Low Carbon Content Research Articles

Development and characterization of nano-magnesia-based refractories filled with graphite nanosheets

Thermo-mechanical and mechanical properties of Magnesia-Carbon (MgO–C) refractories are of great importance in industrial furnace applications and are greatly influenced by the amount of carbon in the MgO Matrix. In this research work, the effect of exfoliated graphite nanosheets (EGS) content on mechanical behavior and thermal shock resistance of MgO-based refractories was examined. MgO nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and micro-MgO particles were used as received. EGS was added in both micro and nano-MgO in variable amounts ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 wt % to study its effect on fracture strength and thermal shock resistance. The morphology of synthesized MgO nanoparticles and the fractured surfaces of the resultant composites were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and compression testing. The synthesized nano-MgO and as received micro-MgO particles were found to be of spherical morphology with no impurity elements as observed by FESEM and EDX mapping. XRD analysis did not show any phase change after the sintering of the composites. The FESEM and TEM images of the fractured surfaces of MgO-EGS refractory samples displayed the fine distribution of EGS. EGS were embedded in MgO particles, enhancing the composite-refractory samples' fractured strength. Fracture strength and thermal shock resistance were increased with the increasing amount of EGS in MgO. However, the highest fracture strength and thermal shock resistance values were achieved for nano-MgO with 2.5 wt% EGS. The resulting refractory samples can be used as furnace linings having a lower carbon content and enhanced thermo-mechanical properties.

The effect of cellulose-derived binder on properties and performance of PM steels

A room-temperature extrusion technique, originally developed for the extrusion of ceramic powders, has been adapted to the extrusion of metal powders. The extrusion technology relies on cellulose-derived binders, which in traditional ceramic practices are burned off during sintering in air. In this work, the influence of hydrogen-debinding on density, carbon and oxygen levels is studied by comparing the effects of hydrogen debinding with the effects of air-debinding in as-debound and as-sintered samples. The study found debinding in hydrogen to result in significant levels of residual carbon, which promote austenite at the sintering temperature, and reduce densification. Debinding in air was effective, resulting in very low carbon concentrations and densification of up to 97 vol.-%, but also a considerable amount of oxides, which were not completely reduced during hydrogen sintering.

Synergistic bioconversion of organic waste by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and thermophilic cellulose-degrading bacteria.

This study examines the optimum conversion of Wuzhishan pig manure by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) at various phases of development, as well as the impact of gut microbiota on conversion efficiency. In terms of conversion efficiency, BSFL outperformed the growing pig stage (GP) group, with significantly higher survival rates (96.75%), fresh weight (0.23 g), and larval conversion rate (19.96%) compared to the other groups. Notably, the GP group showed significant dry matter reductions (43.27%) and improved feed conversion rates (2.17). Nutritional composition varied, with the GP group having a lower organic carbon content. High throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed unique profiles, with the GP group exhibiting an excess of Lactobacillus and Clostridium. Promising cellulose-degrading bacteria in pig manure and BSFL intestines, including Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, showed superior cellulose degradation capabilities. The synergy of these thermophilic bacteria with BSFL greatly increased conversion efficiency. The BSFL1-10 group demonstrated high growth and conversion efficiency under specific conditions, with remarkable larval moisture content (71.11%), residual moisture content (63.20%), and waste reduction rate (42.28%). This study sheds light on the optimal stages for BSFL conversion of pig manure, gut microbiota dynamics, promising thermophilic cellulose-degrading bacteria, and the significant enhancement of efficiency through synergistic interactions. These findings hold great potential for sustainable waste management and efficient biomass conversion, contributing to environmental preservation and resource recovery.

Optimizing the QuEChERS method for efficient monitoring of fipronil, thiobencarb, and cartap residues in paddy soils with varying properties.

