Areas Of Low Productivity Research Articles

Return of warm conditions in the southeastern Bering Sea: Phytoplankton - Fish.

In 2014, the Bering Sea shifted back to warmer ocean temperatures (+2 oC above average), bringing concern for the potential for a new warm stanza and broad biological and ecological cascading effects. In 2015 and 2016 dedicated surveys were executed to study the progression of ocean heating and ecosystem response. We describe ecosystem response to multiple, consecutive years of ocean warming and offer perspective on the broader impacts. Ecosystem changes observed include reduced spring phytoplankton biomass over the southeast Bering Sea shelf relative to the north, lower abundances of large-bodied crustacean zooplankton taxa, and degraded feeding and body condition of age-0 walleye pollock. This suggests poor ecosystem conditions for young pollock production and the risk of significant decline in the number of pollock available to the pollock fishery in 2–3 years. However, we also noted that high quality prey, large copepods and euphausiids, and lower temperatures in the north may have provided a refuge from poor conditions over the southern shelf, potentially buffering the impact of a sequential-year warm stanza on the Bering Sea pollock population. We offer the hypothesis that juvenile (age-0, age-1) pollock may buffer deleterious warm stanza effects by either utilizing high productivity waters associated with the strong, northerly Cold Pool, as a refuge from the warm, low production areas of the southern shelf, or by exploiting alternative prey over the southern shelf. We show that in 2015, the ocean waters influenced by spring sea ice (the Cold Pool) supported robust phytoplankton biomass (spring) comprised of centric diatom chains, a crustacean copepod community comprised of large-bodied taxa (spring, summer), and a large aggregation of midwater fishes, potentially young pollock. In this manner, the Cold Pool may have acted as a trophic refuge in that year. The few age-0 pollock occurring over the southeast shelf consumed high numbers of euphausiids which may have provided a high quality alternate prey. In 2016 a retracted Cold Pool precluded significant refuging in the north, though pollock foraging on available euphausiids over the southern shelf may have mitigated the effect of warm waters and reduced large availability of large copepods. This work presents the hypothesis that, in the short term, juvenile pollock can mitigate the drastic impacts of sustained warming. This short-term buffering, combined with recent observations (2017) of renewed sea ice presence over southeast Bering Sea shelf and a potential return to average or at least cooler ecosystem conditions, suggests that recent warm year stanza (2014–2016) effects to the pollock population and fishery may be mitigated.

Evaluation on the Production of Food Crop Straw in China from 2006 to 2014

Reducing emission of greenhouse gases and improving energy security are crucial for sustainable development in China. Crop straw, accounting for 38.9% of total biomass resources, is considered an ideal candidate for clean energy production Zhang et al. 1. In this paper, we evaluate the production and distribution of food crop straw in China using a refined crop-to-residue index and collection coefficient methods. This study showed that an estimated 489 million tons of food crop straw was produced in China in 2006, with an estimated 598 million tons produced in 2014. Approximately 59.3% of this straw was produced in central and eastern China. Furthermore, high, middle, and low production areas were classified in this study. The amount of collectable straw increased from 2006 to 2013 and slightly decreased in 2014 to 472 million tons. Based on this estimate, future trends in the amount of food crop straw are proposed. The total straw yield will continuously increase at a small rate, whereas the amount of collectable straw will remain relatively stable due to the development of agricultural mechanization.

Metagenome-Wide Association Study and Machine Learning Prediction of Bulk Soil Microbiome and Crop Productivity.

