Low Sulfur Diesel Fuels Research Articles

Lubricity Performance of Ethylene Glycol Ester from Soybean Oil as a Lubricity Enhancer Bio-Additive for Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel

The present study aims to show the tribological properties of soybean oil's ethylene glycol ester (SOEGE) and its effect on low-sulfur diesel fuel lubrication. The SOEGE or 2-hydroxyethyl ester was synthesized by a transesterification reaction of soybean oil and ethylene glycol with a potassium carbonate catalyst. The product was characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Then, the lubricity of commercial diesel fuel (Pertadex) and SOEGE were tested alone using the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) machine. Its mixture form with various product doses in Pertadex (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1% v/v) was also tested with the same apparatus. This study showed that the product's coefficient of friction and Wear Scar Diameters (WSD) were 0.057 and 154.4 m, respectively. This value is lower than Pertadex and Fatty Acids Methyl Ester (FAME) of Soybean oil from the literature. Furthermore, adding products into Pertadex can reduce the coefficient of friction and WSD of Pertadex. The Pertadex coefficient of friction was reduced from 0.161 to 0.135 after the addition of 0.8% product. At a concentration of 1% product, WSD Pertadex was successfully reduced by 39.42%. These phenomena imply that ester ethylene glycol has an excellent lubricating effect on low-sulfur diesel. This work's findings open opportunities for other researchers to develop alternative lubricating bio-additives for low-sulfur diesel through the in-depth study of tribochemistry or tribosurface.

Marine Ancillary Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction Using Advanced Fuels

Large transoceanic ships use marine ancillary diesel engines for generating electricity, which, on the other hand, produce a remarkable amount of harmful emissions during the combustion process. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) establishes standards that limit the amount of harmful emissions produced during the engine combustion cycle in maritime transport. Because of this restriction, new alternative fuels entered the market. Experiments had been performed with various testing fuels created from biodiesel and ULSD-F (Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel-Fuel) in the ratios of 0%, 50%, 80%, and 100%. During the tests, the engine ran at different speeds and loads so that the mixed fuel influence on engine operation could be observed in detail and investigated.

Synthesis of 2-Hydroxyethyl Esters from Castor Oil as Lubrication Bio-Additive Candidates for Low-Sulfur Fossil Diesel

The present work aims to study the synthesis of 2-hydroxyethyl esters from castor oil and its lubrication properties, promising as a lubrication bio-additive in low sulfur diesel fuel. This compound has been successfully synthesized from castor oil and ethylene glycol. The oil to ethylene glycol molar ratio was adjusted to 1:10, and the catalyst loading was used at 9% mole oil. Then, the mixture was refluxed for 5 h. The product components were characterized using GC-MS. The standard ASTM method was used to study the kinematic viscosity and lubrication. The product was dominated by 2-hydroxyethyl esters (94.16%), di-ester (1.12%), and cyclic ester (1.92%). The analysis of friction coefficient and wear scar diameter (WSD) using High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) shows the coefficient of friction and WSD of the product better than reference diesel fuel. From the results of this study, the 2-hydroxyethyl ester of castor oil, especially 2-hydroxyethyl ricinoleate, is the main responsible for the lubricating properties. Thus, 2-hydroxyethyl esters of castor oil can be proposed as an alternative bio-additive to improve the lubrication of low-sulfur fossil diesel fuels.

Performance of Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel Fuel Additives and its Side Effects

Performance of Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel Fuel Additives and its Side Effects

Investigating the noise generation of a compression ignition engine at different filters

Noise is a very important phenomena for passenger comfort in a vehicle. Engine of the vehicles produce disturbing noises in different frequencies. In the application of acoustic, there are different filters to predict the sound pressure level and disturbing noises. The aim of the present study is to investigate the noise characteristic of a compression ignition engine at different weighting filters. In the experiments, the engine was fuelled with low sulphur diesel and sunflower biodiesel fuels and it run at different engine speeds ranging from 1200 to 2400 rpm, with steps of 300 rpm. The results indicated that noise characteristic of compression engine with engine speed shows different trends at A- weighting filter than C- and Z- weighting filters especially at 1500 rpm. Moreover, in the study, it was cleared that the SPL decrease with the addition of biodiesel fuel regardless of its ratio.

