Krakow, Poland suffers from major air pollution caused by: local uses of coal for space heating, traffic, industry, and that transported from large down wind industrial regions. Space heating is mostly coal-based, but there is some use of natural gas and electricity. Major sources of heating include: district heating, individual apartment house boilers, stoves for heating individual rooms of apartments, and electric heating units. So-called low emissions sources (i.e., low stacks or chimneys) account for about 40% of the emissions of air pollutants in Krakow and for maximum ground level concentrations of pollutants that exceed Polish standards by factors of 2 - 3. Low emissions sources primarily provide space heating and are largely coal-based. They include 2021 hand-fired fixed grate boilers in some of the apartment houses, 100,000 room heating stoves, and 227 overfeed traveling grate stokers (80% with cyclones for particulate control). The latter are associated with the district heating system, and a few also supply industrial steam. President Bush, in 1990, promised U.S. assistance in reduction of air pollution in Krakow. Subsequently, the Krakow Clean Fossil Fuels and Energy Efficiency Program was established by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to assist in air pollution reduction by meansmore » of U.S./Polish joint ventures that will function in a free market economy to supply appropriate equipment, materials or services.« less