Areas within an agricultural field in the same season often differ in crop productivity despite having the same cropping history, crop genotype, and management practices. One hypothesis is that abiotic or biotic factors in the soils differ between areas resulting in these productivity differences. In this study, bulk soil samples collected from a high and a low productivity area from within six agronomic fields in Illinois were quantified for abiotic and biotic characteristics. Extracted DNA from these bulk soil samples were shotgun sequenced. While logistic regression analyses resulted in no significant association between crop productivity and the 26 soil characteristics, principal coordinate analysis and constrained correspondence analysis showed crop productivity explained a major proportion of the taxa variance in the bulk soil microbiome. Metagenome-wide association studies (MWAS) identified more Bradyrhizodium and Gammaproteobacteria in higher productivity areas and more Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, Planctomycetales, and Streptophyta in lower productivity areas. Machine learning using a random forest method successfully predicted productivity based on the microbiome composition with the best accuracy of 0.79 at the order level. Our study showed that crop productivity differences were associated with bulk soil microbiome composition and highlighted several nitrogen utility-related taxa. We demonstrated the merit of MWAS and machine learning for the first time in a plant-microbiome study.

Management of pikeperch stocking in Lake Balaton: effect of season, area, fish size and method of release on the rate and distribution of recaptures

Pikeperch Sander lucioperca is an economically important fish which depleted populations need intensive management and supplemental stocking. We aimed to assess the relative influence of various pikeperch stocking strategies in Lake Balaton, Hungary, and tested 60 stocking set-ups (two seasons × three lake areas × shore vs. offshore release × five size groups) by releasing 3000 tagged yearlings. Anglers reported data of 522 recaptures within four years after stocking. Recapture rate was highest in stocking of the most productive lake area, increased with fish size, was higher in shore than offshore releases, but did not differed between stocking seasons. Fish stocked to oligotrophic areas travelled longer distances and dispersed more than those stocked to the mesotrophic area. Fish size had little effect, whereas season and method of stocking had no effect on dispersal of fish. To conclude, in pikeperch, autumn stocking with large yearlings released directly from the shore is recommended over other set-ups. Stocking quotas may be concentrated in space in low productivity areas, but should be dispersed between multiple sites in food rich areas to attain complete dispersal. This study provides a framework for testing fisheries management alternatives and behaviour of stocked fish in intensively utilized habitats.

Climatic suitability of spring maize planted in the "sickle bend" area of China and regulation suggestion

The "sickle bend" area is a typical dry farming and excellent livestock development area, with fragile ecological environment. It includes 13 provinces (autonomous regions) in the north and the southwest of China. The climate suitability and the climatic potential productivity of spring maize from 1981 to 2010 in this area were quantitatively assessed. The daily data from 650 meteorological stations and grid data (1 km×1 km) in the "sickle bend" area from 1981 to 2010, and recognized indicators of agricultural meteorology were used in this study. The agro-ecological zoning mo-del (AEZ) which was currently very popular in estimating crop climatic potential productivity internationally was also applied, as well as land use classification information monitoring from satellite remote sensing. Then, based on biological characteristics of spring maize and agricultural climate resources, scientific countermeasures on reasonably adjusting agricultural production structure in subsuitable and unsuitable areas were proposed. The results showed that: 1) the climatic potential productivity of spring maize in the northern growing areas showed the "big-medium-smaller-small" distribution pattern from the east to the west from 1981 to 2010. However, the climatic potential productivity of spring maize in the southern growing areas had no significant distribution law, fluctuating between "smaller" and " medium " in general. 2) It presented the "most suitable-suitable-subsuitable-unsuitable" distribution pattern from the southeast to the northwest in the northern maize growing region of the "sickle bend" area on the whole from 1981 to 2010. In contrast, the southern planting area showed the "unsuitable-subsuitable-suitable-most suitable" distribution pattern from the southeast to the northwest. The most suitable and suitable planting areas of spring maize were mainly located in the most areas of Northeast China and North China, and the southeastern areas of Northwest China. The subsuitable or unsuitable regions mainly included Inner Mongolia, northern Xinjiang, western Gansu and Guangxi. 3) The most suitable planting area of spring maize was the largest (47%), followed by subsuitable area (23%), unsuitable area (17%) and suitable area (13%). 4) According to the analysis of climatic conditions, we proposed to mainly decrease the spring maize planting in the subsuitable and unsuitable areas. These subsuitable and unsuitable regions were low climatic potential productivity areas, including the arid windstorm region of Northwest, the cold area of Northeast, agro-pastoral area and the rocky desertification region of Southwest.

