Lower-class Children Research Articles

IDENTIFIKASI GANGGUAN BELAJAR ANAK USIA KELAS BAWAH SEKOLAH DASAR

The aim of this research is to describe the problem of learning disorders in children in the lower grades of elementary school and identify the learning and communication behavior of these children. The research method used is qualitative research with teachers, school principals, and parents as primary and secondary informants. Data collection through interviews observations and documentation studies. The validity of the data used is a triangulation of sources and techniques and data analysis techniques using interactive qualitative data analysis using the Cresswel model, which uses reduction, display, and verification stages. The results of this study show that lower-class children's learning disorders consist of difficulty reading and barriers to children's verbal communication. This problem was experienced by five lower-class students (grades 1 and 2 of elementary school). The learning disorders experienced by Ss, Dd, Gg, DBP, and DLS children vary in the form of difficulties and obstacles in the form of difficulty reading, barriers to verbal communication, and impaired concentration. Based on the results of identification through interviews and observations, the behavior shown by the object of this research is difficulty communicating verbally during presentations, difficulty expressing opinions, difficulty reading discussion results, difficulty working in groups because they have not been able to complete their part of the assignment and difficulty understanding teacher instructions regarding technical work. group. Based on documentation studies, it shows that the learning outcomes of the five children have poor grades in Indonesian and Natural Sciences subjects.

Trends in the academic achievement gap between high and low social class children: The case of Brazil

Since student achievement is related to educational attainment and to adult earnings, there is considerable interest in within-country achievement gaps between different social class groups, how they change over time, and the possible sources of those changes. In this paper, we analyze academic achievement gaps over a ten year period in Brazil. Our results suggest that social class inequality in public school student achievement on the Prova Brasil national test increased significantly among Brazilian 5th graders in the period 2007–2017, and that all of this increase was before 2013--indeed, mostly between 2011 and 2013. To the contrary, social class achievement inequality among 9th graders barely increased in 2007–2017, and that small increase appears to have occurred mainly in earlier years. We find that this increased achievement inequality among 5th graders was partly the result of increased inequality between schools with students of higher and lower average school class, and among municipalities with higher and lower income per capita and differing educational policies. Yet, a significant part of the increase is also related to changes in the within-school achievement gaps.

Discrimination at the Crossroads? Evidence from a Factorial Survey Experiment on Teacher‘s Tracking Decisions

Abstract Using a factorial survey experiment, we investigate whether teachers discriminate against lower class and minority children. The vignettes include information on the pupil’s gender, social and ethnic origin, academic potential, motivation, behaviour in class as well as parental educational aspirations. While the discrimination hypotheses are not supported, we find gender-specific effects of challenging behaviour, to the disadvantage of girls. Both the usefulness as well as potential pitfalls of the factorial survey approach are discussed.

Feeding Practice and Nutritional Status of Under Five Children: A Cross Sectional Descriptive Study in a Slum Community of West Bengal

Background: Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is the key for the development of each child to reach his/her full human potential. 1 Poor nutrition during the first 1000 days of a child’s life leads to stunted growth which is irreversible. It is also seen to be associated with impaired cognitive ability and reduced school performances.2 Objective: To assess socio demographic profile, feeding practices of mothers/ caregivers, nutritional status of under five children and to find out any association between feeding practice and nutritional status. Methodology: Community based observational descriptive study with cross sectional design was done at Baghbazar slum area in Kolkata among 76 under five children by house to house visit with a predesigned, pretested semi-structured proforma. Anthropometric measurements of them were also done. Data were analysed with SPSS version 16 software. Results: 97.4% of the children were hospital born, 96.1% had birth weight ≥ 2.5 kg. Only 21.1% received breastfeeding within first hour after birth, 71.2% were exclusively breastfed. 23.7% received pre lacteal feeding and 93.4% received colostrum. Timely initiation of complementary feeding was found in 87.9%, 56.06% consumed fast food on regular basis and 59.1% received supplementary nutrition from ICDS center. Feeding during illness was decreased in 81.6%. 18.2% had stunting and it was significantly more in children of lower socio-economic classes (p value 0.010). 15.8% were underweight and it was significantly more in low birth weight children (p value 0.024), whose mothers were less educated (p value 0.017), who did not receive exclusive breast feeding (p value 0.008) and supplementary nutrition from ICDS (p value 0.002). 5.2% were overweight and 2.6% were moderately wasted. Conclusion: Reinforcing nutritional education including IYCF practices are to be stressed.

