Low Cost Area Research Articles

Navigating the Discrepancy: How Cost of Living (COL) Adjustments Impact Otolaryngology Residents' Salaries.

To compare differences in otolaryngology residents' salaries in different cities and states before and after adjusting for the cost of living. Cross-sectional analysis. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) otolaryngology residency program websites. US otolaryngology residency programs were identified via the ACGME database in December 2023. Stipends posted by each residency program were compared to the cost of living (COL) for related states and major cities. A baseline value of 100 was used as the mean COL, values over 100 indicate above-mean COL. The weighted salary by state and cities for postgraduate year (PGY) 1 to 5 combined was expressed as mean (SD). Comparisons between salaries before and after adjustment for the COL were assessed using t tests. The mean otolaryngology residency stipend across the nation, by city, was $70,572 (n = 1290, range: $58,100-$93,402; SD = $8370), with a post-COL adjustment mean stipend of $64,055 (range: $39,193-$76,674, SD = $10,094, p < .001). Otolaryngology residents in Manhattan, New York State faced a mean decrease from $89,282 to $39,193 (-56%) post-COL adjustments. Following that were Boston and Los Angeles programs which saw a -$26,402 (-32%) and -$24,761 (-32%) mean decrease after COL adjustments, respectively. Otolaryngology residents in high-cost areas experience significant salary reductions because of COL adjustments, resulting in financial strain. Residents in such regions endure increased financial pressure compared to those in low-cost areas, as current salaries fail to align with living expenses.

Evaluation of three forages as a source of fiber in diets of fattening rabbits in Aguascalientes, Mexico

Objective: To evaluate three forages as a source of fiber in the diets of fattening rabbits. Design/Methodology/Approach: Whole grain diets with forage oat, mesquite pod, and alfalfa were used. Thirty-six weaned male rabbits were randomly distributed into three treatments (T1, forage oat diet; T2, mesquite pod diet; T3, alfalfa diet). Feed consumption, daily weight gain, total weight gain, and feed conversion were recorded. The animals were slaughtered to evaluate carcass yield. The data were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance and Tukey’s test. Results: T1 recorded greater fattening than both T2 and T3 (P&lt;0.05) and the last treatment surpassed T2 in daily weight gain, total weight gain, and feed digestibility. Regarding feed conversion, T1 and T3 had lower results than T2. In carcass yield, T1 was higher than T2 and T3 —which, on its turn, surpassed T2. Finally, no differences were observed in feed consumption between treatments (P&gt; 0.05). There were also no significant differences in growth. Study Limitations/Implications: Mexicans have a low consumption of rabbit meat. The mesquite pod could be a viable alternative due to its low cost and availability in semi-arid areas. Findings/Conclusions: Forage oat recorded the best productive parameters, followed by alfalfa and mesquite pod; however, the latter had a greater economic advantage.

Improvement of water resistance in printed carbon electrode mixing cellulose nanofiber

Carbon electrodes are widely used for battery and electrolysis due to wide potential window and chemical stability. The carbon electrode made from carbon material ink using printing process is expected as electrode with low cost and large area. Therefore, we have developed carbon material inks and printed electrode by combining micro-wave treated graphite oxide (MwGO) and screen-printing method. However, the MwGO electrodes exhibited low water resistance. Cellulose nanofiber is mixed into the MwGO ink to improve water resistivity. As a result, increase in water resistance is achieved with maintaining electrical conductivity.

An Innovative Retrofitting Technique of an Industrial Prefabricated Building Without Evacuation

