Lower Willingness Research Articles

Cross-cultural differences in depression between White British and South Asians: Causal attributions, stigma by association, discriminatory potential.

Numerous facets of public and internalized mental illness stigma have been established. This study focuses on the stigma of being associated with someone with depression and cultural differences between a Western and an Eastern culture. The aim was to compare White British and South Asians living in the United Kingdom regarding their causal explanations for depression, stigma towards people with depression and stigma by association. A cross-sectional design. White British and South Asians (N=137) in the United Kingdom completed a survey measuring attributions about the aetiology of depression, discriminatory potential towards people with depression and stigma by association. Results revealed that South Asians attributed greater supernatural, moral and psychosocial causes to depression, while White British endorsed greater biological beliefs. South Asians reported a greater discriminatory potential towards people with depression (lower willingness for closeness, greater desire for social distance) than White British. They also indicated greater affective, cognitive and behavioural stigma by association. Stigma by association mediated the relationship between cultural group and willingness for closeness as well as desire for social distance. Perceived dangerousness was a mediator for willingness for closeness. These findings suggest that a greater consideration of the role of culture in the understanding of mental health is important to combat stigma towards individuals with depression and those close to them across Western and Eastern cultures.

Assessing the Cultural Ecosystem Services Value of Protected Areas Considering Stakeholders' Preferences and Trade-Offs-Taking the Xin'an River Landscape Corridor Scenic Area as an Example.

Improving the accuracy of cultural ecosystem services (CESs) value assessment and paying more attention to the preferences and trade-offs of stakeholders in the administration of CESs are of vital importance for achieving resilient ecosystem management. Combining methodologies from sociology (Q method) and economics (choice experiment), an assessment framework of CESs is introduced to examine stakeholders' preferences and willingness to pay to participate in CESs in protected areas so as to explore how the value of CESs in protected areas can be optimized. The results show that the selection of CESs by stakeholders reflects certain synergies and trade-offs. Visitors can be classified as preferring humanistic-natural recreation, aesthetic-sense of place, or environmental education according to the factor ranking of the Q method. Visitors have a higher willingness to pay for humanistic heritage and a lower willingness to pay for sense of place experience, which can be measured at $6.55 per visit and $0.96 per visit, respectively. This indicates that the local customs and characteristics should be further explored and promoted through traditional festival celebrations and farming activities in further development of protected areas, apart from protecting local cultural heritages such as Huizhou ancient villages and halls. Furthermore, it is also necessary to actively explore the synergistic development of CESs, promote social participation, raise stakeholders' awareness of available services, manage visitors and stakeholders from a demand perspective, and promote the realization of the value of ecological products in protected areas.

Factors associated with influenza vaccination coverage and willingness in the elderly with chronic diseases in Shenzhen, China

ABSTRACT Elderly individuals with chronic illnesses are more prone to get influenza. We aimed to investigate the factors associated with influenza coverage and willingness in chronic disease patients aged ≥60 years in Longhua district, Shenzhen City of southern China. Data collected in October 2020 were used in this work. The immunization status of older persons with chronic conditions and their willingness to receive the vaccine were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to determine the respective independent factors related to vaccination coverage and willingness for influenza. Only 4.8% of 5045 people were immunized against influenza, whereas 92.7% of the individuals agreed to receive the vaccine. Individuals between the ages of 70 and 79 (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.47, P = .012), those with higher education levels (aOR 1.53, P = .005 for high school; aOR 2.44, P < .001 for college or above), those who use of a family doctor (aOR 2.91, P < .001), those who frequently have physical examinations once a year (aOR 2.52, P < .001), and those who have never smoked (aOR 1.62, P = .018) were positively associated with the influenza vaccination. Meanwhile, older age was adversely linked with influenza vaccination willingness (aOR 0.68 for 70–79 years, P = .003; aOR 0.55 for≥80 years, P = .025) in contrast to those aged 60–69. High willingness to get vaccinated was more frequent in people with a high school diploma (aOR 1.33, P = .037). In this work, we observed that the coverage is poor but the immunization desire is high regarding influenza vaccination. Interestingly, older age was associated with higher coverage and lower willingness. These suggest that raising immunization rates among older people with chronic conditions and strengthening health education for caregivers should be the primary concerns.

