Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol Research Articles

A Secure and Efficient Method to Protect Communications and Energy Consumption in IoT Wireless Sensor Networks

The rapid growth of technology has resulted in the deployment of a large number of interconnected devices, resulting in a wide range of new societal services. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a promising technology which is faced with the challenges of operating a large number of sensor nodes, information gathering, data transmission, and providing a means to act in different scenarios such as monitoring, surveillance, forest fire detection, and many others from the civil to military spectrum. The deployment scenario, the nature of the sensor-equipped nodes, and their communication methods make this architecture extremely vulnerable to attacks, tampering, and manipulation than conventional networks. Therefore, an optimal solution to ensure security in such networks which captures the major constraints of the network in terms of energy utilization, secured data transmission, bandwidth, and memory fingerprint to process data is required. This work proposes a fast, reliable, and secure method of key distribution and management that can be used to ensure the integrity of wireless sensor networks’ communications. Moreover, with regards to efficient energy utilization, an improvement of the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm (a cluster routing protocol that is mainly used in WSN) has been proposed to enhance the networks’ energy efficiency, simplicity, and load-balancing features. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a combination of a distributed key exchange and management methods based on elliptic curve cryptography to ensure security of node communication and an improved routing protocol based on the LEACH protocol to demonstrate better performance in parameters such as network lifespan, dead nodes, and energy consumption.

Optimization of Leach Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network Using Machine Learning.

The Wireless Sensor Network is a network formed in areas human beings cannot access. The data need to be sensed by the sensor and transferred to the sink node. Many routing protocols are designed to route data from a single node to the sink node. One of the routing protocols is the hierarchical routing protocol, which passes on the sensed data hierarchically. The Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is one of the hierarchical methods in which communication happens in two steps: the setup phase and the steady-state phase. The efficiency of the LEACH has to be optimized to improve the network lifetime. Therefore, the k-means clustering algorithm, which comes under the unsupervised machine learning method, is incorporated with the LEACH algorithm and has shown better results. But the selection of cluster head needs to improvise because it will transfer the summed-up data to the sink node, so it is to be efficient enough. So, this paper proposes the modified k-means algorithm with LEACH protocol for optimizing the Wireless Sensor Network. In the modified k-means algorithm, the weight of the cluster head is tested and elected, and the clusters are formed using the Euclidean distance formula. The proposed work yields 48.85% efficiency compared to the existing protocol. It is also proven that the proposed work showed more successful data transfer to the sink node. The cluster head selection process elects the more efficient node as the head with less failure rate. The proposed work optimistically balanced the whole network in terms of energy and successful data transfer.

Secured Clustered Internet of Things Wireless Sensor Network

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a swiftly evolving technology that will have a significant impact in the future. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a huge collection of interconnected networks, such as the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), that make use of fast evolving devices and technologies. The risk of confidentiality of information and protection has increased as a result of the indefinite interconnection of a variety of applied sciences in IoT. WSN employs Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) to create an energy-efficacious network that is vulnerable to a wide range of assaults, including the HELLO flood. This work employs AS-LEACH (Abundant Secure LEACH) as an extension to the LEACH protocol to protect cluster heads from Hello flood attacks. For the purpose of validating a sensor node as CH, AS-LEACH employs RBG color cube numbers, a distinct Abundant number, and each sensor node has its own unique ID. The NS2 network simulator is utilized to implement AS-LEACH and verify its efficiency in this proposed work.

Cellular automata trust-based energy drainage attack detection and prevention in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) connect many tiny, self-configured, and limited power sensor nodes. The primary purposes of these nodes are to sense information from the environment or system, process this information, and send it to the base station. In recent research, communities have drawn significant attention to Fifth Generation (5G) based WSNs for real-time communications over 5G. These networks are deployed and operated in hard-to-reach terrains to collect data. During such operations, WSNs face resource limitations, battery power, and inadequate resources for computation. The tremendous demands of 5G in WSNs make energy conservation a significant concern. An energy-efficient routing protocol such as Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) that can extend the lifetime of these networks is prevalent. There is a dire need to analyze the efficiency of the LEACH protocol. In this paper, we analyze LEACH protocol under energy-drainage attacks, Gray-Hole, and scheduling. Subsequently, We propose a Trust-based Cellular Automata energy drainage detection and prevention scheme (CAT-EDP) to detect and then minimize the effects of these attacks. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique uses cellular automata to detect and prevent energy drainage attacks on LEACH protocol. Moreover, the proposed technique has optimized the network lifetime up to 11%.