Thermal efficiency investigations on the self-ignition test engine fed with marine low sulfur diesel fuels

Within the article an issues of implementing the new kinds of marine diesel fuels into ships’ operation was described taking into ac-count restrictions on the permissible sulphur content introduced by the International Maritime Organization. This is a new situation for ship owners and fuel producers, which forces the necessity to carry out laboratory research tests on especially adapted engine stands. How to elaborate the method enabling quality assessment of the self-ignition engine performance, considered in three categories: ener-gy, emission and reliability, represents the key issue of the organization of such research. In the field of energy research, it is necessary to know the thermal efficiency of the engine as the basic comparative parameter applied in diagnostic analyzes and syntheses of sequen-tially tested marine diesel fuels. This type of scientific research has been worked out for two years in the Department of Marine and Land Power Plants of the Gdańsk University of Technology, as a part of the statutory activities conducted in cooperation with the Regional Fund for Environmental Protection in Gdansk and the LOTOS Group oil company. This article presents the algorithm and results of thermal efficiency calculations of the Farymann Diesel D10 test engine in the con-ditions of feeding with various low-sulfur marine diesel fuels: distillation and residual fuels. This parameters stands for one of ten diag-nostic measures of the ranking of energy and emission quality of newly manufactured marine diesel fuels being built at the Department.

Characterization of Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Their Impact on the Stability of Marginally Stable Diesel Fuels

A set of low sulfur diesel fuels from the Western Pacific region were found to be unstable during storage although they passed all standard specification tests. This sample set was found to have high nitrogen content. Initially, liquid-liquid extractions with a mild aqueous acid were performed to separate basic and non-basic nitrogen groups in an attempt to determine if these organonitrogen classes were responsible for the poor stability. The findings of this study indicate that there may be a correlation between the acid-extractable nitrogen compounds in these fuels and the formation of high levels of particulates in storage. In order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the classes and distributions of organonitrogen compounds in fuels, a novel analytical method was developed using two-dimensional gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection (GCxGC-NCD). The GCxGC-NCD analyses revealed the presence of three distinct groups of nitrogen compounds. One group corresponded to the ...

Combustion and Emissions Investigation on Low-Speed Two-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine with Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel

Abstract With the implementation and expansion of international sulfur emission control areas, effectively promoted the marine low sulfur diesel fuel (MLSDF) used in marine diesel engines. In this study, a large low-speed, two-stroke, cross-head, common rail, electronic fuel injection marine diesel engine (B&W 6S35ME-B9) was used for the study. According to diesel engine’s propulsion characteristics, experiments were launched respectively at 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% load working conditions with marine low sulfur diesel fuel to analyze the fuel consumption, combustion characteristics and emissions (NOx, CO2, CO, HC) characteristics. The results showed that: Marine diesel engine usually took fuel injection after top dead center to ensure their safety control NOx emission. From 25% to 75% load working condition, engine’s combustion timing gradually moved forward and the inflection points of pressure curve after top dead center also followed forward. While it is necessary to control pressure and reduce NOx emission by delaying fuel injection timing at 100% load. Engine’s in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and cumulative heat release were increased with load increasing. Engine’s CO2 and HC emissions were significantly reduced from 25% to 75% load, while they were increased slightly at 100% load. Moreover, the fuel consumption rate had a similar variation and the lowest was only 178 g/kW·h at 75% load of the test engine with MLSDF. HC or CO emissions at four tests’ working conditions were below 1.23 g/kW·h and the maximum difference was 0.2 or 0.4 g/kW·h respectively, which meant that combustion efficiency of the test engine with MLSDF is good. Although the proportion of NOx in exhaust gas increased with engine’s load increasing, but NOx emissions were always between 12.5 and 13.0 g/kW·h, which was less than 14.4 g/kW·h. Thus, the test engine had good emissions performance with MLSDF, which could meet current emission requirements of the International Maritime Organization.