Privacy Concerns in Group Format Lifestyle Interventions for Obesity.

Group format weight loss interventions have benefits over individual format, but privacy concerns may limit their uptake. In this study, adults with obesity and interest in losing weight were recruited nationally online and randomly assigned to view one of eight videos describing a hypothetical, group behavioral weight loss intervention. Based on three fully crossed factors, the videos varied on privacy features of intervention (present or not); matching participants to group based on weight loss barriers (matched or not); and intervention format (online or in-person). Participants rated their willingness to join, privacy concerns, and perceived effectiveness of these interventions. They further reported preference for individual or group format interventions and reason for preferences. Description of privacy features, matching of participants, and format did not affect willingness to join, privacy concerns, or perceived effectiveness of the intervention. Privacy concerns were associated with lower willingness to join and lower perceived intervention effectiveness, and greater social anxiety and weight stigma. More participants preferred individual over group format (40.1% vs 33.9%; 26% selected neither) and preference for individual format was associated with greater privacy concerns. Strategies to address privacy concerns in group-based interventions warrant further attention.

The value of sick pay

Not all countries provide universal access to publicly funded paid sick pay. Amongst countries that do, compensation rates can be low and coverage incomplete. This leaves a significant role for employer-provided paid sick pay in many countries. In this paper, we study who has access to employer-provided sick pay and how much it is valued by workers for themselves and others. We find that workers in jobs with high contact to others are particularly unlikely to have employer provided sick pay, as are economically insecure workers who are least able to afford unpaid time off work. We find that workers without sick pay are more likely to say that they will work when experiencing cold-like symptoms and are less willing to expose themselves to health risks at work during the pandemic. Using vignettes, we reveal that large shares of workers have a very high, but even more have a very low willingness to sacrifice earnings for access to sick pay. Together our findings highlight the unequal distribution of access to sick pay and the potentially strong negative externalities of not providing it publicly. The pandemic may have made these issues more salient as perceived probabilities of having to self-isolate are positively related to support for publicly provided sick pay. Finally, we find that providing information on the health externality of paid sick leave increases support for the public provision of sick pay, suggesting that there might be a public under-provision because individuals do not factor in the externalities.

A cross-cultural comparison of ethnocentrism and the intercultural willingness to communicate between two collectivistic cultures

There is a prevalent notion regarding divergence in the extent of ethnocentrism and the intercultural willingness to communicate across cultures. Given this cultural divergence, research is replete with comparative studies of ethnocentrism and the intercultural willingness to communicate between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. However, to our knowledge, a comparison of these crucial cultural tendencies within and their consequences for collectivistic cultures has been overlooked. Thus, this study provides a cross-cultural comparison of ethnocentrism and the intercultural willingness to communicate among university students from two collectivist cultures, i.e., Pakistan and China. The researchers employed a cross-sectional design. A sample of 775 students was collected using a survey technique. The findings show that Pakistani students are more ethnocentric and have a lower intercultural willingness to communicate than Chinese students. Moreover, males were found to be more ethnocentric and less willing to communicate in intercultural settings than females in both countries. These findings validate the notion of ethnocentrism divergence across collectivistic countries and its influence on the intercultural willingness to communicate. Additionally, they demonstrate the role of demographic attributes in evolving ethnocentrism and the intercultural willingness to communicate. Accordingly, these findings also confirm the ecological assumption that contextual factors, such as demographic attributes (e.g., past interactions with foreigners), influence communication schemas. Therefore, concerning its management, these findings suggest that increased people-to-people interactions between the two focal countries can better foster their mutual understanding to reap an increased harvest of the fruits of the Belt and Road Initiative.