Research on edge nodes of substation auxiliary services based on an improved LEACH protocol

Substation auxiliary services are an important part of maintaining the safe and stable operation of substations and power grids. However, at the present stage, the auxiliary services still operate under decentralized management and are not effectively aggregated. To solve this problem, a three-tier architecture of edge node—master node—server is proposed based on edge computing, with a cluster approach based on the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol to balance computing resources and effectively manage substation auxiliary services. The main computing tasks are sunk to the edge nodes in the three-tier architecture, and the nodes are self-organized into a subclustered network responsible for specific auxiliary services. The master node is elected by the edge nodes according to the improved LEACH protocol and is responsible for managing the edge nodes and heterogeneous data fusion. The server ensures the reliability and security of data through the RAFT protocol. Theoretical analysis and extensive simulations show that this scheme can balance the computing resources of each substation's auxiliary service equipment and realize the aggregation of auxiliary services.

Clustering and Securing IoT Wireless Sensor Network

One of the future rising technologies is Internet of Things (IoT) that will play a significant role in linking the world. IoT is a group of a huge number of interrelated networks including Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). IoT makes use of speedily developing devices and technologies. A large number of unlimited interconnections of numerous technologies in IoT makes privacy and safety of data as a matter of concern. WSN makes use of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for the purpose of construction of sensor networks that are energy-efficient. These networks are likely to a huge number of attacks including HELLO flood attack. This paper presents a novel protocol named CS-LEACH (Cyclic Secure LEACH) for securing cluster head from Hello flood attack as an extension to LEACH protocol. CS-LEACH makes use a unique Cyclic number, an exclusive ID and RBG color cube numbers for each sensor node so as to authenticate one of the nodes as CH. The CS-LEACH is executed by making use of NS2 simulator for the purpose of proving its efficiency.

A K-Means Clustered Routing Algorithm with Location and Energy Awareness for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Data delivery in harsh underwater channels consumes a higher transmission power than that in terrestrial networks. However, due to the complexity of the underwater environment, the energy supply of the nodes in underwater wireless sensor networks is usually limited by their required laborious battery replacement. Thus, energy consumption is considered one of the key issues in underwater wireless optical communication. To minimize such consumption for underwater transmission nodes, much research interest has been found on K-Means technology in designing routing algorithms. However, these algorithms have not regarded the located site and the remaining energy of the underwater nodes simultaneously, which might affect their efficiency. In this paper, we propose a clustered routing algorithm, namely the location and energy-aware k-means clustered routing (LE-KCR) algorithm, which applies K-means technology regarding both the located site and the remaining energy of each node. In the proposed LE-KCR algorithm, both the located site and the remaining energy of a candidate cluster-head, as well as the distance between it and its sink node, are considered in cluster-head selection. In addition, given the inaccessibility of some nodes to the whole underwater sensor network resulting from the limited transmission range of their clusters, the dual-hop routing technique is adopted for the edge nodes. The simulation results indicate that the proposed LE-KCR algorithm remarkably reduces the energy consumption and the dead nodes when compared to the traditional low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol and the optimized LEACH protocol based on K-means clustering technology.

NM-LEACH: A Novel Modified LEACH Protocol to Improve Performance in WSN

Saving energy and improving the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has remained as a key research challenge for some time. Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a classical protocol is designed originally for the purpose of reducing and balancing the network’s energy consumption. However, as the distances between the cluster head (CH) and the member nodes are not taken into consideration, it results in the uneven distribution of the clusters and uneven consumption of the energy in the network. Choosing the CHs with no distinction is an issue as well. Based on the original algorithm, a novel modified LEACH (NM-LEACH) has been proposed, considering critical problems that exist in the network. NM-LEACH protocol is capable of reasonably solving the number of the CHs in each round and takes the energy as a factor of weight under consideration in selecting the CH. The proposed protocol enhances performance by extending the WSN lifecycle, which results in increasing the balance of the energy consumption in the network, and improving the efficiency of the network.