This paper presents a seismic retrofit of an industrial-type precast reinforced concrete building structure using friction dampers. The project consisted of retrofitting two precast reinforced concrete buildings, one of which will be presented in this paper. Precast concrete is one of the industrial structures' most preferred construction methods due to its low cost, fast construction, and availability in rural areas. Unfortunately, most structures constructed before “Specification for Buildings to be Built in Seismic Zones(TBDY 2018)[5]” are not sufficiently engineered and are expected to perform poorly when exposed to a significant seismic event. The general characteristic of precast reinforced concrete buildings built before TBDY 2018 is their relatively high concrete quality (compared to cast-in-place reinforced concrete buildings) and better reinforcement workmanship. But they have some characteristic weaknesses as well. Weak beam-column connections, high drift ratios due to heavy beams, instability problems, and lack of frame behavior can be considered primary weaknesses. General classical retrofitting techniques include increasing beam/column sections or adding new reinforced concrete or steel members to the system or FRP(fiber-reinforced polymer) wrapping. Mostly classical retrofitting needs additional foundations. All these techniques require a long construction period, causing evacuation and stopping building usage. Because stopping the production cost can be tolerated by the owners, a retrofitting approach that can be assembled during the normal function of the industrial structures is required. As a result of this requirement, friction dampers are selected as the supplemental energy dissipation device. ASCE 41-17 [10] is employed for the building's damper design and performance evaluation. Before the damper study, some instability and weak connection problems are solved by traditional strengthening measures. The most effective damper configuration and capacities are selected after an iterative trial-and-error linear study using the simplified methods developed by PROMER. Nonlinear push-over analyses are conducted after linear prestudies. Finally, a nonlinear time-history analysis is performed for confirmation of the results. , It is shown that the proposed retrofit scheme satisfies the desired performance goals for both DBE and MCE events. Overall, it is considered that the proposed retrofit scheme with dampers provides the optimal solution for the Project stakeholders from a performance, design, constructability, and economic point of view. Some application photos will be presented, and methods will be explained in detail in the paper. The friction damper behavior is based on the rotational friction hinge concept. The dampers increase building damping, causing a decrease in earthquake demand. As a result, dampers provide passive energy dissipation and protect buildings from structural and nonstructural damage during moderate and severe earthquakes.

High Mobility Amorphous Polymer‐Based 3D Stacked Pseudo Logic Circuits through Precision Printing

AbstractDirect printing of conjugated polymer thin‐film transistors enables the fabrication of deformable devices with low cost, high throughput, and large area. However, a relatively poor device performance of printed devices remains a major obstacle to their application in high‐end display backplanes and integrated circuits. In this study, high‐performance and highly stackable printed organic transistors is developed, arrays, and circuits using a near‐amorphous polymer, indacenodithiophene‐co‐benzothiadiazole (IDT‐BT). The printed devices exhibited high saturation mobility (&gt;1 cm2 V−1 s−1), high on/off ratio (&gt;107), and low subthreshold slope (245 mV dec−1). In addition, 16 × 16 printed IDT‐BT arrays achieved 100% fabrication yield, with excellent device‐to‐device uniformity and low variations of mobility (9.55%) and threshold voltage (4.51%), and good operational and environmental stability (&gt;365 days). Furthermore, five stacked 3D transistors are demonstrated with an excellent 3D uniformity without compromising device performance due to a low required thermal budget for processing amorphous IDT‐BT. Finally, a new concept of 3D universal logic gate with high voltage gain (33.91 V/V) and record density (100 printed transistors per cm2) is proposed and fabricated, which is relevant for the commercialization of low‐cost printed display backplanes and high‐density integrated circuits based on highly processable polymeric semiconductors.

Gummy‐inspired natural eutectogels with high adhesiveness, toughness and humidity response

AbstractBiogel‐based ionic devices have emerged as versatile platforms for broad applications in wearable electronics, healthcare monitoring and bioelectronic interfaces. Electronic functions derived from fully edible natural soft materials are particularly attractive to allow low cost, green, biocompatible and biodegradable devices in biomedical areas as well as smart food package. This work presents a gummy‐inspired protein eutectogel by simply soaking gelatin hydrogels into solutions of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) consisting of sorbitol and citric acid to allow solvent exchange. Compared with the gelatin hydrogel, this natural eutectogel (NEG) exhibited anti‐drying and anti‐freezing performance, remarkably improved adhesiveness, room temperature degradability, as well as high mechanical toughness. The soaking conditions were investigated to tune the softness and ionic conductivity of the NEG, which revealed that the water content and acid ratio could significantly impact on the gel properties. Additionally, the eutectogel thin film exhibited good humidity sensing capability with a wide linear detection range (22%–98% RH), in which a soft patch was further demonstrated for breath test to detect various respiration frequencies. Thus, we believe the concept of NEG combining biopolymers and NADES can be explored in a broad range of soft devices for sensing, bio‐adhesives, energy supply or drug delivery.

