Low-rise Housing Construction Research Articles

ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ МЕХАНИЗМ ИНЖЕНЕРНОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫХ УЧАСТКОВ МАЛОЭТАЖНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА

The article touches upon the urgent issue of the need to develop a segment of low-rise housing construction. The indicators of apartment prices in St. Petersburg and Moscow over the past year are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the low level of housing affordability in cities for citizens at the present stage. One of the key barriers to the development of the potential of the low-rise housing construction market, namely the acute shortage of engineering-prepared land plots for construction, is considered. The values of indicators characterizing the state of engineering networks in rural areas are presented. The author's organizational and economic mechanism for the development of a system for providing engineering infrastructure for land plots has been developed. The presented mechanism consists of four stages: planning, organization, control, monitoring, and is also structured according to the priority of sites and methods of financing.

Advantages of Low-Rise Construction as a Factor in Increasing Life Standards of the Population

The development of the construction complex in the regions is a key factor in providing energy-efficient, safe, affordable and comfortable housing for citizens living in small towns and settlements. The purpose of the study is to develop a socio-economic justification for program decisions in the field of development of low-rise construction in small towns and settlements. The research methodology is based on a theoretical analysis of the basic scientific principles of low-rise construction management. Statistical data on statistical reporting on low-rise construction served as an information and empirical base of the study. The scientific novelty lies in the formation of the author's conceptual approach to the socio-economic justification of program solutions for small towns and settlements. The study showed that the developed program measures are effective and will ensure the intensification of low-rise housing construction with a high level of comfort and quality in small towns and settlements.

Целостность и иерархичность структур данных в жизненном цикле объектов малоэтажного жилищного строительства

The subject area of the article is construction facilities life cycle management, where the object-oriented automated technologies of low-rise housing construction are the subject of consideration. The purpose of this study is to describe the meta-structure of such technologies, consisting of a set of hierarchical structures of the finite elements (premises, structures, engineering equipment, etc.) and for this meta-structure definition the concept of low-rise housing estate construction facilities integrity is introduced. The object of the article's research is hierarchical data structures, on the basis of which object-oriented databases and knowledge bases are formed, serving automated technologies for construction facilities integrity generation within all stages of the life cycle. The article uses the method of decomposition of the low-rise housing estate construction facilities integrity into a variety of automated technologies and their constituent hierarchical data structures, which allows us to identify all subject areas of objects of manor low-rise housing estate construction for computational justifications of the limiting states of finite elements (objects) of architecture, building structures, engineering equipment. Hierarchical structures create a standardized basis for the organization of finite element information models for managing the life cycle of manor low-rise estate housing construction. Decision-makers should prepare hierarchical data structures and algorithms for calculating the justifications for finite elements. The article presents examples of hierarchical data structures schemes for the design stage tasks solving. It is concluded that all information models of finite elements on a variety of subject areas of manor low-rise estate housing construction objects arise during the execution of constructive (algorithmized) processes in the decision-making layers of the corresponding stages of the life cycle of construction objects. It is concluded that all information models of finite elements on a variety of subject areas of manor low-rise estate housing construction objects arise during the execution of constructive (algorithmized) processes in the decision-making layers of the corresponding stages of the life cycle of construction objects. A structuring condition is also proposed: if the main link of the life cycle management technology is the information model of the object, then the fundamental condition for object orientation and meaningful filling of hierarchical data structures is the construction system used in this construction object, as a set of load-bearing and enclosing structures, its components and materials used. The proposed approach will make it possible to create and maintain a shared data environment on a regular and ongoing basis as part of a set of hierarchical data structures of the construction projects under consideration. In the development, it becomes possible to qualitatively improve the technological conditions for decision-making according to various criteria, including criteria for environmental friendliness, energy efficiency, economy, comfort for low-rise residential buildings using neural network data structures and the use of artificial intelligence algorithms. The above together is the basis for the formation of a modern innovative technological order for the objects of estate low-rise housing construction.