LEACH Protocol Optimization Based on Weighting Strategy and the Improved Ant Colony Algorithm.

This article aims to address problems in the current clustering process of low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) in the wireless sensor networks, such as strong randomness and local optimum in the path optimization. This article proposes an optimal combined weighting (OCW) and improved ant colony optimization (IACO) algorithm for the LEACH protocol optimization. First, cluster head nodes are updated via a dynamic replacement mechanism of the whole network cluster head nodes to reduce the network energy consumption. In order to improve the quality of the selected cluster head nodes, this article proposes the OCW method to dynamically change the weight according to the importance of the cluster head node in different regions, in accordance with the three impact factors of the node residual energy, density, and distance between the node and the sink node in different regions. Second, the network is partitioned and the transmission path among the clusters can be optimized by the transfer probability in IACO with combined local and global pheromone update mechanism. The efficacy of the proposed LEACH protocol optimization method has been verified with MATLAB simulation experiments.

A New Adaptive Power Control Based on LEACH Clustering Protocol for Interference Management in Cooperative D2D Systems

The cooperative device-to-device (D2D) system is becoming one of the most popular communication models in wireless 5G technology that combines the D2D system with cooperative communication to extend coverage and increase system performance. However, interference is one of the factors of decreasing service quality in cooperative D2D systems because of adjacent users/clusters and excessive power usage, which also causes interference to the receiver. Interference management, such as power control, can overcome interference problems in the cooperative D2D communication system. Therefore, this paper proposes a new form of adaptive power control (APC) based on the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol for interference management systems in cooperative D2D systems that other studies have not considered. For a fair comparison, this paper also modifies the conventional fixed power control (FPC) method using the LEACH protocol and the modified fixed power control (MFPC) used in the previous study and then considers the system without power control. The simulation results show that the proposed APC can significantly reduce interference in cooperative D2D communication compared to the MFPC and without power control. Moreover, the simulation results also show that concerning the signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) to the outage probability and throughput, the proposed APC performs better than the MFPC and without power control. Thus, the proposed APC can effectively reduce interference in cooperative D2D systems.

ESSD: Energy Saving and Securing Data Algorithm for WSNs Security

The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are characterized by their widespread deployment due to low cost, but the WSNs are vulnerable to various types of attacks. To defend against the attacks, an effective security solution is required. However, the limits of these networks’ battery-based energy to the sensor are the most critical impediments to selecting cryptographic techniques. Consequently, finding a suitable algorithm that achieves the least energy consumption in data encryption and decryption and providing a highly protected system for data remains the fundamental problem. In this research, the main objective is to obtain data security during transmission by proposing a robust and low-power encryption algorithm, in addition, to examining security algorithms such as ECC and MD5 based on previous studies. In this research, the Energy Saving and Securing Data algorithm (ESSD) algorithm is introduced, which provides the Message Digest 5 (MD5) computation simplicity by modifying the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) under the primary condition of power consumption. These three algorithms, ECC, MD5, and ESSD, are applied to Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol (TEEN) hierarchical routing algorithms which are considered the most widely used in WSNs. The results of security methods under the LEACH protocol show that all nodes are dead at 456, 496, and 496, respectively, to ECC, MD5, and ESSD. The results of security methods under the TEEN protocol show that the test ends at 3743, 4815, and 4889, respectively, to ECC, MD5, and ESSD. Based on these results, the ESSD outperforms better in terms of increased security and less power consumption. In addition, it is advantageous when applied to TEEN protocol.