Attitude and influencing factors of patients with schizophrenia toward long-acting injections: A community-based cross-sectional investigation in China.

BackgroundLow prescription rates of antipsychotic long-acting injections (LAIs) may be a major challenge in the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia. However, there are few studies on the usage and attitude toward LAIs among community-based patients with schizophrenia.MethodsA large community-based cross-sectional investigation was conducted among 6,336 patients with schizophrenia from Shanghai, China from March 1 to June 30, 2021. The structured Attitude and Status toward Treatment of Community Patients with Schizophrenia Questionnaire (AST-CSQ) was used to investigate the attitude and influencing factors of community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia toward LAIs.ResultsAmong the 6,336 participants, the average age was 49.28 ± 11.23. The rate of agreement to LAI antipsychotics among participants was 3.16% (n = 200). The family financial resources, care ability, and disease course of the LAIs group were less than those of the non-LAIs group. However, the LAIs group had higher immediate family guardianship, social activity, previous hospitalization, number of hospitalization, outpatient adherence, previous antipsychotic use, antipsychotic adherence, and attitude toward oral antipsychotics than the non-LAIs group, with significant differences between the two groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, age (β = −0.036, OR 0.964, 95% CI 0.947–0.982), marital status (β = 0.237, OR 1.267, 95% CI 1.002–1.602), care ability (β = 0.709, OR 2.032, 95% CI 1.437–2.875), outpatient adherence (β = −0.674, OR 0.510, 95% CI 0.358–0.725), antipsychotic adherence (β = 0.920, OR 2.509, 95% CI 1.092–5.764), and attitude toward oral antipsychotics (β = −1.357, OR 0.258, 95% CI 0.103–0.646) were significant predictors of attitude toward LAI antipsychotics (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia in China had a low willingness to use LAIs. Patients of a younger age, more hospitalizations, and a shorter course of disease were prone to be more willing to accept LAIs. The patients' age, marital status, care ability, outpatient adherence, antipsychotic adherence, and attitude toward oral antipsychotics were important predictor of patients' attitudes toward LAIs. Under the global deinstitutionalized management model of mental disorders, these results highlight an urgent problems for public mental health service providers and policy-makers and provide more solutions for them.

Assessment of life support skills of resident dentists using OSCE: cross-sectional survey

BackgroundThe aim of this cross-sectional survey was to apply the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) to evaluate the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and endotracheal intubation skills of resident dentists for stage assessment in standardized training.MethodsA total of 146 third-year resident dentists were recruited and randomly assigned to perform either CPR or endotracheal intubation. Their performance was scored by experienced anesthesiologists with standardized scoring criteria. Participants were also asked to rated their self-assessed competence, willingness, and perceptions on training status using Likert-type scales in a questionnaire. Student’s ttest was applied to compare scores for CPR and endotracheal intubation performed by resident dentists with different characteristics. The results of the questionnaires were analyzed and visualized by the R package ‘Likert’. Significance was set at the P < 0.05 level.ResultsThe mean OSCE score for endotracheal intubation (59.1 ± 12.5) was lower than that of CPR (72.4 ± 8.8). Participants with Master’s degrees scored higher than those with Bachelor’s degrees and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in the assessment of CPR and endotracheal intubation. Low scores of self-assessed competence and willingness were observed, especially for endotracheal intubation. Resident dentists showed poor satisfaction on training volume and frequency of CPR and endotracheal intubation.ConclusionResident dentists showed poor performance on CPR and endotracheal intubation assessed by the OSCE. Relatively low self-assessed competence and willingness were reported in endotracheal intubation. The medical emergency curriculum for resident dentists should be more consistent and standardized to help resident dentists enhance the proficiency of life support skills.

Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine willingness among people incarcerated in 3 Canadian federal prisons: a cross-sectional study.