Symbolic Violence in Children’s Stories: Content Analysis in Bobo Magazine

The upper-class dominates various social spaces in society, including children’s stories. Children’s stories as a means of socializing values also participate in socializing upper-class habitus in the storyline. This study aims to describe the children’s habitus as narrated in short stories published in Bobo magazine. The method used in this study is the quantitative content analysis method and critical discourse analysis. This study’s object is about 174 short stories published in Bobo magazine from January 2019 to August 2020, of which 110 stories were taken randomly as samples. The results show that most of the children’s habitus narrated in the stories were upper-class children’s habitus, reaching out to 87 or 79.1% of all stories. Meanwhile, lower-class children’s habitus was found in 30.9% of all stories. The habitus of upper-class children featured in the story consisting of go on an excursion, luxury living, own electronic goods, own expensive good, wearing nightgowns, reading, and writing. On the other side, the habitus of lower-class children habitus featured in the story consisting of playing traditional games, living in poverty, and doing lower-class work. In conclusion, the upper-class children’s habitus appears more dominantly within short stories in Bobo magazine. This study’s results are expected as recommend to parties related to children’s stories publication to present more balanced stories.

Is Jakarta a child-friendly city?

The Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area consists of 3 regencies and five cities, making it the second-largest conurbation in the world. The city is grappling with massive environmental issues and rampant social problems that give a rise to a child-unfriendly city. Jakarta is not only unfriendly to the lower-class children but also the higher-class groups. The disconnected transportation network has rendered families, especially those from the middle to high-income groups, to rely on private vehicles for their daily mobility. Due to this situation, children might spend more time on car rides or child-care services such as daycare or domestic nanny. The government has been trying to improve the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area’s child-friendly city by creating some child-friendly city policies and interventions. But how effective are they to resolve the current issues faced by many Jakartan families? Through this article, we intend to identify families’ everyday problems in Jakarta to meet the juggle demands and assess the effectiveness of those policies to resolve the daily issues faced by families in Jakarta. The data were collected through document analysis, internet-based data collection, and in-depth online interviews with 16 respondents living in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area. The findings indicated several improvements that Jakarta needs to address to provide a child-friendly environment for its residents.

The social context of nearest neighbors shapes educational attainment regardless of class origin

We study the association between sociospatial neighborhood conditions throughout childhood and educational attainment in adulthood. Using unique longitudinal microdata for a medium-sized Swedish town, we geocode its population at the address level, 1939 to 1967, and link individuals to national registers, 1968 to 2015. Thus, we adopt a long-term perspective on the importance of nearby neighbors during a period when higher education expanded. Applying a method for estimating individual neighborhoods at the address level, we analyze the association between the geographically weighted social class of the nearest 6 to 100 childhood neighbors (ages 2 to 17), and the likelihood of obtaining a university degree by age 40, controlling for both family social class and school districts. We show that even when growing up in a town with relatively low economic inequality, the social class of the nearest same-age neighbors in childhood was associated with educational attainment, and that the associations were similar regardless of class origin. Growing up in low-class neighborhoods lowered educational attainment; growing up in high-class neighborhoods increased attainment. Social class and neighborhoods reinforced each other, implying that high-class children clustered with each other had much higher odds of obtaining a university degree than low-class children from low-class neighborhoods. Thus, even if all groups benefited from the great expansion of free higher education in Sweden (1960s to 1970s), the large inequalities between the classes and neighborhoods remained unchanged throughout the period. These findings show the importance of an advantageous background, both regarding the immediate family and the networks of nearby people of the same age.