This study aims to optimize the QuEChERS methodology for extracting three pesticides (fipronil, thiobencarb, and cartap) from two paddy soils with distinct characteristics. Various modifications were explored to enhance extraction efficiency, employing acetonitrile (MeCN) or ethyl acetate (EtOAc) for extraction and primary-secondary amine (PSA) and graphitized carbon black (GCB) for the clean-up. Assessment criteria included accuracy, precision, linearity, detection limits, uncertainty, and matrix effects. Results revealed that the clayey soil with lower organic carbon (OC) content (1.26%) and 100% moisture yielded the highest pesticide recoveries (113.72%, 115.73%, and 116.41% for FIP, THIO, and CART, respectively). In contrast, the silty clayey soil with higher OC content (2.91%) and 20% water content exhibited poor recoveries (< 60%). FIP and CART demonstrated better recoveries with MeCN, while THIO performed better with EtOAc under specific moisture conditions. Clean-up sorbents significantly reduced FIP and CART recoveries, with THIO recoveries less affected. Acidifying with HCl substantially improved CART recovery. EtOAc introduced a moderate to strong matrix effect for FIP and THIO, while MeCN in soils with 100% moisture resulted in a strong matrix effect for CART. The study highlighted the substantial impact of extraction conditions, pesticide properties, and soil conditions on the outcomes of the QuEChERS method. A comprehensive understanding of these interplays was deemed crucial for accurately quantifying pesticide residues in agricultural soils.

Biotreatment of swine wastewater by mixotrophic Galdieria sulphuraria

Biotreatment of swine wastewater via microalgae is an environmentally sustainable and economical efficient strategy capable to transform nitrogen, phosphorous, and organic/inorganic carbons into value added products as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, while high ammonium tolerant microalgal species with efficient COD and ammonium removal efficiency is lacking, limiting its practical application. Thermophilic and acidophilic Galdieria sulphuraria (G. sulphuraria) are reported to have high ammonium removal efficiency, while its application in ammonium rich swine wastewater treatment without dilution is rarely reported. Accordingly, mixotrophic cultivation of G. sulphuraria has been tested for biotreatment of swine wastewater. The results indicate that G. sulphuraria can grow well in swine wastewater with maximum growth rate of 0.72 g/(L.d) when 15 g/L of glucose is added. Simultaneously, a maximum COD removal efficiency of 94.8% and ammonium removal rate of 550.5 mg/(L.d) are observed. The addition of glucose leads to decreases of lipid, protein and ash contents, and simultaneous increase of carbohydrates owing to the varied C/N ratios. The final microalgal biomass has relatively lower carbon content of 48.5% with 20 g/L glucose than 49.3% of control, consequently leads to a relatively lower HHV value of 20.64 MJ.kg−1. Above all, mixotrophic cultivation of G. sulphuraria are promising strategy for swine wastewater treatment with high energy recovery, potentially providing an economical strategy for swine wastewater treatment.

Effects of Ammonia (NH3) on Flame Characteristics of Methane (CH4) External Premixed Combustion

Methane has long been proposed as an alternative to heavy hydrocarbon fuels due to its low carbon content. However, considering the effect of climate change and the need to transition to zero-carbon, ammonia has recently gained popularity as a sustainable fuel. Nevertheless, previous studies have highlighted the poor combustion of ammonia and the need to blend it with other fuels like methane. As such, this study looks for parameters from the results of the fire of external combustion of premixed methane-ammonia gas. The study was conducted by burning stoichiometry first and then using a volume ratio as the content of the methane-ammonia mixture (ammonia concentration used 0-50%). The gas that comes out of the gas cylinder was adjusted in pressure and flow before mixing and then flowed into the burner to be combusted. The flame propagating from the burner was recorded in a high-speed camera and was used to define the combustion characteristics such as the flame height, flame angle, and dimensionless flame height. The higher concentration of ammonia in the fuel mixture was found to shorten the flame height and dimensionless flame height, while the flame angle became wider.