Maximizing uptake of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among people in prison is essential in mitigating future outbreaks. We aimed to determine factors associated with willingness to receive SARS-CoV-2 vaccination before vaccine availability. We chose 3 Canadian federal prisons based on their low uptake of influenza vaccines in 2019-2020. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on knowledge, attitude and beliefs toward vaccines. The primary outcome was participant willingness to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, measured using a 5-point Likert scale to the question, "If a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine becomes available in prison, how likely are you to get vaccinated?" We calculated the association of independent variables (age, ethnicity, chronic health conditions, 2019-2020 influenza vaccine uptake and prison security level), identified a priori, with vaccine willingness using logistic regression and crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We recruited 240 participants from Mar. 31 to Apr. 19, 2021 (median age 46 years; 19.2% female, 25.8% Indigenous). Of these, 178 (74.2%) were very willing to receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Participants who received the 2019-2020 influenza vaccine (adjusted OR 5.20, 95% CI 2.43-12.00) had higher odds of vaccine willingness than those who did not; those who self-identified as Indigenous (adjusted OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.11-0.60) and in medium- or maximum-security prisons (adjusted OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.12-0.92) had lower odds of vaccine willingness than those who identified as white or those in minimum-security prisons, respectively. Most participants were very willing to receive vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 before vaccine roll-out. Vaccine promotion campaigns should target groups with low vaccine willingness (i.e., those who have declined influenza vaccine, identify as Indigenous or reside in high-security prisons).

The Implementation Dilemma and Solution of Teacher Exchange Rotation in Compulsory Education

The implementation of the policy of teacher exchange rotation in the compulsory education stage can provide an exchange platform and opportunity, promote the professional development of teachers, and balance urban and rural education resources. However, there are many difficulties in the implementation of the policy of teacher exchange and job rotation, such as unclear powers and responsibilities of various administrative departments, unscientific and fair selection procedures, and low willingness of teachers to exchange. This requires clarifying the scope of authority and responsibility of each department, building a department linkage mechanism, establishing a sound scientific and fair selection procedure and supervision mechanism, and increasing the incentive measures for mobile teachers in the exchange and job rotation policy, so as to effectively enhance the sense of belonging of teachers.

A qualitative case study examining individuals’ perceptions of mode choice and the possibility to reduce car mileage for everyday leisure trips

In the transition to more sustainable travel behaviour, there is a need to reduce car mileage for all sorts of trips including everyday leisure trips for social and recreational purposes. In this case study, qualitative interviews were conducted to improve and deepen the understanding of transport mode choice for such trips. The analyses of factors affecting mode choice for everyday leisure purposes and how individuals reason about reducing car mileage for leisure trips reveal that factors matter to different extent depending on types of persons and trips. The interviewees’ descriptions of how reducing car mileage would be more or less possible resulted in the identification of four typologies, based on the two dimensions willingness to change and perception of feasibility. A segmentation based on these four typologies demonstrates that all kinds of measures are needed and helps identify policy measures that are relevant for and accepted by different groups of people. For example, the results imply that for the group with high willingness to change and low perception of feasibility a combination of soft and infrastructure ‘pull’ measures is appropriate, whereas the group with low willingness to change and high perception of feasibility needs a combination of both ‘pull’ and ‘push’ measures.

The Influence of the Peer Effect on Farmers’ Agricultural Insurance Decision: Evidence from the Survey Data of the Karst Region in China

Low insurance participation rate and low willingness to insure among farmers have always been major problems in the sustainable development of agricultural insurance in China. This paper attempts to examine the peer effect on farmers’ agricultural insurance buying decisions and explore its mechanism. We have established an IVprobit model, using the survey data of 9452 farmers in the karst regions in China. The empirical results show that: (1) Peer effect has a significant influence on farmers’ participation in agricultural insurance. A 10% increase in farmers’ neighbors’ participation in agricultural insurance increases the likelihood of farmers’ participation by 3.25%. (2) Peer effect promotes farmers’ participation by enhancing farmers’ risk perception and insurance cognition. (3) Peer effect is asymmetrical: male and larger-scale farmers have more significant effects on their peers and probably lead the participation in agricultural insurance. The results of the study have the following policy implications: (1) Increasing policy publicity and enforcing policy advocacy would magnify the positive impact of peer effect. (2) Increasing the participation rate of male and larger-scale farmers by policy interventions, which would give full play and a positive demonstration effect of specific groups. (3) Innovating insurance publicity methods to enhance farmers’ risk awareness and insurance cognition. (4) More concentration should be focused on the primary-level governance in rural China. We should advance the stock of rural social capital on all fronts to leverage the role of peer effect within rural areas.