Social Space of Health and Health Tourism: The Children’s Bathing Colony O Século

This article aims to understand the process of institutionalisation of the social configuration of a bathing colony aimed at lower-class children, promoted by the leaders of the newspaper O Século in the early twentieth century. A perspective that conceptually relates to the social space of health and tourism was favoured. Health is a cultural construction – as a notion – and a political construction – as a space – that can be apprehended relationally, as a product of the social world. In the conceptualisation of tourism, mobility and leisure are central (although not exclusive) axes, understood as dynamic phenomena and concepts, taking on various forms and multiple meanings according to sociohistorical contexts. The paper seeks to demonstrate that the institution of the bathing colony was socially defined, with specific individuals and groups being decisive in this process.

Prevalence of acute respiratory infections among under five children in a rural area of Kozhikode district, Kerala

Background: Although childhood acute respiratory infections (ARI) is a significant public health problem in India, robust epidemiological data on its prevalence is not available. This study was done to estimate the prevalence of ARI in under five children and study the factors responsible for the same in a rural area of Kozhikode District.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in 386 under-5 children in Kunnamangalam panchayat of Kozhikode district from June 2015 to June 2016. Employing cluster sampling technique, data regarding socio demographic factors, prevalence of ARI and selected factors were collected using a pre tested semi structured questionnaire.Results: The overall prevalence of ARI in children was 31.9 %. Prevalence was slightly higher in boys (32.7%) than in girls (31.1%). The prevalence of ARI was more in lower social class children (36.1%), compared to those from upper social class (26.3%). ARI was higher in children living in overcrowded houses (40.2%), poorly ventilated houses (37.8%), houses in which there were no smoke outlets (43.1%), houses having pets (58.6%). Underweight children were also found to have higher rates of ARI (46.5%). Binary logistic regression revealed that after adjusting for all other factors, age less than 1 year (OR 0.48, p=0.02) and nuclear family (OR 0.10, p=0.01) are significant independent protective factors for ARI.Conclusions: Among under-5 children, younger age and membership in a nuclear family are significant protective factors for ARI.

Maternal behavior as a risk factor for growth and development retardation in infant and toddlers up to 18 months

Background: early 18 months of life characterized by the most rapid growth and development and mainly affected by mother behavior and traits Objectives: to promote child development to improve the quality of life for our children in the future through assessment of child development in the first eighteen months of life, to identify factors affecting early childhood development. Subjects and Methods: cross section study takes infant from birth to 18 month, attending Family Unit at Kafr Mohamed Ismail, Fakous, Sharkia governorate. Sample size 140 infant, using structured growth and development sheet and structured mother’s interview. Result: The study found that male children retardation were 13.2%and female children retardation were 15.3%, artificially feed children were 100% retarded , low social class children were 100% retarded, children of illiterate mother 100% were retarded , Breast feeding, rapid response to child needs when crying, stimulating activities during feeding the child and giving different types of toys are factors having good impact on child development with significant difference. Conclusion: Program for early detection of developmental delay through screening of children attending PHC and family medicine units are important to assess development risk factor and Maternal stimulation for promoting early child development through better attachment and communication with infants.

Perceptions of Health: a Developmental Trend in Indian School Children

The potential for children to be used as agents of change in health research and practice is being increasingly valued. To reach this objective, it is foremost to gauge children’s perceptions about health, based on which future pathways to health promotion programs may be built which are easily comprehensible to children. Therefore, this study was conceptualised to understand the way school children perceive health and track the changes in their comprehension of health. Basing on a cross-sectional design, a sample of 667 children belonging to Class 6 to 10 from three different Indian schools were selected. These children having similar socioeconomic status and education curricula were asked to respond to an open-ended question—What do you understand by ‘being healthy’? The obtained qualitative data were analysed by means of content analysis to explore categories or themes of responses. Divergence of conceptualisation was measured through calculation of entropy. The three emerged major themes—Meaning of health, Ways to be healthy, and Indices of health— represented children’s health perceptions. The entropy values revealed a steep rise in the divergence in perceptions of health of Class 10 children compared to plateau in perceptions of children of lower classes. Implication and limitations of this study were also discussed.

