers", are common. Recent turnovers allow studies of several interesting questions. One question is whether the new sex-determining regions evolve to become completely non-recombining, and if so, how and why. Another is to test the prediction that evolutionary changes that benefit one sex will accumulate in the newly sex-linked region. To study these questions, we analyzed the genome sequences of two seahorse species of the Syngnathidae, a fish group in which many species evolved a unique structure, the male brood pouch. We find that both seahorse species have XY sex chromosome systems, and their sex chromosome pairs are not homologs, implying that at least one turnover event has occurred. The Y-linked regions respectively occupy 63.9% and 95.1% of the entire chromosome of the two species, and do not exhibit extensive sequence divergence with their X-linked homologs. We find evidence for occasional recombination between the extant sex chromosomes that may account for their homomorphic pattern. We argue that these Y-linked regions did not evolve by recombination suppression after the turnover. Instead, it can be explained by the ancestral nature of low crossover rate at the corresponding chromosome location. With such an ancestral crossover landscape, a turnover can instantly create an extensive Y-linked region. Finally, we investigate the adaptive evolution of male pouch related genes after they become Y-linked in the seahorse.

Transport of Ligand Coordinated Iron and Chromium through Cation-Exchange Membranes

Fluxes of negatively charged ligand-coordinated iron, Fe(CN)6 3/4-, and chromium, CrPDTA1/2−, through two promising commercial cation-exchange membranes, Aquivion E87–05S and Fumasep E-620(K), were measured as functions of current density. The magnitude of the partial current density reached a maximum of μA cm−2 at the maximum applied current density magnitude of mA cm−2 for Fe(CN)6 3/4− transport through Aquivion, or 0.1% of the total current density. Fumasep E-620(K) blocks practically all crossover of both compounds. Both membranes sorb more Fe(CN)6 3/4− and CrPDTA1/2− than predicted by Donnan equilibrium, and low crossover rates can be attributed mainly to slow diffusion, not charge-based rejection of co-ions. The magnitude of the diffusion coefficient appears to correlate with hydraulic permeability. Although Aquivion E87–05S and Fumasep E-620(K) have significant and observable differences in membrane crossover rates, cells built with the DI-soaked membranes offer similarly high coulombic efficiency, indicating the relatively small contribution that crossover makes to inefficiency over a single cycle.

Dynamic modeling of long-term operations of vanadium/air redox flow battery with different membranes

The crossover rate of vanadium ions through the membrane and oxygen transport determines the capacity of vanadium/air redox flow battery due to the ion diffusion and the side reactions and the electro-migration and convection. The battery's high reaction temperature also impacts the diffusion coefficient. In this paper, the electrolyte concentration change is predicted, and battery performances with different membranes, including Nafion 115, CMS, and CMX, in different working conditions are compared using the developed dynamic model: Mass balance for each reaction ions and reaction temperature are studied by Fick's Law and Arrhenius Equation to predict; the voltage change of the battery can be calculated by the Nernst Equation. The partial differential equations are applied to predict the performance of the battery. It is observed that with a low crossover rate, the capacity of the battery using CMS is almost unchangeable for over 400 h, while with Nafion 115 the capacity decreases around 2% in each cycle steadily. However, Nafion 115 with the lowest inner resistance achieves the highest efficiency (0.85), while CMS is 13% lower and CMX is 27% lower than N115, respectively. The V2+ concentration in contact with the electrode and catalyst is also predicted to monitor this working efficiency model.

A Low-Crossover and Fast-Kinetics Thiolate Negolyte for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) are a promising technology for large-scale energy storage. Developing high-capacity and long-cycle negolyte materials is one of major challenges for practical ARFBs. Inorganic polysulfide is promising for ARFBs owing to its low cost and high solubility. However, it suffers from severe crossover resulting in low coulombic efficiency and limited lifespan. Organosulfides are more resistant to crossover than polysulfides owing to their bulky structures, but they suffer from slow reaction kinetics. Herein, we report a thiolate negolyte prepared by an exchange reaction between a polysulfide and an organosulfide, preserving low crossover rate of the organosulfide and high reaction kinetics of the polysulfide. The thiolate denoted as 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide+potassium polysulfide (HEDS+K 2 S 2 ) shows reduced crossover rate than K 2 S 2 , faster reaction kinetics than HEDS, and longer lifespan than both HEDS and K 2 S 2 . The 1.5 M HEDS+1.5 M K 2 S 2 static cell demonstrated 96 Ah L -1 negolyte over 100 and 200 cycles with a high coulombic efficiency of 99.2% and 99.6% at 15 and 25 mA cm -2 , respectively. The 0.5 M HEDS+0.5 M K 2 S 2 flow cell delivered a stable and high capacity of 30.7 Ah L -1 negolyte over 400 cycles (691 h) at 20 mA cm -2 . This study presents an effective strategy to enable low-crossover and fast-kinetics sulfur-based negolytes for advanced ARFBs.