Perceived Disaster Preparedness and Willingness to Respond among Emergency Nurses in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: Emergency nurses serve a vital role in disaster situations. Understanding their disaster preparedness and willingness to respond to a disaster is important in maintaining appropriate disaster management. The purpose of this study was to explore emergency nurses’ disaster preparedness and willingness to respond based on demographic and disaster-related characteristics, and their willingness to respond based on specific disaster situations. Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, the Disaster Preparedness Questionnaire for Nurses and willingness to report to duty by type of event were used to collect data from 158 nurses working in four regional emergency medical centers from 1 December 2019 to 30 April 2020 in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Emergency nurses with personal disaster experience as a victim or witness (t = 3.65, p < 0.001), professional disaster experience (i.e., working as a nurse) (t = 3.58, p < 0.001), who were current members of Korean Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (t = 6.26, p < 0.001), and who received disaster-related training within a year (t = 5.84, p < 0.001) showed a high level of perceived disaster preparedness. Emergency nurses who have professional disaster experience (i.e., working as a nurse) (t = 2.42, p = 0.017), are on a current disaster team (t = 2.39, p = 0.018), and have received disaster training (t = 2.73, p = 0.007) showed a high level of willingness to respond. Our study showed a high willingness to respond to natural disasters and low willingness to respond to technological disasters. Discussion: To promote the engagement of emergency nurses in disaster response, disaster education programs should be expanded. Enhancing the safety of disaster response environments through supplementing medical personnel, distributing available resources, and providing sufficient compensation for emergency nurses is also essential.

PM-WANI: A Disaggregated Wi-Fi Roaming Architecture to Connect the Unconnected

Providing seamless access to Wi-Fi through Public Data Offices (PDOs) using PM-WANI technology, could be an economical and rapid way of connecting the unconnected throughout India, especially given the unfeasible business case of rolling out expensive traditional cellular infrastructure in rural areas, plagued with a lower willingness to pay and revenue potential. PM-WANI can provide significant boost to the government’s digital ambition – ubiquitous connectivity, digital inclusion and enabling infrastructure. In addition, productivity improvements from Wi-Fi for the overall economy can also translate into tangible benefits to the economy. Proliferation of broadband across the length and breadth of the country is an essential ingredient of Digital India. Towards this objective, it is envisaged to leverage public Wi-Fi network for delivery of broadband services. This is sought to be facilitated by rolling out PM-WANI infrastructure with the broadband services being provided under distributed architecture and unbundling of infrastructure to improve performance by different players under the PM-WANI eco system.

Should tourists care more about invasive species? International and domestic visitors’ perceptions of invasive plants and their control in New Zealand

Tourism has been implicated in the spread of invasive species, not only through physical means but through invasive species being perpetuated in destinations as part of the tourism landscape. This study reports on a survey of 238 domestic and international tourists visiting the south of New Zealand, with a focus on their knowledge of and attitudes to the management of two invasive plants: wild conifers and Russell lupins. Both plants have profound ecological, economic and environmental impacts but are also increasingly a part of the tourist landscapes in the study region. The survey found significant differences between domestic and international visitors in their levels of ecological knowledge about the invasive plants, with domestic visitors having greater awareness. However, there were also significant differences between international visitors according to origin and ethnicity, with Asian visitors showing lower awareness and also lower willingness to support eradication of the invasives, even after being provided information on the ecological impact of the species. Participants also responded differently to the two species, being less willing to support eradication of the attractive Russell lupin, compared to wild conifers. There are implications for management in terms of the messaging that may be required for different visitor groups around invasive species control. The study also points to the challenge of developing support for the management of charismatic plant species such as Russell lupin that are now firmly located within the tourism domain.