Technical and Economic Aspects of the Choice of Enclosing Wall Structures with a Similar Heat Flow for Low-rise Housing Construction

This article is devoted to the analysis of multilayer enclosing structures used for the construction of exterior walls of low-rise buildings based on a comparison of thermal and economic indicators. For the calculations in this article, the most relevant and popular multilayer wall designs are selected. The object of the study is the structural solutions of multilayer wall enclosing structures in low-rise housing construction, which are used in the city of Krasnoyarsk. The subject of the study is: the influence of the composition of multilayer wall enclosing structures with a similar heat flow on the estimated cost of their construction for the city of Krasnoyarsk and the estimated cost of 1 square meter of each wall structure is determined. At the moment, the construction of low-rise residential buildings is gaining popularity and is supported by state programs both at the federal level and at the levels of the subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities. Low-rise housing construction is considered as one of the possibilities of solving the housing problem or improving housing conditions for the population. Multilayer enclosing structures with exterior facade decoration have been widely used in low-rise and multi-storey construction. As part of the study, we considered the most common types of multilayer structures and exterior wall facade finishing options, performed thermal engineering and cost estimates to determine the most profitable option for a multilayer wall structure in low-rise housing construction.

Пути совершенствования жилищной политики в России

The article provides a brief overview of the situation in the Russian economy one year after the imposition of sanctions by the United States, European countries, and their allies because the special military operation was launched in Ukraine. The assessment of the difficult situation of the housing construction industry for 2023 is given. This evaluation became possible due to an imbalance of supply and demand, because of high real estate prices and a large number of unsold flats, and because of decreases in demand due to purchases in 2021 of flats for the future, uncertainty about the future, and reduced purchasing power of citizens. Assuming a long period of sanctions, the author’s vision of ways to improve housing policy is presented, which can become one of the main drivers of social and economic development of Russia under sanctions. The key proposal is to change the emphasis in housing policy from high-rise to low-rise individual housing construction. This fact will help to maintain production by companies that are connected with housing construction industry. Low-rise housing construction will contribute to the inclusion of urban districts in the agglomeration. It is suggested to stimulate the development of the market of individual low-rise housing by expanding the list of preferential mortgage programs, increasing funding, using public-private and municipal-private partnerships, founding construction savings banks, using digital technologies and ecosystems. To set the strategic goals of housing policy and to monitor the effectiveness of its further implementation, the author’s methodology for calculating a generalized integral indicator is proposed. It takes into account the development in the economic, housing, and digital spheres.

Структурно-механические свойства гидродинамически активированной древесной массы в аддитивных технологиях

One of the techniques of additive technologies is 3D printing. It is a perspective direction in the development of low-rise housing construction. The process of 3D printing can be performed with various materials. Although this study investigates the possibility of applying hydrodynamically activated wood pulp. A fragmentated wood in the process of activation changes physical and chemical properties because of the cavitation effect. Such fragments in the form of the activated pulp are a solid dispersed system, whose properties depend on humidity. The activated pulp mass is created by moisture elimination, and it can be transported through pipelines. The structure is formed in the process of self-adhesion, without any adhesives, by the appearance of autogenous interactions between the wood particles. The obtained material has a sufficiently high strength and water resistance, which are the prerequisites for the use of activated wood pulp in additive technologies. The 3D printed products are constructed by applying some material in layers at certain time intervals. The main requirements are a steady shape and a homogeneity of the structure. Therefore, the limit of creep rate for the pulp mass was determined that is a yield tensile stress point, above which the material (flow) undergoes an intensive plastic deformation. In this study, a conical plastometer was used according to the method of Academician P.A. Rebinder. The measured parameter depends significantly on the humidity of the pulp. There found an inverse relationship between the humidity and the creep limit. The obtained dependence is fundamental for determination of the thickness of applied layers and the time intervals between applications. The homogeneity of the structure in the interlayer section determines the strength of the entire product. It is obtained when the humidity level is greater than 400 % in the contact area. The high humidity level at the contact area with the low average humidity of the material can be created by microwave radiation treatment. Thus, the moisture is distributed across the thickness of the layer. The treatment also increases the humidity level on the surface and reduces it in the center of the material. For citation: Ermolin V.N., Bayandin M.A., Namyatov A.V., Ostryakova V.A. Structural and Mechanical Properties of Hydrodynamically Activated Wood Pulp in Additive Technologies. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 2, pp. 121–131. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-121-131

Особенности информационного моделирования объектно-ориентированных автоматизированных технологий в строительстве

The subject area of the article is the life cycle of buildings and structures, where the object of research is information modeling of low-rise housing object-oriented automated technologies in construction. It is proposed and justified that the priority of the introduction of these technologies is the resource concentration on the production of low-rise housing construction facilities. Such objects can be individual and blocked houses up to 3 floors, attics, verandas, garages, saunas and other outbuildings on estate plots. First of all, the creation of such technologies should meet the regulatory requirements of environmental friendliness, economy, energy efficiency and comfort of the housing environment. A formalized model of the construction of these technologies in the creation of building systems and other parts of low-rise housing construction objects is proposed. The purpose of this article is to present specific requirements for the life cycle management information support of such objects in accordance with the construction of the K-processes in the proposed model. This construction formalizes a special representation of information models, which makes it possible to provide algorithmic justification of the regulatory requirements of the limit states of the structural parts of the above objects. The conclusion is made about the expediency of the life cycle stages automated technologies managing of buildings primarily through an object-oriented operating system for generating and managing automated processes for creating low-rise housing facilities.