Retracted: High utility itemset mining using genetic algorithm assimilated with off policy reinforcement learning to adaptively calibrate crossover operation

AbstractMining high utility itemsets (HUI) is a current thrust field in data mining that has received numerous methodologies for addressing it effectively. The difficulty with HUI is to locate a number of items that have a high degree of utility in comparison to other different sets in a transaction database. Traditional accurate HUIM algorithms usually have to solve the exponential problem of big search spaces when the size or number of different items in the database is quite vast. Evolutionary computation (EC)‐based algorithms have been offered as an alternate and successful technique to solving HUIM issues since they may generate a collection of approximately optimum solutions in a short amount of time. Many genetic algorithm (GA)‐based approaches have been developed in recent years to efficiently mine HUI from transaction databases. The selection technique, crossover probability, mutation probability, and finishing criteria of the genetic algorithm have an greater impact on generating a reasonably decent solution and the processing time. Particularly crossover is a convergence operation which is intended to pull the population toward a local minimum/maximum. During HUIM using GA both low and high crossover rate will have the problem of decreasing the quality of intermediate itemset and take longer time to converge to some optima and vice versa. This problem can be solved by adjusting the crossover rate adaptively depending on environmental inputs. The proposed approach describe a hybrid system that employs a reinforcement learning (RL) agent to adaptively calibrate the crossover operation to increase the performance of a genetic algorithm. To estimate state‐action utility values, the RL agent employs Q‐learning, which it then employs to execute high‐level adaptive control over the crossover operation in the genetic algorithm. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology, extensive experiments were conducted on a four benchmark datasets and compared with three state‐of‐art EC approaches HUPEUMU‐GRAM, Bio‐HUIF‐GA, HUIM‐BPSO, and one exact approach HUP‐Miner . The result analysis witnessed that proposed approach outperforms EC approaches in terms of execution time, discovered HUIs and convergence.

Hybrid Membrane Leading to Improved Ionic Selectivity for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Battery

The efficient operation of the non-aqueous redox flow battery (NAqRFB) requires a selective membrane that prevents the crossover of the redox species to minimize self-discharge because the crossover-induced capacity loss remains one of the most challenging problems for this battery. At the same time, the membrane must enable high ionic conductivity (i.e. exchange of ions of supporting electrolyte) to lower the ohmic losses. The identification of a highly conductive, yet selective membrane is of paramount importance for market penetration of NAqRFBs. Previously, Nafion 115 was often chosen among the Nafion series to get a trade-off between mechanical strength, ion permeability, and ohmic resistance. The thick membranes have the advantage of higher mechanical strength and lower crossover rates. However, the use of thick membranes induces high ohmic resistance and a large amount of precious Nafion ionomer involved, leading to low performance of the battery and high material cost.This cost and conductivity issue was addressed using porous separators, which are widely used in lithium-ion batteries and flooded lead-acid batteries, as the alternative membrane in RFBs. Unlike Nafion and hydrocarbon membranes, the porous separators have pores at the submicron-size level. These separators usually have no inherent ion-exchange sites but become conductive when soaked in organic solvents because of the formation of an interfacing layer consisting of solvent molecules. The high ionic conductivity combined with remarkably low cost makes it promising for RFB applications. However, there are two main disadvantages in the application of porous separators for the RFB systems. The first one is their inability to absorb the effect of hydraulic permeability, which means that even a small pressure difference between two sides will result in a substantial convective flow causing the volumetric imbalance of electrolyte between the reservoirs. The second one is the lack of selectivity because of the non-existence of any ion-exchange sites. These are the main reasons that porous separators show lower coulumbic efficiency and cycling performance than ion-exchanging membranes like Nafion.Interestingly, these disadvantages can be overcome by the incorporation of a thin ion-exchange (IE) layer sandwiched between microporous separators. A proof-of-concept hybrid membrane for the non-aqueous redox flow battery is introduced in this study. This sandwiching allows us to use the thinnest reinforced IE membrane (like Nafion HP) because it is getting mechanical strength from the layers of micro-porous separators (Celgard 4560 & Celgard 2500). The relationship between the membrane conductivity, redox species crossover, and selectivity was explored to determine the applicability of hybrid membranes for non-aqueous redox flow batteries. Vanadium acetylacetonate-based electrolyte is used as a model to assess the performance of membranes. The hybrid membrane C45-HP-C45 performed best during the battery cycling and C25-HP-C25 allowed to achieve a high limiting current density of 98 mA.cm-2 from the cell which corresponds to the high discharge response CRATE = 13C as compared to the highest achieved for aqueous VRFB (i.e. CRATE = 8.5C). The ideal trend of energy efficiency as a function of selectivity highlights the margin for improvement that exists for the performance of hybrid membranes. Future approaches can be to fabricate the hybrid membrane having a more compact combination of the sandwiched layers either by using any chemical binder or by applying a pressure-based technique. This work is still in progress for in-depth study covering other aspects as well. Figure 1