Optimization of Head Cluster Selection in WSN by Human-Based Optimization Techniques

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by their ability to monitor physical or chemical phenomena in a static or dynamic location by collecting data, and transmit it in a collaborative manner to one or more processing centers wirelessly using a routing protocol. Energy dissipation is one of the most challenging issues due to the limited power supply at the sensor node. All routing protocols are large consumers of energy, as they represent the main source of energy cost through data exchange operation. Cluster-based hierarchical routing algorithms are known for their good performance in energy conservation during active data exchange in WSNs. The most common of this type of protocol is the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), which suffers from the problem of the pseudo-random selection of cluster head resulting in large power dissipation. This critical issue can be addressed by using an optimization algorithm to improve the LEACH cluster heads selection process, thus increasing the network lifespan. This paper proposes the LEACH-CHIO, a centralized cluster-based energy-aware protocol based on the Coronavirus Herd Immunity Optimizer (CHIO) algorithm. CHIO is a newly emerging human-based optimization algorithm that is expected to achieve significant improvement in the LEACH cluster heads selection process. LEACH-CHIO is implemented and its performance is verified by simulating different wireless sensor network scenarios, which consist of a variable number of nodes ranging from 20 to 100. To evaluate the algorithm performances, three evaluation indicators have been examined, namely, power consumption, number of live nodes, and number of incoming packets. The simulation results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed protocol over basic LEACH protocol for the three indicators.

An Improved Clustering Using by Likely Attributable Function and Informed Selection in WSN for Science of Management and Engineering

Wireless sensors networks (WSNs) are traditionally composed of large number of tiny homogenous sensors nodes connected through a wireless network that gather data to be treated locally or relayed to the sink node through multi-hop wireless transmission. The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is one of the Famous protocols used in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The LEACH protocol in wireless sensor network suffers from many Bugs and many researchers proposed different methods to mitigate them. In this paper, we propose two ideas in a format for improving leach protocol. For Cluster head selection we used a Likely Attributable Function that in this function used from a factor. This factor that we called the informed selection factor helps to farther nodes not selection for cluster head. This significantly decreases the energy consumption and increases the lifetime of associated nodes. Simulation is conducted in using MATLAB results are analyzed for energy consumption.

A Novel Approach for Energy-Efficient of WSN Using PEGASIS Protocol

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have hardware and software limitations and are deployed in hostile environments. The problem of energy consumption in WSNs has become a very important axis of research. To obtain good performance in terms of the lifetime of the WSN, several routing protocols have been proposed. We present in this article a new approach for the energy efficiency of WSN by using the PEGASIS (Power Efficient Gathering In Sensor Information Systems) routing protocol in order to reduce sensor energy consumption and to achieve good performance in terms of the lifetime of the network in WSN. The simulation results have shown that our proposed protocol excels regarding energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, resulting in an extension of a lifetime for the network. We simulated the proposed technique compared with traditional LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol using MATLAB environment.

A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networks

The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.

Improved uplink throughput and energy efficiency of LoRaWAN using 2-hop LEACH protocol

The low power wide area networks (LPWAN) is the new connectivity technology that is geared towards energy constrained internet of things (IoT) devices, is starting to become one of the drivers of the re-accelerating IoT market and has one goal: ensure the wide range distance while reducing the battery energy consumption. We focus in this paper on the evaluation of the uplink throughput of the long-range wide area networks (LoRaWAN) then we attempt optimize the throughput and power dissipation using low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. Therefore, we exploit a novel module developed in NS-3 simulator for obtaining the first measurements scenario, then the LEACH algorithm for the second optimization case. As result, the simulation analysis will help us to add a new LoRaWAN routing protocol feature.