Effects of carbonate on ferrihydrite transformation in alkaline media.

Alkaline media widely exist in natural and engineered systems such as semiarid/arid areas, radioactive waste sites, and mine tailings. In these settings, the commonly occurring iron (oxyhydr)oxides differed in their ability to influence the fate of nutrients and contaminants. Due to the substantially increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, carbonate stands to increase in these media. However, how increasing carbonate affects the transformation of poorly crystalline iron (oxyhydr)oxides (e.g., two-line ferrihydrite) under alkaline conditions still remains unclear. Here, kinetics of ferrihydrite transformation were evaluated at pH ∼10 as a function of [carbonate] = 0-286 mM using synchrotron-based X-ray and vibrational spectroscopic techniques. The results showed that carbonate slowed down ferrihydrite transformation slightly and suppressed goethite formation, but promoted hematite formation regardless of its concentration. At low carbonate concentration (11.42 mM), the effect of carbonate on product formation was obvious due to the weak inner-sphere complex; however, at high carbonate concentration (80-286 mM), the effect was retarded because of the adsorption equilibrium of carbonate as well as the initial carbonate adsorption followed by desorption. Moreover, carbonate modified the morphology of hematite from rhombic to ellipsoidal to honeycomb and goethite from rod-like to needle-like to spindle-like due to the inner-sphere adsorption-desorption of carbonate and adsorption of hydroxyl ions on reactive sites of iron (oxyhydr)oxides in alkaline media. The results suggest that the concurrently increasing carbonate with enhanced atmospheric CO2 could control the transformation and occurrence of iron (oxyhydr)oxides in natural and engineered environments and have important implications for the biogeochemical cycles of iron and carbon.

The edaphic niche of ploidy-different grasses in the light of the coarse-grained data modeling and direct soil sampling

In the framework of polyploidization, a widely discussed issue is the possibility of niche shift. Numerous studies have investigated niche differentiation among cytotypes, with some confirming distinct differences, while others finding them to be similar. Within this research project, we focus on the case of the cytotypes (2x and 4x) of Festuca amethystina L. and the closely related F. tatrae (Czakó) Degen (2x). We hypothesize that a significant change in the edaphic niche of tetraploids could be a factor that enabled them to occupy new lowland areas inaccessible to diploids which are characteristic of mountain habitats.The edaphic niche differentiation between Festuca amethystina cytotypes was determined by studying the niches’ breadths using PCA-based modeling and separate analyses of particular soil features. The modeling was based on SoilGridsTMdata, and the conclusions were compared with the results of the direct soil studies. Such a research model makes it possible to determine to what extent the data coming from the mentioned database allows for the indication of niche differentiation.Coarse-grained modeling based on SoilGridsTM data indicated a significant change in the edaphic requirements of the tetraploids, as well as pointed to the niche shift towards a higher content of sand, lower carbon and nitrogen content, and lower pH. The direct soil sampling and laboratory tests confirmed these trends and provided a more detailed understanding of the cytotypes requirements. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between cytotypes concerning soil pH, the majority of base cations, available forms of phosphorus and potassium, and the results of CHN elemental analysis. While the direct soil sampling did not reveal significant differences, the analyses based on the niche modeling, considering a wide background area in Central Europe (using SoilGrids data), captured significant variations. This comprehensive approach allowed us to uncover a highly logical pattern of niche shift, which indicates that tetraploids are predisposed to extend their geographical range to post-glacial lowland areas.Additionally, Festuca amethystina tetraploids display a wider edaphic niche breadth than their closely related and hypothetical ancestor Festuca tatrae. The decision to include the latter reduced the probability that the obtained result of the significant increase of the tetraploid edaphic niche was a simple result of hybridization.

Boosting the interfacial dynamics and thermodynamics in polyanion cathode by carbon dots for ultrafast-charging sodium ion batteries.