MRS SOFIA: a multicenter retrospective study for use of Sofia for revascularization of acute ischemic stroke

BackgroundOver the past several years there has been increased interest in the use of the Sofia aspiration system (MicroVention, Tustin, California) as a primary aspiration catheter.ObjectiveTo perform a multicenter retrospective...

Anatomic Snuffbox (Distal Radial Artery) and Radial Artery Access for Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms with FDA-Approved Flow Diverters.

Transradial access for neurointerventional procedures has been proved a safer and more comfortable alternative to femoral artery access. We present our experience with transradial (distal radial/anatomic snuffbox and radial artery) access for treatment of intracranial aneurysms using all 3 FDA-approved flow diverters. This was a high-volume, dual-center, retrospective analysis of each institution's data base between June 2018 and June 2020 and a collection of all patients treated with flow diversion via transradial access. Patient demographic information and procedural and radiographic data were obtained. Seventy-four patients were identified (64 female patients) with a mean age of 57.5 years with a total of 86 aneurysms. Most aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation (93%) and within the intracranial ICA (67.4%). The mean aneurysm size was 5.5 mm. Flow diverters placed included the Pipeline Embolization Device (Flex) (PED, n = 65), the Surpass Streamline Flow Diverter (n = 8), and the Flow-Redirection Endoluminal Device (FRED, n = 1). Transradial access was successful in all cases, but femoral crossover was required in 3 cases (4.1%) due to tortuous anatomy and inadequate support of the catheters in 2 cases and an inability to navigate to the target vessel in a patient with an aberrant right subclavian artery. All 71 other interventions were successfully performed via the transradial approach (95.9%). No access site complications were encountered. Asymptomatic radial artery occlusion was encountered in 1 case (3.7%). Flow diverters can be successfully placed via the transradial approach with high technical success, low access site complications, and a low femoral crossover rate.

Different mutation and crossover set of genetic programming in an automated machine learning

<span lang="EN-US">Automated machine learning is a promising approach widely used to solve classification and prediction problems, which currently receives much attention for modification and improvement. One of the progressing works for automated machine learning improvement is the inclusion of evolutionary algorithm such as Genetic Programming. The function of Genetic Programming is to optimize the best combination of solutions from the possible pipelines of machine learning modelling, including selection of algorithms and parameters optimization of the selected algorithm. As a family of evolutionary based algorithm, the effectiveness of Genetic Programming in providing the best machine learning pipelines for a given problem or dataset is substantially depending on the algorithm parameterizations including the mutation and crossover rates. This paper presents the effect of different pairs of mutation and crossover rates on the automated machine learning performances that tested on different types of datasets. The finding can be used to support the theory that higher crossover rates used to improve the algorithm accuracy score while lower crossover rates may cause the algorithm to converge at earlier stage.</span>