Potential health and environmental benefits of the identified phytochemicals screening of (Azadirachta indica) neem leaves in Bauchi Metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria

The phytochemical screening of (Azadirachta indica) Neem leaf extract was conducted to identify and quantify the presence of bioactive compounds. The study conducted various tests to assess the phytochemical components. About 1kg of matured fresh leaves of (Azadirachta indica) neem was collected from five (5) different location in Bauchi metropolis, these locations are; Kobi Street, Gida Dubu, Yelwan Tudu, Wuntin dada and Federal Low-cost areas in Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The leaves of the plant, which were ground into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle. An ethylacetate solvent was used to derive the A. indica leaf extract. The results of the research shows that the presence of alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and cardiac glycosides in the neem leaf extract is significant, and flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids were not detected in the neem leaf extract. The presence of alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and cardiac glycosides suggests that neem leaves may hold promise in traditional and contemporary medicinal practices. Alkaloids, known for their pharmacological significance, may contribute to the plant's therapeutic properties. Saponins, with their frothing and foaming characteristics, have been associated with immunomodulatory effects and their potential in agrochemical applications. Phenolic compounds, as evidenced by the positive response to the Ferric chloride test, indicate the antioxidant potential of neem leaves, which can combat oxidative stress. Conversely, the absence of flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids suggests that these specific phytochemical classes may be limited in neem leaves. These findings open avenues for further research and utilization of neem as a valuable natural resource.

Efficient implementations of CRAFT cipher for Internet of Things

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) highlights the importance of lightweight cryptography in maintaining security. However, enhancing performance while ensuring the same level of security remains a significant challenge. This paper presents two innovative architectures for the CRAFT lightweight block cipher, aiming to enhance performance without compromising security. The novel Serial and Unrolled architectures are introduced to achieve low area usage and high throughput, respectively. Specifically, the Serial architecture reduces the datapath from 64-bit to 4-bit, significantly decreasing the area. The Unrolled architecture, on the other hand, minimizes latency from 32 to 16. Additionally, Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solvers are employed to identify a lower-cost area implementation of the S-Box. The proposed designs underwent evaluation on three distinct FPGA platforms: Artix-7, Kintex-7, and Spartan-7. The results show that the low area design reduces area usage by 10.16% compared to the previous design. Additionally, the S-Box implementation achieves a significant area reduction of 28.9%. On the other hand, the unrolled design enhances the maximum throughput by 40.53% compared to the previous design. Therefore, the proposed designs could offer enhanced performance while maintaining security for IoT devices.

Development of effective porous geopolymer adsorbent with high strength for copper(II) ion removal

Due to the serious consequences of the accumulation of heavy metals in organisms throughout the aqueous phase, the treatment of heavy metal pollution has received extensive attention. Porous geopolymer adsorbent (PGA) has been proposed as a promising remover of heavy metal ions due to its production convenience, low cost, and large surface area. However, it is easy to be broken under water impact. Besides, compared to some other adsorbents, the heavy metal ions capacity of PGA needs to be enhanced. In this paper, PGA with 1000 kg/m3 density was directly prepared based on solid waste including fly ash and slag at room temperature. Nano-silica (NS) was added to improve material strength. The compressive strength of PGA with 2 % NS addition increases up to 63.5 % compared with the material without NS addition, and the removal rate of Cu2+ goes to 78.4 % under this condition. Although the filling effect caused by NS addition is not beneficial for the adsorption ability improvement, the molecular dynamics simulation results confirm that the physical adsorption ability upward is mainly caused by the more Natrium-Aluminate-Silicate-Hydrate formation due to the decreasing Ca/Si ratio. Compared with Calcium-Aluminate-Silicate-Hydrate, Natrium-Aluminate-Silicate-Hydrate has a higher physical adsorption ability due to the evenly distributed electropositive region known from the density functional theory analysis, which contributes to PGA adsorption capacity from the outside environment.

Porous Ni Electrodes for Hydrogen Production from Water Electrolysis

Hydrogen has been seen as one of the most valuable options regarding renewable energy storage and conversion. However, its production is still mostly based on fossil fuels, in part because of the high cost of alternative production routes, as is the case of water electrolysis for example. This fact is explained by the energy consumed during the process of hydrogen evolution from water. Nevertheless, the research on water electrolysis is justifiable by the advantages that the process offers, as high produced hydrogen purity, possible association with other renewable energy sources such as solar, hydro and wind power generation, no CO2 emissions during the evolution, simplicity of the process, as so many others. With the purpose of increasing the hydrogen-producing device (electrolysers) performance, great scientific efforts have been directed to the electrodes base materials and their surface technology. In this way, the present work propose powder metallurgy based processes as production routes of nickel porous electrodes, i.e., relatively low cost and high active superficial area electrodes for hydrogen production.