Ultrafast-charging is the focus of next-generation rechargeable batteries for widespread economic success by reducing the time cost. However, the poor ion diffusion rate, intrinsic electronic conductivity and structural stability of cathode materials seriously hinder the development of ultrafast-charging technology. To overcome these challenges, an interfacial dynamics and thermodynamics synergistic strategy is proposed to synchronously enhance the fast-charging capability and structural stability of polyanion cathode materials. As a case study, a Na3V2(PO4)3 composite (NVP/NSC) is successfully obtained by introducing an interface layer derived from N/S co-doped carbon dots. Density functional theory calculations validate that the interfacial bonding effect of V-N/S-C significantly reduces the Na+ transport energy barrier. D-band center theory analysis confirms the downward shift of the V d-band center enhances the strength of the V-O bond and considerably inhibits irreversible phase transformation. Benefitting from this interfacial synergistic strategy, NVP/NSC achieves a high capability and excellent cycling stability with a surprisingly low carbon content (2.23%) at an extremely high rate of 100C for 10 000 cycles (87.2 mA h g-1, 0.0028% capacity decay per cycle). Furthermore, a superior performance at 5C (115.3 mA h g-1, 92.1% capacity retention after 800 cycles) is exhibited by the NVP/NSC‖HC full cell. These findings provide timely new insights for the systematic design of ultrafast-charging cathode materials.

The synthesis of ectoine enhance the assimilation of ammonia nitrogen in hypersaline wastewater by the salt-tolerant assimilation bacteria sludge

In contrast to nitrification-denitrification microorganisms that convert ammonia nitrogen in hypersaline wastewater into nitrogen for discharge, this research utilizes sludge enriched with salt-tolerant assimilation bacteria (STAB) to assimilate organic matter and ammonia nitrogen in hypersaline wastewater into ectoine - a biomass with high economic value and resistance to external osmotic pressure. The study investigates the relationship between the synthesis of ectoine and nitrogen removal efficiency of STAB sludge in three sequencing batch reactors (SBR) operated at different salinities (50, 75, and 100 g/L) and organic matter concentrations. The research reveals that, under low concentration carbon sources (TOC/N = 4, NH4+-N = 60 mg/L), the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency of SBR reactors increased by 14.51 % and 17.25 % within 5 d and 2 d, respectively, when salinity increased from 50 g/L to 75 g/L and 100 g/L. Under high concentration carbon sources (TOC/N = 8, NH4+-N = 60 mg/L), the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency of STAB sludge in the three reactors stabilized at 80.20 %, 76.71 %, and 72.87 %, and the total nitrogen removal efficiency was finally stabilized at 80.47 %, 73.15 %, and 65.53 %, respectively. The nitrogen removal performance by ammonium-assimilating of STAB sludge is more sustainable under low salinity, while it is more short-term explosive under high salinity. Moreover, the intracellular ectoine concentration of STAB sludge was found to be related to this behavior. Empirical formulas confirm that STAB sludge synthesizes ectoine from nutrients in wastewater through assimilation, and intracellular ectoine has a threshold defect (150 mg/gVss). The ectoine metabolism pathways of STAB sludge was constructed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The ammonia nitrogen in sewage is converted into glutamic acid under the action of assimilation genes. It then undergoes a tricarboxylic acid cycle to synthesize the crucial precursor of ectoine - aspartic acid. Subsequently, ectoine is produced through ectoine synthase. The findings suggest that when the synthesis of intracellular ectoine reaches saturation, it inhibits the continuous nitrogen removal performance of STAB sludge under high salinity. STAB sludge does not actively release ectoine through channels under stable external osmotic pressure.