Fatty Acids of Vegetable Oils as Components of Anti-Wear Diesel-Fuel Additives

Comparative study of fatty acids isolated from vegetable (sunflower and cotton-seed) oils and tall oil fatty acids was carried out as regards the possibility of their application as raw material for production of anti-wear additives to low-sulfur diesel fuels. It was shown that the additives are close to each other in the fatty-acid composition and physicochemical and service properties, which makes it possible to extend the raw-material resources for additives of this type and to diminish the import purchases.

Reduction of the NOx emissions in vehicle diesel engine in order to fulfill future rules concerning emissions released into air

In the past period occurred information about a fact that in some of the motorcars was installed a software, which enabled to hide the over-limit values of the nitrogen oxides during the emission testing process. This affair is called “dieselgate”. It is a well-known fact that the actual emission limits are very hard and there is arising a serious problem for automobile factories to meet the demanding emission requirements. The emission standard Euro is an obligatory standard, which is valid within the European Union. On the present there is valid the newest standard Euro 6, which should help to eliminate most of the undesirable substances that are influencing quality of air. However, already in this year or during the next year 2018 there will be implemented a new, stricter emission standard Euro 7 in the EU. From this reason started to be used some of the alternative fuels in this branch. There was performed a study, which investigated emissions of the vehicle diesel engine during application of the experimental fuels. The experimental engine was equipped with the turbocharging and with the direct fuel injection. The different testing fuels were created using the ratios 0%, 50%, 80% and 100% between the biodiesel and the ULSDF (Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel Fuel), whereas the individually mixed fuels were marked B0:U100, B50:U50, B80:U20 and B100:U0. The first kind of the applied fuel is the pure ULSDF and the last fuel is the pure biodiesel. The experimental measurements were performed at the different engine loading levels and various engine speeds in order to investigate an influence of the mixed fuels on the engine operational characteristics.

Ecological analysis related to creation of gaseous emissions within transport focused on fulfilment of the future emission standards

Questions of ecology in the area of transport are always very topical because the newest emission standards concerning the piston combustion engines are very hard with regard to protection of the environment and human health. Nowadays the most often used driving units that are applied within the road transport as well as in the marine transport are the diesel engines. In the last period occurred information about a fact that in some of the motorcars was installed a software, which enabled to hide the over-limit values of the nitrogen oxides during the emission testing process. This affair is called “dieselgate”. It is a well-known fact that the actual emission limits are very hard and there is arising a serious problem for automobile factories to meet the demanding emission requirements. Therefore it was elaborated an ecological analysis or study concerning the gaseous emissions produced in the road transport. This analysis is based on application of the experimental fuels. As the experimental combustion engine it was chosen just such kind of the motorcar engine, which is relevant to the cause “dieselgate”, i.e. the diesel piston combustion engine. The testing fuels were created by mixing of the biodiesel and the ULSDF (Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel Fuel), using various mutual ratios between these fuels. The individual measurements were performed at the various engine loading levels and engine speeds in order to investigate an influence of the experimental fuels on the real operational characteristics of the given testing engine.

Method for reduction of the NOX emissions in marine auxiliary diesel engine using the fuel mixtures containing biodiesel using HCCI combustion

The marine auxiliary diesel engines installed in the large transoceanic ships are used in order to generate the electricity but at the same time these engines are able to produce a significant amount of the harmful exhaust gas emissions. Therefore the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) concluded an agreement, which has to control generating of gaseous emissions in maritime transport. From this reason started to be used some of the alternative fuels in this branch. There was performed a study, which investigated emissions of the auxiliary marine diesel engine during application of the experimental fuels. The different testing fuels were created using the ratios 0%, 50%, 80% and 100% between the biodiesel and the ULSDF (Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel Fuel). The experimental measurements were performed at the different engine loading levels and various engine speeds in order to investigate an influence of the mixed fuels on the engine operational characteristics.