Resource utilization and trophic niche width in sandy beach macrobenthos from an oligotrophic coast

One of the paradigms underlying sandy beach ecology is the overriding control by physical processes; thus, biological interactions (i.e. food availability, competition and predation) are believed to play a role structuring macrofaunal communities only in benign habitats such as dissipative beaches. Moreover, sandy beaches are characterized by low in-situ productivity, so their food webs rely heavily on marine inputs. Studies have shown that estuarine organic matter plays a key role in influencing the dynamics of marine ecosystems. However, very few studies have tested the role of estuarine input on sandy beaches. Here, we aim to determine the impact of estuarine input on the food web of a sandy beach macrobenthic community. To this end, particulate organic matter (POM) samples from the marine environment and the estuary, as well as macrobenthic samples from the beach, were analysed for their stable isotope (SI) signature. Our results indicated that the POM SI signatures were not different along the beach, but differences were recorded between marine and estuarine sources. Bayesian mixing models indicated that the organisms did not make use of the estuarine POM at the beginning of the wet season, but relied more heavily on this resource towards the end of the wet season. This leads to the conclusion that changes in estuarine flow throughout the wet season can impact the trophic structure of macrobenthos communities, confirming a link between lotic and marine communities. Moreover, SI signatures suggest that the species collected here exhibit overlapping trophic niches, indicating high level of inter-specific competition. This highlights that species in low-productivity areas, such as the one studied here, can experience high levels of competition even in physically controlled environments such as sandy beaches.

Dynamics and determinants of land change in India: integrating satellite data with village socioeconomics

We examine the dynamics and spatial determinants of land change in India by integrating decadal land cover maps (1985–1995–2005) from a wall-to-wall analysis of Landsat images with spatiotemporal socioeconomic database for ~630,000 villages in India. We reinforce our results through collective evidence from synthesis of 102 case studies that incorporate field knowledge of the causes of land change in India. We focus on cropland–fallow land conversions, and forest area changes (excludes non-forest tree categories including commercial plantations). We show that cropland to fallow conversions are prominently associated with lack of irrigation and capital, male agricultural labor shortage, and fragmentation of land holdings. We find gross forest loss is substantial and increased from ~23,810 km2 (1985–1995) to ~25,770 km2 (1995–2005). The gross forest gain also increased from ~6000 km2 (1985–1995) to ~7440 km2 (1995–2005). Overall, India experienced a net decline in forest by ~18,000 km2 (gross loss–gross gain) consistently during both decades. We show that the major source of forest loss was cropland expansion in areas of low cropland productivity (due to soil degradation and lack of irrigation), followed by industrial development and mining/quarrying activities, and excessive economic dependence of villages on forest resources.

Does primary productivity modulate the indirect effects of large herbivores? A global meta-analysis.

Indirect effects of large mammalian herbivores (LMH), while much less studied than those of apex predators, are increasingly recognized to exert powerful influences on communities and ecosystems. The strength of these effects is spatiotemporally variable, and several sets of authors have suggested that they are governed in part by primary productivity. However, prior theoretical and field studies have generated conflicting results and predictions, underscoring the need for a synthetic global analysis. We conducted a meta-analysis of the direction and magnitude of large mammalian herbivore-initiated indirect interactions using 67 published studies comprising 456 individual responses. We georeferenced 41 of these studies (comprising 253 responses from 33 locations on five continents) to a satellite-derived map of primary productivity. Because predator assemblages might also influence the impact of large herbivores, we conducted a similar analysis using a global map of large carnivore species richness. In general, LMH reduced the abundance of other consumer species and also tended to reduce consumer richness, although the latter effect was only marginally significant. There was a pronounced reduction in the strength of negative (i.e. suppressive, due e.g., to competition) indirect effects of LMH on consumer abundance in more productive ecosystems. In contrast, positive (facilitative) indirect effects were not significantly correlated with productivity, likely because these comprised a more heterogeneous array of mechanisms. We found no effect of carnivore species richness on herbivore-initiated indirect effect strength. Our findings help to resolve the fundamental problem of ecological contingency as it pertains to the strength of an understudied class of multitrophic interactions. Moreover, these results will aid in predicting the indirect effects of anthropogenic wildlife declines and irruptions, and how these effects might be mediated by climatically driven shifts in resource availability. To the extent that intact ungulate guilds help to suppress populations of small animals that act as agricultural pests and disease reservoirs, the negative impacts of large mammal declines on human well-being may be relatively stronger in low-productivity areas.