A Soil Analysis Approach to Assessing Potential Loss of Productive Lands Under Agricultural Land Conversion

Land provides physical space and is usually required for various sectoral developments needed to meet the needs of increasing population. Land is a finite natural resource; thus, conflict arises over land use and development. The strategic location of the municipality of Pura in Tarlac province, Philippines within the urban beltway of Central Luzon and the recent opening of the Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway provide Pura excellent opportunities for urban and industrial development. However, the precursor to this is agricultural land conversion (ALC), which can change or reduce in the area of productive lands. This paper assessed the degree of productivity of the agricultural lands in the study area that are predisposed to ALC using FAO’s land suitability framework and the revised Storie index for soil productivity. Soil survey and composite soil sampling at 20 cm depth in the selected 34 sampling points were done to analyze the relevant soil physical and chemical properties. Five soil mapping units (SMU) were grouped based on the soil surface texture. The results show that the SMUs are only marginally suitable (S3f) for producing rice and other crops due to their current low soil organic carbon content. However, these SMUs can be highly suitable (S1) for crop production with appropriate soil management. Using the Storie index, the entire tract of land of Pura has an index rating of 58 percent, which corresponds to a grade 3 soil suitable for planting a number of crops with expected good results. The results of the land suitability evaluation and soil productivity assessment further show that the land in the municipality of Pura is productive, and thus can benefit both agricultural production and ALC. As such, whichever spatial strategy or policy direction for ALC that the municipal government chooses to adopt, the municipality of Pura will lose productive land.

Enhancing Organic Carbon Content in Tropical Soils: Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change Mitigation

Background: Tropical soils are characterized by low soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, which can negatively impact soil fertility, water retention, overall agricultural productivity, and food security. Objective: This paper aimed to review and synthesize the current body of literature on the restoration of SOC in tropical soils. Methods: A total of about 152 related articles were downloaded from electronic journal databases using search keywords, such as organic carbon (OC), conservation tillage, intercropping, biochar, and tropical soil. We discussed conservation tillage practices, such as reducing soil disturbance and respiration from the soils, as a means to promote soil OC sequestration. We also highlighted the importance of crop residue retention, which not only increases organic matter inputs and soil nutrients but also promotes soil water retention and reduces soil erosion. Results: Cover crops and crop rotation are identified as effective practices to cover bare ground during planting seasons, reduce erosion, and prevent nutrient losses through leaching and runoff. Additionally, we review the role of fertilizer application, manure and compost application, intercropping, agroforestry, and biochar as strategies to enhance OC content in tropical soils. We highlight the benefits of incorporating organic amendments, such as manure and compost, to improve soil structure and water-holding capacity. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of biochar, a carbon-rich material produced from biomass pyrolysis, as a strategy to sequester OC in tropical soils. Conclusion: Overall, this review provides insights into various strategies that can be implemented to increase the OC content of tropical soils, which can have multiple benefits for soil health, agricultural productivity, and climate change mitigation. Further research and implementation of these practices can contribute to mitigating climate change, conserving soil resources, and promoting sustainable agriculture in tropical regions.

Experimental study on the purification capacity of potted plants on low-concentration carbon monoxide in indoor environment.

Indoor low-concentration carbon monoxide (CO) exposure is widespread worldwide, and potted plants may be a potential means for CO purification. The objective is to evaluate common indoor plants' CO purification and tolerance capacities. Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) G.S.Bunting, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques, Spathiphyllum kochii Engl. & K.Krause, and Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain with similar sizes were tested in the glass chamber with initial CO concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm, respectively. (1) The CO purification capacity of the four potted plants is ranked as Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) G.S.Bunting > Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques > Spathiphyllum kochii Engl. & K.Krause > Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain. Under the purification effect of each plant, the CO concentration in the chamber decreases linearly and significantly (p < 0.05), and within a specific time period, the time-weighted average (TWA) CO concentrations can be reduced to below the corresponding permissible exposure limits specified by some countries and organizations. (2) With the increase of the stomatal number of each plant and the increase in CO concentration, the hourly and cumulative absorbed CO of each plant increase linearly and significantly (p < 0.05). (3) With the increase in CO concentration, the CO purification efficiency of each plant decreases exponentially and significantly (p < 0.05). (4) When the CO concentration was ≤ 50 ppm, all plants could effectively purify CO without damage. When the CO concentration was in the range of 100 ~ 400 ppm, within 2 weeks after the 48-h experiment, the leaf tips of Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques and Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex André) G.S.Bunting were damaged one after another, and the damaged leaf area increased with the increase of CO concentration. However, each plant as a whole still survived. This study demonstrated that different species of potted plants can effectively absorb low concentrations of CO to varying degrees, but higher concentrations of CO will damage the survival of specific species of potted plants.