Energy-Efficient Clustering Scheme for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks Using an Optimized LEACH Protocol

A Flying Ad-hoc network constitutes many sensor nodes with limited processing speed and storage capacity as they institute a minor battery-driven device with a limited quantity of energy. One of the primary roles of the sensor node is to store and transmit the collected information to the base station (BS). Thus, the life span of the network is the main criterion for the efficient design of the FANETS Network, as sensor nodes always have limited resources. In this paper, we present a methodology of an energy-efficient clustering algorithm for collecting and transmitting data based on the Optimized Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The selection of CH is grounded on the new optimized threshold function. In contrast, LEACH is a hierarchical routing protocol that randomly selects cluster head nodes in a loop and results in an increased cluster headcount, but also causes more rapid power consumption. Thus, we have to circumvent these limitations by improving the LEACH Protocol. Our proposed algorithm diminishes the energy usage for data transmission in the routing protocol, and the network’s lifetime is enhanced as it also maximizes the residual energy of nodes. The experimental results performed on MATLAB yield better performance than the existing LEACH and Centralized Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol in terms of energy efficiency per unit node and the packet delivery ratio with less energy utilization. In addition, the First Node Death (FND) is also meliorated when compared to the LEACH and LEACH-C protocols.

Improved LEACH protocol for increasing the lifetime of WSNs

<p>Recently, wireless sensor network (WSN) is taking a high place in several applications: military, industry, and environment. The importance of WSNs in current applications makes the WSNs the most developed technology at the research level and especially in the field of communication and computing. However, WSN’s performance deals with a number of challenges. Energy consumption is the most considerable for many researchers because nodes use energy to collect, treat, and send data, but they have restricted energy. For this reason, numerous efficient energy routing protocols have been developed to save the consumption of power. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is considered as the most attractive one in WSNs. In the present document, we evaluate the LEACH approach effectiveness in the cluster-head (CH) choosing and in data transmission, then we propose an enhanced protocol. The proposed algorithm aims to improve energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of WSN through selecting CHs depending on the remaining power, balancing the number of nodes in clusters, determining abandoned nodes in order to send their data to the sink. Then CHs choose the optimal path to achieve the sink. Simulation results exhibit that the enhanced method can decrease the consumption of energy and prolong the life-cycle of the network.</p>

Design and Implementation of LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network to Reduce for Network Area Energy Improvement and Security Using MATLAB

In this Paper Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have exploded in popularity in recent years as one of the fastest-growing developing technologies for delivering data over the internet. WSN is rapidly expanding its branches in practically every field of science and technology today. The WSN is made up of several tiny nodes that handle sensing, data collecting, aggregation, compression, and transmission. Because the sensor nodes are so small, the little battery only has a limited amount of power. As a result, the key issue for WSN is to effectively employ this insufficient battery capacity to extend the sensor networks' lifetime while reducing energy usage. However, when it comes to numbers, However, a number of advanced clustered routing protocols have already been used in WSN to reduce the amount of energy consumed. The study's main goal is to improve the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol by implementing a new clustering routing topology. The process for selecting cluster heads in our proposed model is identical to that used in the standard Leach protocol. We have, however, partitioned the network's whole area into many rectangle dispersed sections. The LEACH algorithm was used in each area.

Fault Tolerance in WSN Through Uniform Load Distribution Function

Aim: The existing cluster-based energy-efficient models such as Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Stable Election Protocol (SEP) unable for the distribution of sensor nodes uniformly during cluster formation. The non-uniform cluster distribution structure leads to rapid energy depletion and high energy consumption. So, this paper aims to create uniform load-based cluster formation. Background: This proposed idea is generated from the famous saying "If a Fault is Handling Another Fault Then That's not a Fault". Designing of energy-efficient and fault-tolerant model is indeed wireless sensor network deployments. The involvement of WSN's is not only limited to domestic purposes but also applied in a harsh and hostile environment. Objective: In this paper, we focus on the energy depletion-based fault occurrence and its tolerance. Here, we propose a Uniform Load Distribution Function (ULDF) with two objectives. The first one is to form equilibrium energy level clusters, and the second one is to avoid the frequent involvement of SNs in cluster formation. The proposed function is compared against the performance of both homogeneous LEACH and heterogeneous SEP protocols. Methods: Efficient clustering through equal distribution of SNs based on their current residual energy. Results: Our analysis concludes with the results where the proposed ULDF perform better than LEACH and SEP and reduces SNs involvement in cluster formation, which indirectly implies minimum energy consumption. Conclusion: Energy saving through uniform load distribution.