Multiple factors influence plant richness and diversity in the cold and dry boreal forest of southwest Yukon, Canada

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) is regarded as an appropriate model for understanding plant diversity–disturbance relationships in the boreal region. However, concern has been raised over its applicability across such a broad region, in particular, in low productive areas of the region such as the cold, dry region of the southwest Yukon. We examined plant richness and diversity in relation to the IDH in the context of both disturbance and productivity gradients. We then tested whether environmental variation and resource quantity interacted with development stage to shape richness patterns in the region. We found that richness and diversity did not conform to the IDH but that environmental variation and resource quantity influenced richness and diversity patterns. Overall richness and diversity patterns were not influenced by development stage though plant functional group patterns were. Richness patterns varied between plant functional groups suggesting that divergent processes shape inter functional group richness within the same stands. Our findings highlight the influence of multiple factors governing patterns of plant richness and diversity in the cold dry boreal forests of the southwest Yukon.

Evaluating Nature Reserve Design Efficacy in the Canadian Boreal Forest Using Time Series AVHRR Data

. This research evaluates the efficacy of candidate reserves in boreal ecosystems with respect to a long-term record of remote-sensing-derived productivity based on the dynamic habitat index (DHI) generated using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data (1987–2007) and compared differences related to reserve location (stratified by land cover, ecozone, and gross primary productivity (GPP)) and reserve size. Effectiveness of candidate reserves was assessed by how productivity values differed from the initial conditions (2000–2005 baseline). Results indicate that small reserves (<1,000 km2) at high elevations, high latitudes, intermittent environments (wetlands), or dominated by open shrub experienced the greatest amount of interannual variability. To the contrary, larger reserves (≥1,000 km2; <10,000 km2) were stable under these same conditions. Results also indicate that reserves located in highly productive areas (>700 kgC m−2 yr−1) experienced greater interannual variability than low-productivity areas. This approach provides an objective and consistent means of evaluating reserve efficacy across different geographic areas and through time. By highlighting uncertainty associated with change impacts, this approach also offers opportunities to develop more robust long-term conservation targets in new reserves and to test potential mitigation strategies prior to implementation.

Cost of riparian buffer zones: A comparison of hydrologically adapted site‐specific riparian buffers with traditional fixed widths

AbstractTraditional approaches aiming at protecting surface waters from the negative impacts of forestry often focus on retaining fixed width buffer zones around waterways. While this method is relatively simple to design and implement, it has been criticized for ignoring the spatial heterogeneity of biogeochemical processes and biodiversity in the riparian zone. Alternatively, a variable width buffer zone adapted to site‐specific hydrological conditions has been suggested to improve the protection of biogeochemical and ecological functions of the riparian zone. However, little is known about the monetary value of maintaining hydrologically adapted buffer zones compared to the traditionally used fixed width ones. In this study, we created a hydrologically adapted buffer zone by identifying wet areas and groundwater discharge hotspots in the riparian zone. The opportunity cost of the hydrologically adapted riparian buffer zones was then compared to that of the fixed width zones in a meso‐scale boreal catchment to determine the most economical option of designing riparian buffers. The results show that hydrologically adapted buffer zones were cheaper per hectare than the fixed width ones when comparing the total cost. This was because the hydrologically adapted buffers included more wetlands and low productive forest areas than the fixed widths. As such, the hydrologically adapted buffer zones allows more effective protection of the parts of the riparian zones that are ecologically and biogeochemically important and more sensitive to disturbances without forest landowners incurring any additional cost than fixed width buffers.