Measuring the impacts of dockless micro-mobility services on public transit accessibility

Dockless micromobility services have potential as a fast and flexible solution to short-distance trips and public transit's first-mile/last-mile (FM/LM) access problem; however, these services also have limitations, including uneven spatial distribution, low capacity, and user out of pocket expense. This can impact on the ability of micromobility to enhance public transit accessibility. We introduce accessibility increment measures – the amount by which public transit accessibility improves due to micromobility services. We apply these measures to hypothetical trips using public transit and micromobility data from Columbus, Ohio, USA. We find dockless scooters can increase accessibility by multimodal public transit trips, with increments in the first mile significantly outweighing last mile accessibility increments. Accessibility increments are highly concentrated in the city center due to the distributions of scooters and bus stops. We also find that scooters' accessibility increment contribution is highly unequal: a small number of scooters contribute most of the accessibility increments. Monetary cost simulations show that the first-mile accessibility increment will rapidly decrease and last-mile increment slightly increase with lower willingness to pay. Capacity simulations show a group of users' accessibility increment will rapidly decrease as the group size increases, but this depends on whether they are competing or collaborating for scooters. Our results show that despite showing promising potentials, vendors and policymakers still need to address these issues to make collaboration between public transit and dockless micromobility sustainable and equitable. The paper provides measures and evidence for future transit and micromobility planning for scooter vendors and transit authorities.

Ambulante Spezialfachärztliche Versorgung (ASV): eine multiperspektivische Studie zu Status quo, Herausforderungen und Perspektiven

BackgroundIn 2012, the so-called ambulatory medical specialist care (ASV) was implemented in accordance with para. 116b of Book V of the German Social Code (SGB V), enabling physicians in outpatient practices and hospitals to treat patients with rare diseases or complex courses of disease in a uniform framework. The implementation, however, is slow. The Joint Federal Committee (G-BA) has therefore commissioned an evaluation of the ASV with the aim to examine the reasons for this and to provide recommendations for further development. MethodsThe health services research study “GOAL-ASV” (Innovation Fund, 01VSF19002) included a multi-perspective design with primary data collection as well as secondary data analyses. Data from the ASV service center and the central association of statutory health insurances and the notification forms of the extended state committees were analyzed. Data from the Robert Koch-Institute, the Federal Joint Committee, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds and a literature database analysis were used in order to estimate the proportion of insured persons qualifying for ASV. Care was examined by analyzing pseudonymized routine data from the statutory health insurances using selected indicators. Participating and not participating physicians were asked to complete an online survey. ResultsSince the start of ASV, 615,531 insured persons have been treated in this form of care. At the time of analysis, 509 teams were operating, with 26,540 physicians treating 102,898 patients by the end of March 2021 in all indications. This comprises less than 9.8 %. of all approx. 1.05 million eligible patients. Especially in the case of rare diseases, a low willingness of participation can be seen. In addition, there was a relevant proportion of multiple uses of physicians within and outside ASV at 31 percent as well as indications of passive participation of doctors. We found significant regional differences in type and scope of the notification procedure as well as the implementation of teams with 13.4 teams per 1 million inhabitants in Schleswig-Holstein and no team in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Patient benefits (84 %), interdisciplinary (82 %) and cross-sectoral cooperation (75 %) were cited as motivations for participation. The main barriers reported by the respondents were the complex and laborious notification procedure (60 %), the administrative and documentation effort during participation (50 %), insufficient billing figures (49 %), and a small proportion of patients (32 %) with a consecutively unfavorable assessment of the cost to income ratio due to the current reimbursement system. DiscussionNearly ten years after its introduction, the ASV has not become established nationwide. The reasons for this probably are the complex notification procedure and the reimburesement system for rare diseases. In the case of rare diseases, the risk of underuse is becoming apparent. ConclusionStrategies to further develop the ASV should, in particular, simplify the notification procedure and reduce the obstacles during participation. The remuneration system should take more account of the specific care required.