Catalytic fabrication of graphene, carbon spheres, and carbon nanotubes from plastic waste.

In this study, we reported sustainable and economical upcycling methods for utilizing plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) compiled from the garbage of a residential area as cheap precursors for the production of high-value carbon materials such as graphene (G), carbon spheres (CS), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using different thermal treatment techniques. Graphene, carbon spheres, and carbon nanotubes were successfully synthesized from PET, PP, and PET, respectively via catalytic pyrolysis. XRD and FTIR analyses were conducted on the three materials, confirming the formation of carbon and their graphitic structure. TEM images displayed uniform and consistent morphological structures of the fabricated materials. EDX data confirmed that the prepared carbon-based materials only contained carbon and oxygen without any significant contaminations. XPS results revealed significant peaks in the C 1s spectra associated with sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon for the three materials. BET spectra showed that the prepared CNTs (54.872 m2 g-1) have the highest surface area followed by carbon spheres (54.807 m2 g-1). The thermal stability of graphene surpassed both carbon spheres and carbon nanotubes which is mainly attributed to the stronger inter-molecular bonds of graphene. Based on the characterization of the prepared materials, these materials are promising to be utilized in environmental remediation applications due to their high carbon content, low cost, and high surface area.

Metal Halide Nanocrystals@Silica Aerogel Composite with Enhanced Dispersion Stability and Light Output for Efficient X-Ray Imaging in Harsh Environment.

Metal halide nanocrystals (MHNCs) embedded in a polymer matrix as flexible X-ray detector screens is an effective strategy with the advantages of low cost, facile preparation, and large area flexibility. However, MHNCs easily aggregate during preparation, recombination, under mechanical force, storage, or high operating temperature. Meanwhile, it shows an unmatched refractive index with polymer, resulting in low light yield. The related stability and properties of the device remain a huge unrevealed challenge. Herein, a composite screen (CZBM@AG-PS) by integrating MHNCs (Cs2ZnBr4: Mn2+ as an example) into silica aerogel (AG) and embedded in polystyrene (PS) is successfully developed. Further characterization points to the high porosity AG template that can effectively improve the dispersion of MHNCs in polymer detector screens, essentially decreasing nonradiative transition, Rayleigh scattering, and performance aging induced by aggregation in harsh environments. Furthermore, the higher light output and lower optical crosstalk are also achieved by a novel light propagation path based on the MHNCs/AG and AG/PS interfaces. Finally, the optimized CZBM@AG-PS screen shows much enhanced light yield, spatial resolution, and temperature stability. Significantly, the strategy is proven universal by the performance tests of other MHNCs embedded composite films for ultra-stable and efficient X-ray imaging.

Towards a predictive understanding of direct ink writing of graphene-based inks

Direct ink writing (DIW) presents a flexible and resource-efficient approach towards the prototyping of functional materials and devices with complex shapes. Printed functional materials for electronic devices depend on conductive fillers such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), which are increasingly popular in printed electronics and energy materials thanks to their low cost, non-toxicity and high specific surface area. However, non-spherical colloids with large filler-to-nozzle size ratios like GNPs present a challenge for high-resolution DIW due to risk of nozzle clogging. As DIW of platelet-based inks is gaining traction in several fields, the feasibility of high-resolution DIW of platelet-based inks is demonstrated here on the example of GNPs (< 50 μm). A workflow for the combined optimization of ink rheology and printing process parameters was developed to gain a predictive understanding of filament quality and morphology. Using two inks and two nozzle diameters per ink, filaments ranging from <100 – 1200 μm in width and 30 – 300 μm in height were produced, with conductivities suitable for application in sensors or electrodes. The derived predictive models were successfully deployed to predict filament dimensions and to achieve excellent print quality even for fine sub-nozzle size structures with very high filler-to-nozzle size ratios within only one iteration of the workflow. With this study, we advocate for the integrated development of materials for processes and processes for materials. This study will benefit high-resolution rapid prototyping of a large class of functional materials for wearable electronics, sensors, RF passives, energy materials and tissue engineering.