Activity comparison of Ni-Mo/Al2O3 and Ni-Mo/TiO2 catalysts in hydroprocessing of middle petroleum distillates and their blend with rapeseed oil

Alumina supports are currently the most widely utilized supports for hydrotreating catalysts, which are used for production of low sulfur diesel fuels. However, the strong metal-support interactions, which may inhibit the desired kinetics of desulfurization, have driven the need to explore novel support systems. This research focuses on one such alternative support system – titania. This study compares the hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), and hydrogenation efficiency of sulfide Ni-Mo/Al2O3 and Ni-Mo/TiO2 catalysts in hydrotreating the middle petroleum distillates with and without 20wt% of rapeseed oil. Hydrotreating experiments were executed in a fixed bed co-current tubular reactor using a commercial Ni-Mo/Al2O3 and an in house prepared Ni-Mo/TiO2 catalyst. The operating parameters were as follows: temperature in the range of 320–360°C, pressure of 4 and 8MPa, WHSV of ca 1.0h−1, and hydrogen to feedstock ratio of ca 240m3/m3. Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst showed higher HDS, HDN and hydrogenation activity, mainly at 4MPa pressure. The Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited greater methanation activity, especially at 8MPa pressure. The higher efficiency recorded with the Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst may be attributed to this catalyst's greater surface, formed by smaller mesopores size range.

Preparation and Evaluation of Lubricity Additives for Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel

This paper adopted the co-precipitation method to prepare Ni/Zr-loaded MgO/Al2O3 catalysts for the transesterification. The catalysts were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The catalyst had a platelet-like structure and an average size of approximately 1–2 μm. The surface area was affected by the calcination temperature, with a sharp decrease in the surface area as the calcination temperature was further increased from 820 to 920 °C. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were obtained by a process called transesterification, which reacted waste vegetable oil with methanol under the action of the prepared catalyst. The effect of FAMEs on the lubricating performance of low-sulfur diesel (LSD) was determined using the high-frequency reciprocating rig test. FAMEs were efficient enough to serve as a lubricity additive (LA), and the efficiency increased with an increasing concentratio...

바이오디젤과 디젤 연기입자의 광학특성 및 무차원 광소멸계수 측정에 관한 연구

The dimensionless extinction constants of smoke particles produced from burning of soy methyl ester (B100) biodiesel and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuels were measured. To this end, optical measurements of smoke volume fraction with the aid of a He-Ne laser at 633 nm were compared to the simultaneous gravimetric measurements. The average value of measured dimensionless extinction constants at 633 nm was 11.8 for biodiesel smoke particles and 11.1 for diesel smoke particles, respectively whose values are very comparable withing the range of measurement uncertainty (± 10.1%). The analysis of Raman spectroscopy revealed that overall characteristics of light extinction between particles produced from each fuel may differ from each other.

Hydroxy- and Aminoethyl Imidazolines of Cottonseed Oil Fatty Acids as Additives for Diesel Fuels

In the research, aminoethyl imidazolines of cottonseed oil fatty acids with diethylenetriamine have been synthesized using the ultrasonic device creating the effect of cavitation. The yield of imidazolines was 90% - 95%. The influence of the synthesized imidazolines on lubricity quality of low sulfur diesel fuels having low lubricating quality was studied. The results showed that at concentrations 200 - 250 ppm the synthesized imidazolines can be applied as additives enhancing lubricity quality of diesel fuels.

Effect of Biodiesel, Jet Propellant (JP-8) and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel on Auto-Ignition, Combustion, Performance and Emissions in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

Concern about the depletion of petroleum reserves, rising prices of conventional fuels, security of supply and global warming have driven research toward the development of renewable fuels for use in diesel engines. These fuels have different physical and chemical properties that affect the diesel combustion process. This paper compares between the autoignition, combustion, performance and emissions of soy-bean derived biodiesel, Jet propellant (JP-8) and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) in a high speed single-cylinder research diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system. Tests were conducted at steady state conditions at different injection pressures ranging from 600 bar to 1200 bar. The ‘rate of heat release’ traces are analyzed to determine the effect of fuel properties on the ignition delay, premixed combustion fraction and mixing and diffusion controlled combustion fractions. Biodiesel produced the largest diffusion controlled combustion fraction at all injection pressures compared to ULSD and JP-8. At 600 bar injection pressure, the diffusion controlled combustion fraction for biodiesel was 53% whereas both JP-8 and ULSD produced 39%. In addition, the effect of fuel properties on engine performance, fuel economy, and engine-out emissions is determined. On an average JP-8 produced 3% higher thermal efficiency than ULSD. Special attention is given to the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and particulate matter characteristics. On an average biodiesel produced 37% less NOx emissions compared to ULSD and JP-8.