Creation of programs for sustainable administration of low-rise housing construction programs in remote areas with special climatic conditions

Objective: The research is aimed at creation of programs for development of low-rise housing construction which are suitable for remote territories with special climatic conditions. They allow intensifying low-rise housing construction and contribute to the development of a natural resource base from local building materials. Methods: Authors used the methodology, which is based on the creation of regional programs for the development of low-rise housing construction (LRC) that aim to solve socio-economic problems through a new organizational and economic mechanism. Results: The procedure for creation of regional programs for development of low-rise housing construction has been developed. At a fundamental level of the created programs there is an organizational and economic mechanism which includes subject-object relations regarding implementation of low-rise housing construction development programs and is aimed at achieving the key outcome – construction of low-rise energy-efficient block-type houses for certain categories of citizens living in remote territories with special climatic conditions. The organizational and economic mechanism is based on taking into account interests of individual groups of subjects which makes it possible to achieve the highest level of efficiency in implementation of regional programs for the development of low-rise housing construction in remote territories with special climatic conditions. Suggestions: The proposed model of the Departmental special-purpose program offers solutions to the problem of providing low-rise housing with a high level of comfort and quality for certain categories of citizens employed in socially significant industries. The procedure developed in the article is recommended to be used by executive and state authorities for the creation of regional programs for the intensification of low-rise housing construction.

НОВЫЙ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫЙ ДЕРЕВЯННЫЙ БРУС ДЛЯ МАЛОЭТАЖНОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА

The article discusses three main aspects of wooden low-rise housing construction that is environmental, economic and aesthetic ones. A wooden house is an environmentally friendly and healthy housing. Wooden houses usually cost less than stone or brick ones and require less energy for heating. Wooden houses can have a unique and at-tractive appearance thanks to various methods of finishing and decoration. The paper analyzes the new requirements for thermal engineering of enclosing structures and focuses on a new composite building material “Composite wooden beams” developed for low-rise housing construction. It presents the results of theoretical calculations and comparisons of heat transfer resistance for laminated timber and composite wooden beams, as well as the vapor permeability resis-tance of the new building material.

Development of intensive technology for constructing low-rise building walls from ash-cement mix

There is a great demand for low-rise construction in Uzbekistan. In this regard, it is necessary to continue research on the intensification of the technology of monolithic low-rise housing construction using primarily local waste from various industries. One of them is fly ash waste from the electric power industry. It is proposed to use fly ash as a filler in a cement-ash composition, and it is considered more affordable. The use of other industrial waste as fillers requires additional special processing such as drying and grinding. It was established that fly ash is more accessible for practical use. From the point of view of the structural theory of composite building materials, fly ash has a plasticizing ability, which in turn helps to reduce water consumption. It was established that it is appropriate to use mineral additives in combination with other additives in the preparation of concrete mixes with high workability and low cement consumption. To determine the strength properties, samples were prepared from an ash-cement mix with a water-cement ratio of 0.32, with a fly ash content of 85% of the total mass of the mix. The hardener additive (soda powder) was used at 1.5% by weight of the binder and activated in the mixers for 2 -4 minutes. The results of the study show that the additive accelerates the hardening process of the ash-cement mix by 80-90% at one day of age, due to activation, the strength increases by 11-22% for the mix with/without the additive, respectively. When the mix is activated, the particles are struck and the inert film is torn off from their surface and free access of water to the ash particles is ensured; this, in turn, leads to an increase in the number of hydrate formations and a deeper occurrence of hydration processes. We studied the effect of the sequence of loading components in a working mixer on strength indices. The strength of the mechanically activated mix with 80% fly ash content and 1.5% addition of soda powder, reached 18.5-19.5 MPa. An ash-cement mix for concreting monolithic low-rise buildings was developed.