Rosa Vogelstein and her work: in search of the sources of success of the Stettin Women’s Association (Stettiner Frauenverein) at the turn of the twentieth century

ABSTRACTAt the turn of the twentieth century, Stettin, the major city of the Prussian Province of Pomerania, was the home of the Stettin Women’s Association (Stettiner Frauenverein). It engaged in welfare work as well as educational activity using modern forms of social work focused mostly on supporting lower-class women and children. This article presents the results of research into the sources of success of this organisation. It is worth attention because the organisation was established in a city where, similarly to the entire province, women’s movement demanding changes to behaviour patterns attributed to sex and background did not attract much support. In the light of preserved archives, it was Rosa Vogelstein, the wife of a local rabbi, who wielded decisive influence on this and who with full awareness resigned from exposing her role in the establishment and operations of the association which led to the memory of her achievements gradually fading.

Urinary schistosomiasis in Boko Haram-related internally displaced Nigerian children

We aimed to determine the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among internally displaced children in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Data on the children's sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors for schistosomiasis were collected, over a period of six months, using an interview-based questionnaire. Ten milliliter of urine sample was collected from each child and investigated for hematuria and ova of Schistosoma haematobium. Two hundred and thirty-eight of 385 children had urinary schistosomiasis (62.0%); of this, 125 (53.0%) were males, with a male:female ratio of 1.1:1. Urinary schistosomiasis was the most common among 5-9 years' age group, low social class children, and children of farmers, P <0.05. Stunting was significantly associated with urinary schistosomiasis, P <0.05. It is concluded that urinary schistosomiasis in children was more frequently associated with stunting and low social class. It was a very common disease among internally displaced children in Nigeria.

FILHOS EM CRECHES NO SÉCULO XXI E OS SENTIMENTOS DAS MÃES

A creche no Brasil vem sendo modificada de seu projeto original de guarda de crianças da classe pobre para o reconhecimento de uma instituição social com objetivos educacionais, o que possibilita condições para a inserção e manutenção da mulher-mãe no mercado de trabalho. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os motivos e sentimentos de mães, provenientes de dois níveis socioeconômicos distintos, que deixam seus filhos em creche. Participaram 67 mães que deixam seu filho em creches, as quais responderam a um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas elaborado para esta pesquisa. Os dados revelam que mães de maior nível socioeconômico têm grande expectativa em relação à gravidez mas preferem desenvolver, paralelamente à maternidade, sua carreira profissional. A maioria das mães de menor nível socioeconômico não planejaram a gravidez e afirmam que prefeririam ficar em casa a deixar os filhos em creche, alegando que “os cuidados da mãe são os melhores para o filho”. Nota-se que, por um lado, a decisão (ou necessidade) em deixar o filho em creche traz conseqüências positivas como realização profissional e/ou remuneração financeira e mesmo maior socialização da criança. Por outro lado, o cuidado do filho por terceiros ainda é percebido como inadequado sendo que esta situação provoca sentimentos de medo e insegurança para a maioria das entrevistadas. No entanto, o sentimento de culpa aparece mais fortemente associado às mães de nível socioeconômico elevado, apesar de reconhecerem as qualidades socializadoras da creche. Para as mães de nível socioeconômico desfavorecido, trabalhar é uma questão de sobrevivência e não de escolha e, portanto, não gera tantos sentimentos de culpa.

Experiencia de caries en dentición primaria en niños de 5 años, Medellín, Colombia

Objetivo: estimar la experiencia de caries dental en niños de 5 años de edad de Medellín, Colombia. Metodología: los datos se obtuvieron en una muestra probabilística de 486 niños, examinados para el diagnóstico de experiencia de caries en dentina y de lesiones limitadas al esmalte dental. Se calcularon los índices de experiencia de caries ceo-d clásico y ceo-d modificado (ceod-m). Se realizaron pruebas Chi-Cuadrado y t student. Resultados: el 54,7% de los niños de estratos bajos y el 26 % de los estratos medio y altos tenían experiencia de caries en dentina; los porcentajes aumentan a 88,6% y 50,7% respectivamente, cuando se incluyen lesiones limitadas al esmalte dental. Los promedios de los índices ceod clásico (ceod-c) y ceod modificado (ceod-m) fueron fue 1,9±2,9, 4,9±4,6 respectivamente. En los niños de estratos bajos el ceod clásico fue 2,2±3,1 y en los de estratos altos fue 0,6±1,2; mientras que los valores del ceod-m fueron 5,4±4,7 y 1,9±2,8 respectivamente. Conclusión: los niños de estrato socioeconómico bajo de Medellín, a la edad de cinco años tienen altos niveles de caries dental, resultado que indica la necesidad de implementar programas preventivos y de atención en salud bucal desde edades tempranas.