Vascular Assisted Tracking for Challenging Transradial Percutaneous Intervention

BackgroundTRA is recommended as the preferred approach to perform coronary angiography and PCI. Despite this, TRA-PCI is burdened by a high access site crossover rate. Assisted-tracking techniques (balloon-assisted tracking and pigtail-assisted tracking) have showed to solve some of the issues related with challenging TRA procedures, but few data exist about procedural outcomes.Aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the assisted-tracking (AsTra) techniques during transradial (TRA) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). MethodsFrom January 2016 to December 2019, 1682 TRA-PCI procedures were performed.Starting from January 2018, AsTra techniques were adopted in 72 cases of challenging TRA-PCI, and clinical data, procedural results and 30 days follow-up data were retrospectively collected. Because not all interventionalists used AsTra techniques, we had the opportunity to evaluate if their utilization influenced TRA-PCI rates. To this purpose, we identified two groups of interventionalists and tested the hypothesis that these techniques could lead to a significant improvement in TRA-PCI rates. ResultsBetween January 2016 and December 2019, TRA-PCI rates increased from 68.5% to 95%. The TRA-PCI success rate increased significantly for interventionalists who adopted assisted-tracking techniques (p-value < 0.0001 for year 2019; p-value = 0.003 for year 2018). ConclusionsAssisted-tracking techniques appear to be effective in increasing TRA-PCI rates. Their use is associated with low complication and low access crossover rates.

An enhanced differential evolution algorithm with adaptation of switching crossover strategy for continuous optimization

Abstract Designing an efficient optimization method which also has a simple structure is generally required by users for its applications to a wide range of practical problems. In this research, an enhanced differential evolution algorithm with adaptation of switching crossover strategy (DEASC) is proposed as a general-purpose population-based optimization method for continuous optimization problems. DEASC extends the solving ability of a basic differential evolution algorithm (DE) whose performance significantly depends on user selection of the control parameters: scaling factor, crossover rate and population size. Like the original DE, the proposed method is aimed at e ciency, simplicity and robustness. The appropriate population size is selected to work in accordance with good choices of the scaling factors. Then, the switching crossover strategy of using low or high crossover rates are incorporated and adapted to suit the problem being solved. In this manner, the adaptation strategy is just a convenient add-on mechanism. To verify the performance of DEASC, it is tested on several benchmark problems of various types and di culties, and compared with some well-known methods in the literature. It is also applied to solve some practical systems of nonlinear equations. Despite its much simpler algorithmic structure, the experimental results show that DEASC greatly enhances the basic DE. It is able to solve all the test problems with fast convergence speed and overall outperforms the compared methods which have more complicated structures. In addition, DEASC also shows promising results on high dimensional test functions.

Upfront osimertinib - winner takes it all?

The survival outcomes of the FLAURA trial support osimertinib as the new first-line standard of care for patients with EGFR-mutated advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer in health-care systems that can afford its cost. However, the low crossover rate is a flaw of this study. Knowledge of mechanisms of resistance to provide tailored treatment is the new challenge preventing a continued paradigm shift in this disease.

Maturing institutional experience with the transradial approach for diagnostic cerebral arteriography: overcoming the learning curve

BackgroundDespite growing interest in the transradial approach for neurovascular procedures, prospective data about the learning curve for neurointerventionalists adopting this approach are limited.MethodsA subsequent prospective series of 50 consecutive right...

Efficacy of Wound Coverage Techniques in Extremity Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections

Little data exist about management of wounds created by debridement in necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs). Multiple wound coverage techniques exist, including complete primary wound closure, split-thickness skin grafting, secondary intention, and flap creation. We hypothesized that all wound coverage techniques would be associated with high rates of successful wound coverage and low crossover rates to other wound coverage techniques. NSTIs over a three-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Both the initial and secondary wound coverage techniques (if necessary) were recorded. The primary outcome was the ability to achieve complete wound coverage. Overall, 46 patients with NSTIs had long-term data available. Of the patients undergoing split-thickness skin grafting as the initial wound coverage technique, 8/8 (100%) achieved complete wound coverage; and of those undergoing flap creation, 1/1 (100%) achieved complete wound coverage; and of those undergoing complete primary wound closure, 4/4 (100%) achieved complete wound coverage. Of the patients undergoing secondary intention as the initial wound coverage technique, 5/33 (15.2%) achieved complete wound coverage and 28/33 (84.8%) required a secondary wound coverage technique with split-thickness skin grafting. All 46 patients achieved long-term successful wound coverage. Time to wound coverage did not vary with initial wound coverage technique (P = 0.44). Split-thickness skin grafting, flap creation, complete primary wound closure, and secondary intention are all reasonable choices for initial wound coverage for NSTIs. Although secondary intention had a low success rate as an initial wound coverage technique, all patients ultimately achieved complete wound coverage without a significant increase in time to coverage.