Synthesis of sewage sludge biochar in molten salt environment for advanced wastewater treatment: Performance enhancement, carbon footprint and environmental impact reduction

Sewage sludge (SS) pyrolysis to produce biochar is a vital approach for treating and utilizing SS, while reducing the carbon footprint of SS disposal. However, the high inorganic content in SS results in low carbon content and underdeveloped pore structure of biochar prepared under inert atmospheres. There is a significant risk of secondary pollutant emissions, including CO2, SO2, and NOx. In this study, we propose an innovative approach that utilizes excess molten salts, specifically a Li-Na-K molten carbonate (MC) and a Li-Na-K molten chloride (MCH), to create a medium-temperature liquid phase reaction environment (500 °C) for SS pyrolysis. This environment promotes the functional enhancement of biochar (SSB-MC and SSB-MCH) and in-situ absorption of secondary pollutants. The pore structure of SSB-MC and SSB-MCH are greatly optimized. Thanks to the dissolution of calcium-silicon-aluminum-based minerals by molten salt, the carbon content is also significantly increased. The increased specific surface area and surface-enriched functional groups (O, N, P, etc.) of SSB-MC result in greatly enhanced adsorption performance for Rhodamine B (27.9 to 89.1 mg g−1). SSB-MCH, due to the increased iron and phosphorus doping, also exhibits enhanced Fenton oxidation capability. Life cycle assessments demonstrate that the molten salt processes effectively reduce the carbon footprint, energy consumption, and environmental impact.

MINERAL NITROGEN DYNAMICS OVER TIME INFLUENCED BY PEANUT-WASTE BIOCHAR APPLICATION IN ALKALINE SOIL

Soil fertility in arid to semi-arid regions is constrained by extreme temperature fluctuations. Soils of such regions typically have low fertility levels, nitrogen (N) availability (due to ammonia volatilization and denitrification), and soil organic carbon (SOC) content. An incubation experiment was conducted to assess how a peanut-waste biochar (PB), produced at 300°C, influences the mineral N and chemical properties of an alkaline soil. The treatments included five PB rates (control, 5, 10, 15, and 20g PB kg−1 soil) and two fertilizer rates [no fertilization without additions of N and phosphorus (P) and fertilization with addition of 120kg N ha−1 and 90kg P ha−1]. The soil was incubated for various durations (0, 14, 28, 42, and 56days). There were significant temporal shifts in the mineral form of N in the incubated soil. Following 56days of incubation under fertilization, the treatment with 20g kg−1 PB revealed soil nitrate-N and ammonium-N levels of 15.8mg kg‒1 and 21.1mg kg‒1, respectively. With no fertilization, 20g kg−1 PB increased mineral N by 2.3-fold over the treatment without PB. This increase was 2.6-fold with fertilization. After 56days of incubation, in the presence of 20g kg−1 PB, there was a 19% increase in cation exchange capacity under fertilization and a 21% increase under no fertilization, compared to the respective treatments without PB. Immediately after the PB application, SOC was significantly increased, corresponding to PB rates. However, substantial increases were observed only in treatments with 15 and 20g PB kg−1 soil. In conclusion, the addition of 15 and 20g PB kg−1 to alkaline soil significantly increased N availability in soil, demonstrating the importance of biochar for N management in agricultural soils.