A 0.8 V, 14.76 nVrms, Multiplexer-Based AFE for Wearable Devices Using 45 nm CMOS Techniques.

Wearable medical devices (WMDs) that continuously monitor health conditions enable people to stay healthy in everyday situations. A wristband is a monitoring format that can measure bioelectric signals. The main part of a wearable device is its analog front end (AFE). Wearables have issues such as low reliability, high power consumption, and large size. A conventional AFE device uses more analog-to-digital converters, amplifiers, and filters for individual electrodes. Our proposed MUX-based AFE design requires fewer components than a conventional AFE device, reducing power consumption and area. It includes a single-ended differential feedback operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) and n-pass MUX-based AFE circuits which are related to the emergence of low power, low area, and low cost AFE-integrated chips that are required for wearable biomedical applications. The proposed 6T n-pass multiplexer measures a gain of -68 dB across a frequency range of 100 kHz with a 136.5 nW power consumption and a delay of 0.07 ns. The design layout area is approximately 9.8 µm2 and uses 45 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Additionally, the proposed single-ended differential OTA has an obtained input referred noise of 0.014 µVrms, and a gain of -5.5 dB, while the design layout area is about 2 µm2 and was designed with the help of the Cadence Virtuoso layout design tool.

Influence of soft x-ray and ultraviolet irradiations on sensitivity of sensors made with piezoelectret films

Abstract Piezo/ferroelectrets are a kind of cellular electret materials exhibiting piezoelectric effect. Owing to their large piezoelectric activity, flexibility, lightweight, low cost and large area, a list of promising applications have been suggested, including wearable sensors, actuators, micro energy harvesters, and etc. In terms of actual application, one of the most important performance indexes is the stability of piezoelectric response in complex application environments. This article mainly focuses on the influence of soft x-ray and ultraviolet irradiations on piezoelectric sensitivity of two kinds of sensors, made with irradiation cross-linked polypropylene (IXPP) and air-filled parallel-tunnel fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) piezoelectret films. A versatile encapsulation process with silica gel for sensor fabrication was introduced to improve the stability against radiations. The results show that soft x-ray irradiation can accelerate the depolarization of the piezoelectrets, while the influence of ultraviolet irradiation on piezoelectrets is not prominent. Encapsulation of the sensors with silica gel may significantly improve their stability under the radiation of soft x-ray. As indicated, the piezoelectric sensitivities of the encapsulated samples, made with IXPP and parallel-tunnel FEP piezoelectret films, are 50.2% and 6.9% of the initial values after 150 min irradiation of the soft x-ray with an energy of 9.5 keV, respectively.

WATER REUSE IN FERTIRRIGATION OF TREATED EFFLUENT, AIMING SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE REFRIGERATOR’S AREA OF INFLUENCE

The present work aimed to implement the reuse of water after the treatment of industrial effluents from a slaughterhouse and slaughterhouse, through the projection of reuse fronts, aiming at socio-environmental sustainability in the area of influence of the activity, with the following steps being carried out : preparation of a plan for the implementation of post-treatment effluent reuse points; installation of infrastructure for the redistribution of treated effluent on reuse fronts; laboratory analysis of effluents before, during and after treatment; application of internal audit and elaboration/provision of Environmental Report. The gravity drip irrigation proposal is presented in the infrastructural, georeferential map, and meteorological factors, in the direct and indirect influences of the industrial plant, and the water balance of general liquid effluents was a requirement for reuse action on the property, resulting in fertirrigation, and Applied the type of irrigation as a viable installation model, minimal labor, low cost, and useful in rural and urban areas, adapting to a flat or sloping profile, taking advantage of gravity for distribution. The equalization of the effluent after treatment proposes the quality of the product, raising awareness about the proper destination of said effluents, being important on fronts that do not require drinking water, avoiding waste, having a vision of socio-environmental sustainability, and through controls and monitoring the indicators meet compliance with the standards of relevant laws and regulations.