Personal Traits of the Entrepreneurs to Start the Enterprises at Industrial Estates in Southern Districts of Tamilnadu

The problem of entrepreneurial shortage as it affects the growth of industry in the less developed countries would seem to have two mutually reinforcing aspects i) The economic environment not generally conducive to the emergence and training of the persons likely to prove successful in initiating industrial activities, and (ii) That even if there was a good supply of such persons, their task as industrial entrepreneurs in a pre-industrial economy would tend to be an extremely difficult one. They shall have to start from the scratch. The personal traits of the respondents represent the psychological framework of the respondents to know the business opportunities and to start and manage the business. The personal traits consist of so many psychological aspects. Entrepreneurship is essential function and behaviour manifestation of a person for shifting resources from areas of low productivity to higher productivity. It is traits like willingness to take risk, high economic achievement motivation, self-confidence, problem solving disposition, adequate knowledge and skill, ability to face uncertainty and good managerial ability. This study will be of immense use for the policy makers and administrators engaged in the development of the small scale industrial sector in the southern districts of Tamilnadu. This study may also be of good use to the academic fraternity engaged in the state’s industrial development studies.

On-farm evaluation of an active optical sensor performance for variable nitrogen application in winter wheat

Abstract Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) represents almost 50% of total cereal production in the European Union, accounting for approximately 25% of total mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied to all crops. Currently, several active optical sensor (AOS) based systems for optimizing variable N fertilization are commercially available for a variety of crops, including wheat. To ensure successful adoption of these systems, definitive measurable benefits must be demonstrated. Nitrogen management strategies developed based on small-scale plot research are not always meaningful for large-scale farm conditions. In 2010–2012 (5 site-years) on-farm study was implemented in northern Poland utilizing a strip-trial design. The objective was to evaluate the performance of AOS in combination with a built-in algorithm for variable N rate fertilization. In this study, the reference uniform N rates (farmer’s practice) were comparable to optimum variable N rate recommendations. Side-by-side comparisons of uniform and variable N application revealed inconsistent benefits in terms of grain yield, grain protein content (GPC), N use and N use efficiency (NUE). Anticipated yield increases and/or reduced N rates are typical drivers for AOS adoption. Significant yield increases are not easily attained on farms with winter wheat yields already close to maximum yield potential. Thus, sensor-based variable N rate recommendations for fields previously fertilized with relatively low uniform N rates would often entail more appropriate allocation (redistribution) of the same amount of total N. This would minimize N surplus in areas of lower productivity and to improve the sustainability of N management overall.

Commentary: Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice vs. wheat agriculture.

Commentary: Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice vs. wheat agriculture.

Seasonal Coyote Diet Composition at a Low-Productivity Site

Abstract Canis latrans (Coyote) recently expanded its range into the southeastern US, where local data on Coyote diets are lacking. We studied Coyote diets in a low-productivity area where food resources may be scarce. We determined Coyote diet composition through analysis of 315 scats collected at Fort Bragg Military Installation, Fort Bragg, NC, between May 2011 and July 2012. Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) was the most common mammalian food item, occurring in 14.9% of all scats and 42.5% of winter scats. Soft-mast occurrence in Coyote diets was greatest in the fall, when Diospyros virginiana (Persimmon) occurred in most Coyote scats (95.7%). Coyotes on our low-productivity study site shifted their diets throughout the year based on the availability of food items and had a diet diversity similar to what has been reported for animals elsewhere in the species' range.