Increasing safety in residential construction through a simplified earthquake- and typhoon-resistant guidelines

This paper presents the engineering basis for a document, Residential Design and Construction Guidelines (hereafter, Guidelines). The Guidelines is developed by the engineers of Build Change and its partners based on their technical reconnaissance after the 2013 earthquake in Bohol on October 15, 2013, and Typhoon Haiyan on November 8, 2013. The Guidelines are centered on the observations of typical residential construction and damage in these areas and the requirements of the 2010 National Structural Code of the Philippines. The Guidelines provide illustrated and simple instructions on residential construction, making them accessible to homeowners and local builders. The Guidelines are designed for disaster-resistant, permanent low-rise housing construction, endorsed by the Department of Public Works and Highways of the Philippines (in March 2016). Increasing understanding and application of the Guidelines in residential construction in earthquake- and typhoon-prone areas will increase the structural safety of houses and the country's resiliency.

Two-layer Factory-Made Exterior Panel for Low-Rise Housing Construction

Two-layer Factory-Made Exterior Panel for Low-Rise Housing Construction

Problems of low-rise housing construction in small and large settlements

Problems of low-rise housing construction in small and large settlements

Совершенствование процессов производства и организации работ в малоэтажном жилищном строительстве

The development of low-rise housing construction is a key priority in the Russian Federation due to its potential to increase the total volume of housing construction. An increase in the share of this type of construction is a goal set in federal programmes and projects in the field of housing policy. At the same time, in order to make low-rise housing more popular among the population, its constructional stages should be optimized both at the operational and technological levels. In this regard, the study is aimed at updating methodological approaches to the organization of low-rise housing construction by identifying critical points in the operational processes of construction works. The study was conducted using the methods of system analysis and empirical research. Relevant research publications by Rus-sian and foreign scientists on the topic were reviewed. The sequence of processes in low-rise hous-ing construction is considered with a detailed description of each stage. The analysis of the distin-guished stages allowed the authors to identify critical points and possible deviations, as well as the causes of deviations and possible preventive measures. Strategies for improving the quality of con-struction works are proposed. The determination of critical points and development of managerial strategies can ensure the effectiveness of the organisational mechanism applied during the implemen-tation of low-rise housing projects for developers.

External enclosing structures of a rural house in Siberia: Soviet experience

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the construction of low-rise houses in rural settlements of Siberia of the Soviet period. Changes in the country affected the construction of rural settlements in Siberia. Changes in the formation of rural settlements affected the external enclosing structures. The main development trends and characteristic features of external enclosing structures are determined. Prerequisites for the use of new materials for enclosing structures are described. Typical design is considered as a means of ensuring fast and high-quality construction of rural houses in Siberia, and its impact on enclosing structures revealed. The external enclosing structures in the design and construction of "exemplary" rural settlements are considered. The external enclosing structures of low-rise housing construction in Siberia during the Soviet period are considered as an object of research. The subject of the study is the methods of analysis of scientific literature and system–structural analysis of rural houses in Siberia and their external enclosing structures built in the Soviet period. The novelty lies in the fact that the changes in the construction of Siberian rural houses during the Soviet period were considered and how they affected the external enclosing structures. The main conclusions are that radical changes took place in rural settlements of Siberia during the Soviet period, this was reflected in the external enclosing structures. The traditional wooden materials were replaced by factory-made materials. At that time, they tried to unify low-rise rural houses. Standard projects were developed that could be adapted to the Siberian climatic conditions. The revision of design standards contributed to the development and implementation of new design approaches. This has led to an increase in the typological diversity of housing with various types of external enclosing structures. During this period, "exemplary" rural settlements in Siberia began to be actively designed and built, for the construction of which materials of factory-made external enclosing structures with the addition of local materials were used.

Development of organizational and economic mechanism of intensification of low-rise housing construction in remote areas with special climatic conditions

The article is devoted to the issues of development of low-rise housing construction in remote areas with special climatic conditions of the Russian Federation. The necessity was specified to improve quality of low-rise residential construction with introduction of energy-saving technologies and modern materials that provide comfortable living conditions for citizens through formation of state housing policy in order to solve important socio-economic issues. An approach has been justified to the formation of regional programs for the development of low-rise housing construction, which is based on formation of organizational and economic mechanism for the development of low-rise housing construction which simultaneously ensures steady growth of low-rise housing construction in remote areas with special climatic conditions and solves the problem of providing high level of comfort and quality of low-rise housing to certain categories of citizens employed in socially significant industries.