Electrochemical Detection of Melatonin at Tungsten Oxide Nanospheres Decorated Chitosan Electrode

Melatonin is a clinically important hormone as it plays a key role in maintaining immune system, circadian rhythm, blood pressure and cortisol levels. Therefore, its real time detection is crucial for monitoring body function. Melatonin detection by electrochemical sensors exhibits advantages such as high sensitivity, point-of-care analysis, rapid response time, easy to use and cost-effective. Natural polymer based biocomposites including chitosan, gum acacia, xanthan gum, chitin are widely employed due to their ready availability, low cost, biocompatibility and high surface area for biosensing applications. Herein, we investigated tungsten oxide (WO3) nanospheres decorated with functionalized chitosan (FCH) for melatonin detection. The functionalization of chitosan introduced plentiful amine groups and inter-hydrogen bonding that are essential for the formation of WO3/FCH biocomposite. Further, the large density of amine groups offered efficient binding affinity with WO3 and improved the conductivity of the nanocomposite thereby enabling sensitive melatonin detection. Electroanalysis confirmed the excellent electrocatalytic performance of the biocomposite towards melatonin with a limit of detection of 4.9 nM. The proposed nanocomposite exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility, stability. Further, its practical reliability was evaluated in real samples thereby demonstrating its usefulness in the detection of clinically relevant biomolecules.

Pretreatment strategies of titanium substrates to modulate the electrochemical properties of CVD-grown Ti-doped diamond electrodes for dopamine detection

The identification of highly sensitive materials able to combine performance stability, relatively low cost, controllable and large area fabrication process is still a major bottleneck in the scientific community. Dopamine is considered a key indicator to monitor cardio and cerebrovascular diseases and its redox activeness makes electrochemical detection the most straightforward and promising sensing approach. Here we report the realization, by a simple yet effective approach, of diamond-based electrodes with a native selectivity towards dopamine. In details, three different substrate pretreatments, i.e., lapping, electropolishing and chemical etching, are adopted to tailor the morphological, structural, and sensing features of titanium doped diamond layers. SEM, AFM, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, XPS and I-V analyses demonstrate the features' modulation of the diamond layers being crucial for electrochemical and sensing performances, as confirmed by dopamine selectivity under ascorbic and uric acid interferents' excess. Furthermore, the controlled introduction of oxygen-containing groups enhances the dopamine sensitivity, lowering the detection limit from 6000 to 600 nM. In addition to giving an important insight on the physical-chemical growth processes, these preliminary results pave the way for the exploitation of these materials in a wide range of sensing applications, thanks to the non-toxicity and high surface tunability without post-synthesis treatments.

Partial‐histogram design without frame rate and data loss based on gray code peak searching

This letter presents a high frame rate and low area cost partial histogram scheme for d-ToF depth imaging sensor based on SPAD. This scheme realizes high frame rate through a novel peak seeking algorithm based on gray code and pipeline operation that firstly adopted. Area cost is reduced by partial histogram and overlap is used to prevent data loss. Finally, a 24 bins partial-histogram design is implemented by ASIC flow with a total area of 11724 μm2 under 130 nm. FPGA flow is also used to verify feasibility. Compared with other known partial histogram schemes, proposed method has no data and frame rate loss.

NZVI-Based Nanomaterials Used for Phosphate Removal from Aquatic Systems.

In the last decade, the application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has garnered great attention as an adsorbent due to its low cost, non-toxicity, high porosity, and BET-specific surface area. In particular, the immobilization of nZVI particles onto inorganic and organic substrates (nanocomposites) decreased its agglomeration, allowing them to be effective and achieve greater adsorption of pollutants than pristine nanoparticles (NPs). Although nZVI began to be used around 2004 to remove pollutants, there are no comprehensive review studies about phosphate removal from aquatic systems to date. For this reason, this study will show different types of nZVI, pristine nZVI, and its nanocomposites, that exist on the market, how factors such as pH solution, oxygen, temperature, doses of adsorbent, initial phosphate concentration, and interferents affect phosphate adsorption capacity, and mechanisms involved in phosphate removal. We determined that nanocomposites did not always have higher phosphate adsorption than pristine nZVI particles. Moreover, phosphate can be removed by nZVI-based nanoadsorbents through electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, chemisorption, reduction, complexation, hydrogen bonding, and precipitation mechanisms. Using the partition coefficient (PC) values, we found that sepiolite-nZVI is the most effective nanoadsorbent that exists to remove phosphate from aqueous systems. We suggest future studies need to quantify the PC values for nZVI-based nanoadsorbents as well as ought to investigate their phosphate removal efficiency under natural environmental conditions.