Growth of freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon sp. ULC602 in different growing and nutrient conditions.

Aphanizomenon sp. ULC602, recently isolated in a Belgian lake, is a filamentous, nitrogen-fixing, freshwater cyanobacterium that is one of the primary producers of cyanotoxins following its bloom formation, causing water contamination. This study aims to evaluate the effects of growing conditions and essential nutrients on the growth of Aphanizomenon sp. ULC602 via its production of chlorophyll-a (Chlo-a). Our results indicated that this bacterium could grow well at temperatures ranging from 18 to 25°C with an optimal pH of 6.0-7.5 under continuous lighting. It grew slowly in the absence of a carbon source or at lower carbon concentrations. The addition of nitrogen from nitrate and urea led to a less than 50% reduction of Chlo-a content compared to the medium lacking nitrogen. The iron bioavailability significantly stimulated the Chlo-a production, but it was saturated by an iron concentration of 0.115 mM. Moreover, a decrease in Chlo-a biomass was observed under sulfur deficiency. The bacterium could not grow well in media containing various phosphorus sources. In conclusion, as the growth and consequent forming bloom of cyanobacteria can be stimulated or inhibited by environmental conditions and eutrophication, our investigation could contribute to further studies to control the blooming of the target bacterium in freshwater.

The Technology Study on Horse Armor Excavated from Tomb No.8 of the Ancient Tumuli in Marisan, Haman

Haman Malisan Ancient Tumuli are a group of tombs belonging to the Aragaya kings that were intensively built in the late 5th to early 6th centuries. In particular, Tomb No. 8 is an important tomb for the study of restoration of Gaya’s heavy equipped cavalry, as horse armor, human armor and helmet were excavated as a set. This study sought to confirm through analysis the production and surface treatment techniques of horse armor excavated from Tomb No. 8 of the ancient tumuli in Marisan in Haman, which is believed to have been built in the late 5th century. Different metal structures are identified in horse armor depending on the part. Ferrite, a soft iron structure, is identified in the body armor and hip armor that protects the horse’s sides and hips, while pearlite is dominant in parts of the neck and chest armor that protect the neck and chest. It is believed that iron with a low carbon content was manufactured and molded into armor, and then separate carburization was performed on the neck and chest armor and the top of the chanfron, which were parts that required strength for defense. Traces of repairs and additional drilling positions are observed in some parts of the armor, and the difference in carbon content depending on the part of the horse armor suggests that the horse armor was used for actual warfare rather than for burial. Additionally, it is believed that the neck and chest were made of high-strength iron to protect the horse during war. It is presumed that the surface of the armor was surface treated using lacquer, as relatively high levels of C(carbon) were detected in the lacquer layer, which is believed to be the surface of the horse armor. The results of this study are based on metallurgical analysis of pieces of horse armor that have not been analyzed to date, and the production intention. Furthermore, it will be used as very important data to confirm which part of the horse was considered fatal during ancient warfare.

Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of the Middle and Upper Permian Dalong and Gufeng Shale Reservoirs, Western Hubei Province, South China