Development of basic and variable models for development control for low-rise housing in Russia

The paper is devoted to the development of the effective management model for low-rise housing construction. Purpose : The aim of this work is to develop basic and variable models for development control for low-rise housing to solve the socio-economic problems in Russia. Novelty : The proposed models for development control for low-rise housing as a constituent element of the organizational and economic mechanism in remote areas of Russia underlie the implementation of new regional programs for the development of low-rise housing aimed at the intensive socio-economic development of the regions. Application fields : The implementation of regional development programs of low-rise housing in various territories for socially significant categories of citizens. Research implications : The proposed models will provide inexpensive, comfortable, and energy efficient housing in remote areas with unfavorable climatic conditions for citizens employed in socially significant industries. The developed regional models of low-rise housing meet the requirements for living in energy efficient, comfortable, and economically feasible environment.

Experimental investigation and design method on a lightweight bamboo-concrete sandwich panel under bending load

Bamboo could reinforce the aerated concrete externally, producing a very high stiff and lightweight sandwich panel. The structural behavior of the bamboo-concrete sandwich panel has been proposed. The resulting bamboo sandwich panel can be used as a structural or non-structural element for low costs and low-rise housing construction. Ten bamboo-concrete sandwich panels, four steel-concrete sandwich panels and four ALC panels were designed, fabricated and investigated through a three-point bending test to study their strength and ductility responses. The experimental results showed that the failure modes were attributed to bamboo tensile yielding at the middle of the bottom face, followed by ALC shear cracks at the maximum shear point. The results show using bamboo in sandwich panels highly increases the structural properties such as moment capacity, ductility and bending stiffness. Besides, the experimental results proved that in the bamboo-concrete sandwich panel under bending test, increasing face thickness from 9 mm to 13.5 mm increases ductility, moment capacity and bending stiffness by 3.5 %, 42.1 % and 127 %, respectively. However, face thickness is the more effective parameter. In addition, the experimental load of the bamboo-concrete sandwich panel was higher than the steel-concrete sandwich panel with the same weight.

Improvement of organizational and technological design of low-rise residential buildings with consumption of fuel and energy resources

In recent years, there has been an active growth in low-rise housing construction in Russia. This trend is explained by the state policy, which is aimed at developing this sector in order to increase accessibility for the population and provide comfortable housing. In addition, the relevance of low-rise housing construction is evidenced by the need of the population in the natural environment, as well as the possibility of living in separate houses. Along with individual construction, the most popular is low-rise housing development in the form of organized residential settlements (“cottage village”) with a developed communal, transport and social infrastructure. The regulations define the requirements to ensure the efficient and rational use of fuel and energy resources. This confirms the need to increase energy savings also in the sector of low-rise housing construction.
 The article presents the classification of energy consumption by functional purpose in the construction of low-rise residential buildings, identifies the main groups of energy consumers “machines and mechanisms”, “temporary infrastructure of the construction site” for complex low-rise residential buildings and considers an algorithm for calculating the costs of fuel and energy resources for these groups. It is proposed to include forms of documents for calculation, accounting and control of fuel and energy resources in organizational and technological documentation. This approach will allow you to choose energy-efficient construction technologies at the design stage and keep track of energy consumption during the construction of buildings.

Wooden low-rise construction. New constructive and technological solutions

Currently, Russia is in dire need of a large-scale expansion of the construction of low-rise residential buildings, both in urban areas and in rural areas. As of today, various technologies are used in low-rise construction, including those with the use of wood. The feasibility of expanding the choice of wood as the main building material is due to a number of known advantages over other building materials. However, upon a detailed examination of the territory of the Russian Federation as a whole, it should be noted, despite the fact that our country has huge reserves of forest resources, forests are distributed over the territory of our country extremely unevenly. In order to increase the efficiency of wood consumption for the needs of low-rise housing construction, it is proposed to improve the panel construction technology from wood and wood materials by simplifying the structural scheme of the building, increasing its spatial rigidity and reducing the labor intensity of installation. This improvement is realized due to the organic combination of the advantages of frame and panel technologies with the elimination, if possible, of their main structural, installation and operational shortcomings. The proposed technology for erecting a building from wooden panels makes it possible to simplify the design scheme, increase its spatial rigidity and reduce the labor intensity of installation, which gives impetus to further improvement of design solutions for residential buildings, industrial buildings and public facilities designed on the basis of wood and wood materials, ensuring the rational use of material in sparsely wooded areas of our country.