Staff attitudes and perceptions towards the use of coercive measures in psychiatric patients.

The failure of efforts to significantly reduce the use of physical coercive measures (PCMs) in psychiatric hospitals remains a global concern. There is a gap in the understanding of staff's characteristics that may affect their attitudes and perceptions towards PCMs. This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the attitudes and perceptions of staff working at a mental health centre in Israel regarding the use of PCMs and to explore whether staff attitudes differed depending on their professional and demographic background. This study also sought to explore staff willingness to accept a policy of reducing the use of PCMs. The data were collected from 149 staff members (nurses, physicians, and auxiliary staff) working at mental health centre, using a questionnaire developed for this study. The findings indicate a low degree of support for use of PCMs among participants who were older, female, more qualified psychiatric nurses, with longer duration of employment, and those who have not participated in coercive intervention in the past year. The majority of the sample reported a low willingness to reduce the use of PCMs, and a lack of institutional support after participating in a coercive event. High hospital occupancy and insufficient staffing were perceived as contributing factors to coercive incidents. Therefore, availability of trained and experienced staff, elimination of organizational barriers, along with creating and maintaining a safe clinical environment should be a priority. Alternative non-coercive interventions should further be taught and used for managing aggressive and violent behaviour in the psychiatric clinical settings.

Influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation policies on the strategy of pollutant discharge for enterprise: an evolutionary game approach

To improve the effectiveness of the government’s environmental regulation policy, this study aims to solve the problem of the low willingness of enterprises to cooperate. This study redefined and defined the types of environmental regulations based on the policy realization path, and gradually added them into the game system between the government and enterprises, using the evolutionary game to analyze the impact of different regulatory means on the enterprises’ choice of whether or not to cooperate with the regulatory policy, and using MATLAB to perform a numerical simulation to compare the degree of impact. In this way, the best regulatory objects of different regulatory means were determined, and the theoretical basis and practical reference for the government to implement classified governance policies were provided. In addition, this study for the first-time classified enterprises based on the relationship between the number of pollutants discharged by enterprises and the government’s pollutant discharge quota, and incorporated them into the model for further research. The results showed that the government should implement administrative regulations for enterprises discharging a small number of pollutants; implement a combination of administrative and market-oriented regulations for enterprises discharging a medium number of pollutants; implement administrative, market-oriented, and socialized regulations at the same time for enterprises discharging a large number of pollutants. Moreover, these should be based on the premise of reasonably arranging the performance appraisal of local governments.

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Tentang Perilaku Hidup Bersih Dan Sehat Serta Praktek Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun Pada Saat Pandemi Covid-19 Di Kabupaten Pandeglang

INCREASED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CLEAN AND HEALTHY LIVING BEHAVIORS AND THE PRACTICE OF WASHING HANDS WITH SOAP DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PANDEGLANG REGENCY. The rate of implementation of clean and healthy living behaviors in the community remains low due to the low level of socialization associated with the benefits and risks of not implementing clean and healthy living behaviors in daily life. Public health is disrupted due to the low level of socialization of clean and healthy lifestyles and the low willingness of the community to implement these lifestyles. This non-profit service is designed to enable communities to improve, protect and maintain health by making them aware, willing and able to actively participate in implementing clean and healthy living behaviors in their daily lives. This non-profit approach uses consultation to raise public awareness of clean, healthy lifestyles and handwashing techniques with soap. This event takes place in Kubang Kondang Village. The outcome of community service is knowledge growth after consultation, and there is a need to further improve communication, information and education (IEC) activities by involving more people to increase knowledge and attitudes about clean and healthy living and to improve handwashing.