The Middle and Upper Permian Dalong and Gufeng Formations in South China have recently been considered as potential gas-producing shales. However, their pore structure characteristics remain poorly understood. To investigate the pore structure and fractal characteristics of the pores in these two formations, a suite of shale samples from the Dalong and Gufeng Formations in the western Hubei Province, South China were analyzed by multiple techniques, namely, TOC content, X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineralogy analysis, optical microscopy observations, major elemental analysis, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and low-pressure gas adsorption measurements (N2 and CO2). The identified major shale lithofacies include siliceous mudstone, carbonaceous mudstone, argillaceous-siliceous mixed mudstone, and calcareous-siliceous mixed mudstone. SEM images show that the dominant pore types include the pores between brittle minerals, slit-shaped pores between clay sheets, and secondary organic matter (OM) pores within solid bitumen. The pore size distribution is dominated by micropores and mesopores (&lt;30 nm), which are the major contributors to total pore volume and surface area for the Dalong and Gufeng Formations. Based on the Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH) method, fractal dimensions (D1, D2) calculated from the nitrogen adsorption data have a range of from 2.489 to 2.772 (D1) and from 2.658 to 2.963 (D2), and are higher in the Gufeng Formation (average TOC = 8.3 wt.%) due to a higher TOC content comparing to the Dalong Formation (average TOC = 6.2 wt.%). The pore development and fractal characteristics are primarily controlled by organic matter (OM), carbonate minerals, and clay minerals for both the Dalong and Gufeng Formations. Shale samples with high TOC content, low carbonate content, and high clay content tend to develop more heterogeneous micropores and mesopores, which is ascribed to the generation of clay-related and OM-hosted pores, along with the destruction of primary pores by pore-filling carbonate cements.

Variação espaço-temporal da comunidade bentônica do rio Itajaí-Mirim, Itajaí (SC), nos canais original e retificado

The rectified channel was installed in the Itajaí-Mirim river in the mid-1960s to increase the river flow in the urban area of Itajaí, which suffers from flooding and inundation during periods of high precipitation. The present study aimed to evaluate the spatio-temporal variations of the benthic macrofauna of the Itajaí-Mirim river, in the original and rectified channels. The distribution of organisms was evaluated with samples collected at four points, two located in the natural channel and two in the rectified channel, during the four seasons of 2021. At each sampling point, with a van Veen dredge, three samples were collected for macrofauna and one for granulometric characterization. In total, 715 individuals were identified, and distributed in eight taxa. PERMANOVA revealed that the differences observed in the abundance of organisms considering seasonality were not significant, however, they were significant between the channels. The rectified channel exhibited 67% of the total abundance of the analyzed fauna. In this region, the organic matter and CaCO3 exhibited the highest concentrations and the sediment was classified as silt, while in the natural channel, the granulometry varied between fine sand and silt. The oligochaete Tubificida was the most abundant organism, representing 97% of the fauna. Considered tolerant, this organism inhabits freshwater sediments with low oxygen concentration and high organic carbon load. The low richness of the community and the high dominance of Tubificida characterized the evaluated region as a highly altered environment.

Comparison of measured versus modeled TOC in the Tuscaloosa marine shale of Southwestern Mississippi, U.S.A.

This study presents a comparison of measured versus modeled total organic carbon (TOC) in the Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa marine shale (TMS) of southwestern Mississippi as a case study to evaluate the effects of mineralogy on the TOC estimated from the ΔlogR method. The ΔlogR method is utilized to calculate TOC, which involves baselining sonic transit time and resistivity log curves in a non-source rock section of the formation. In our application, the well log curves were baselined in the upper TMS, which is described as a non-source rock section, and in the lower TMS above the high resistivity zone (HRZ), which is described as having a higher carbonate content. The ΔlogR calculated TOC values from these two baselining approaches show that the lower baseline results in improved agreement between measured TOC and calculated TOC. This improvement is likely to be due to the lower baseline accounting for the increase in resistivity caused by higher carbonate content, in addition to any presence of TOC. The upper baseline, which has a lower carbonate content, does not account for this resistivity increase. Additionally, sample type appears to affect the comparison of measured and ΔlogR calculated TOC. Most of the samples used in this study are legacy cuttings that were not preserved during storage, exposing the high surface area cuttings to increased rates of oxidation, whereas geophysical logs record the rock properties in situ. To account for this oxidation effect, the difference between the medians of the TMS HRZ TOC core and cuttings values was added to each TOC measurement in this study, resulting in a median measured TOC value that is similar to the median of the lower TMS-baselined ΔlogR calculated TOC value. Overall, this study demonstrates that carbonate content and sample type can affect how well measured and ΔlogR-modeled TOC values compare.