Stereotypes and teacher characteristics as an explanation for the class-specific disciplinary practices of pre-service teachers

This paper explores the importance of class-related stereotypes for the discipline practice of pre-service teachers and whether stereotypes and discipline practice are related to their students' outward appearance. Pre-service teachers were asked to assign adjectives to photographs of children from the lower and middle social classes and to choose disciplinary actions for photographs of disruptive situations involving children from these classes. Results show that 40% of pre-service teachers treated children unfairly based on class affiliation, of these 50% punished lower-class children more harshly. The unfair treatment of lower-class children was linked to class-related stereotypes and to indicators of social identity.

Classic and Revisionist Sociocultural Theory, and their analyses of expressive language

This article articulates two approaches to sociocultural theory, Vygotsky’s classic approach and a contemporary revisionist approach. We examine: (1) their principle tenets for understanding psychology in relation to culture; (2) how they characterize and explain language in particular; and (3) how they characterize and explain a sample linguistic specimen of two dialogues from a middle-class child and a lower-class child. I utilize a critical discourse analysis of the dialogues to empirically determine: (1) which of the two approaches better accounts for the discursive differences; (2) which is a more adequate linguistic theory; (3) which is a more adequate approach to SCT; and (4) which is a more viable and progressive social and political philosophy. We find Vygotsky’s classic formulation superior on all counts. This article concerns the politics of language, linguistics, and social theory.

Educational Expansion and Occupational Change: US Compulsory Schooling Laws and the Occupational Structure 1850–1930

During the US Industrial Revolution, educational expansion may have created skilled jobs through innovation and skill upgrading or reduced skilled jobs by mechanizing production. Such arguments contradict classic sociological work that treats education as a sorting mechanism, allocating individuals to fixed occupations. I capitalize on state differences in the timing of compulsory school attendance laws to ask whether raising the minimum level of schooling: (1) increased school attendance rate; or (2) shifted state occupational distributions away from agricultural toward skilled and non-manual occupation categories. Using state-level panel data constructed from 1850–1930 censuses and state-year fixed effects models, I find that compulsory laws significantly increased school attendance rates, particularly among lower-class children, and shifted the categorical distribution toward skilled and non-manual occupations. Thus, rather than deskilling through mechanization, raising the minimum level of education seems to have created skilled jobs and raised the occupational distribution through skill-biased technological change. Results suggest that education was not merely a sorting mechanism, supporting the importance of education as an institution even around the turn of the century.

Implikacje praktyczne – jak wspierać integralny rozwój dziecka poprzez lekturę?

The aim of this paper is to present the educational role of stores and fairy tales. First, theoretical part underlines the importance of developing a reading interest in lower primary class children. The second part implies the practical ways to support the integral child development through reading. Several groups of books are presented here which can be of vital importance in educational process: books introducing moral values, books teaching culture and good behaviour patterns, books helping to deal with difficult situations among friends, books teaching adaptation skills in new social roles and books showing how to cope with illness and disability, in case of both reader himself/herself and his/hers relatives.

저소득층 아동의 식이행태와 치아우식경험도의 관련성비교

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to attempt to lay the foundation for the development of oral health programs geared toward promoting the oral health of low socioeconomic class children. Methods : The subjects of this study have been investigated for the use of children to 96 local children's center. Questionnaire for research purposes are described in more detail under the coordination of child care teachers to students, students to be able to record. The survey was conducted at the Health center. Analyzed the data collected by SPSS 18.0. Results : The findings of the study were as follows: The children were influenced by habits of having a snack in dental caries experience. Higher intake of bread and a lot of children more probability of dental caries experience. I've found a lot of sweet-food intake eleven cakes or fruits and vegetables that children prefer higher dental caries experience was low. Conclusions : Education on dietary behavior for low-income children was necessary because of the high correlation of the relationship between dietary habits and dental caries and diet.