Activity of alumina-silica-supported NiMoS prepared by controlled mixing of alumina into SiO2 hydrogels for HDS of gas oil

Alumina-silica-supported NiMoS composites were examined in single- and dual-layer catalyst beds in a high-pressure (5MPa) flow reactor to achieve ultra low sulfur (10ppm) diesel fuels. Three types of alumina-silica composite supports were prepared by co-precipitation to control the particle size and arrangement of alumina and silica. The SiO2 content was found to be influential on catalytic performance, being best by around 27% regardless of preparation conditions. Alumina crystal size controlled the acidity and surface area of the support, key factors influencing catalytic performance. NiMoASA-2(27), prepared by procedure 2, achieved 4.5 and 3ppmS at 345 and 360°C, respectively, in the single bed reactor at a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 1h−1. NiMoASA-2(27) achieved the best performance of the supports examined in this study. The double-layer catalyst bed contained commercial CoMoS (LX6) and NiMoASA-2(27) in the first and the second beds at 345 and 360°C, respectively, and achieved 5 and 2ppmS, indicating better performance at higher temperatures. The reaction order for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of refractory sulfur species was close to unity over NiMoASA-2(27), which was significantly higher than that of the commercial CoMoS catalyst. Alumina-silica-supported NiMoS in the second bed of the dual-layer catalyst bed achieved less than 10ppmS for refractory sulfur species with around 500ppmS.

Sedimentation in biodiesel and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel blends

A biodiesel storage stability study was conducted on Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel (ULSDF) and three biodiesel fuels (B100), including a Tallow-based Methyl Ester (TME), a Canola-based Methyl Ester (CME), and, a Yellow Grease Methyl Ester (YGME), and fuel blends (B5 and B20). The stability study was conducted over ten months (Aug 07–Jun 08) and consisted of storing fuel samples in quarter filled plastic and steel 20L cans, in an unheated shed. Fuel cans were vented twice a week to ensure exposure of the fuel to air. Changes in Acid Number, kinematic viscosity and free water and sediments levels were monitored over the storage period. Temperature and relative humidity ranged from −25°C to 35°C and 25% to 100%, respectively. Acid Number and the viscosity did not increase beyond the uncertainty of the method used. Reference samples kept at 40°C were used for comparison. Free water and sediment levels were barely above the detection limit of 0.003mL/100mL of fuel for CME and YGME and their blends. TME and its B20 blend displayed free water and sediment levels up to 0.05mL/100mL of fuel in February, after six months of storage. These values decreased considerably after the warm Summer months back to below 0.01mL/100mL. All free water and sediment levels were measured after fuel samples came to equilibrium with room temperature. The TME B5 free water and sediment levels remained low throughout the storage period. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy performed on particulates from the sediments revealed a similar composition but a slightly lower concentration for protons in alkenyl groups. The presence of these sediments was attributed to more saturated molecules coming out of solution in colder weather and very slowly going back to solution at room temperature.

Modern catalysts of deep hydrotreatment in the production of low-sulfur diesel fuels at Russian oil refineries according to Euro-3 and Euro-4 standards

The production of diesel fuels with sulfur contents according to Euro-3 and Euro-4 standards at Russian oil refineries requires the replacement of catalysts by more active ones without reconstructing the existing hydrotreating units. The majority of Russian catalysts can be used for the production of diesel fuels containing 350 ppm S and more. For the production of fuels with less than 50 and 10 ppm residual sulfur, however, last generation catalysts should be used, whose surface compounds are highly active Co(Ni)-Mo-S phases of the second type. A typical representative of these catalysts is the Russian IC-GO-1 catalyst, which has been manufactured since 2007 by ZAO Industrial Catalysts under the license of Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. The characteristics of hydrotreatment ensured by the developer and producer were confirmed during the commercial use of the catalyst at OAO Saratov Oil Refinery. The production of IC-GO-1 can reach 600 t per year, which is sufficient for the re-equipment of 10 standard Russian hydrotreating units.