The role of surface and subsurface integration in the development of a high-pressure and low-production gas field

Against a background of gradual changes in the global energy consumption structure, clean natural gas still plays an indispensable role in satisfying energy needs. Xushen gas field in Songliao Basin has held the balance in gas-producing areas in China since its exploitation in 2004, especially by “using a gas to supply oil output” strategy in Daqing oilfield. However, the difficulties and beneficial results of development in the field are challenged by the very cold climate, poor reservoir property and high amounts of CO2 in natural gas. An investigation of the heat-tracing measures for preventing the formation of natural gas hydrates and selection of stainless steel pipes and a high-pressure equipment to restrain CO2 corrosion in Xushen gas field operation was carried out recently. In this paper, the hydraulic and thermal characteristics of gas gathering pipelines is studied, including a discussion on the effect of high pressure and low production on the formation of natural gas hydrates during transportation and the determination of technical limits for inhibiting the formation of hydrates under different conditions. Subsequently, the gas production process, including purification and defoaming parameters in a high-pressure and low-production field, is optimized. The results indicate that the surface engineering construction would take up more than 30 % of the total investment in gas field development, especially in high-pressure and low-production areas, and that it would be necessary to design a simplified production process for multi-well gathering and single-well rotation. Meanwhile, the role of surface and subsurface integration would be better played by improving the key production units such as wellbore throttling, gathering pipe heat tracing, corrosion inhibitor injection and gas purification disposal. This study will contribute to obtaining the maximum benefits in green gas field development.

Co-inoculation of Halomonas maura and Ensifermeliloti to improve alfalfa yield in saline soils

Salinity is the major environmental factor limiting crop production. Alfalfa is a legume with high nutritional value that establishes a symbiosis relation with Ensifermeliloti. Under saline conditions the alfalfa yield decreases and this symbiosis is affected. The aim of this work is to study the effect of the co-inoculation of alfalfa plants with Halomonas maura (a moderately halophile bacterium) and E. meliloti in saline soils to improve their productivity and growth under greenhouse and field conditions. Alfalfa plants were grown in Leonard jar under greenhouse conditions, using a N-free mineral solution to mimic the conditions of an Orthic Solonchak. Then alfalfa plants were grown in the field in the same soil type. Seeds were inoculated with E. meliloti, H. maura, co-inoculated with E. meliloti and H. Maura, or non-inoculated as a control in both experiments. In greenhouse experiments the co-inoculation of alfalfa plants increased significantly the shoot dry weight (0.64±0.02 vs. 0.79±0.02), the leghaemoglobin content (10.17±0.03 vs. 11.25±0.06) and water potential (−3.12±0.02 vs. −2.79±0.02) compared with the single inoculation with E. meliloti. In the field experiments, biomass of co-inoculated plants clearly outyielded those of plants inoculated with any inoculant. The co-inoculation of H. maura and E. meliloti enhances alfalfa productivity in saline soils, thus contributing to the agricultural exploitation of low productive areas. H. maura and E. meliloti could be considered in formulation of bioinoculants to contribute in the reduction of the overuse of chemical fertilizers and their environmental impacts.

Allopatry and overlap in a clade of snails from mangroves and mud flats in the Indo-West Pacific and Mediterranean (Gastropoda: Potamididae:Cerithideopsilla)

Cerithideopsilla is a genus of potamidid snails found in high abundance on sedimentary intertidal flats and beneath mangrove trees on continental shores in the tropical and subtropical Indo-West Pacific region and Mediterranean Sea. Taxonomic revisions have recognized four species, but recent molecular studies have hinted at a higher diversity. Here, we analyse 377 individuals sampled from across the known range and use a combination of molecular phylogenetic (mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA, and nuclear 28S rRNA genes), statistical (generalized mixed Yule-coalescent GMYC method) and morphological (shell form) criteria to delimit 16 species. These form four species groups, corresponding with the traditionally recognized species C. alata, C. ‘djadjariensis’ (for which the valid name is C. incisa), C. cingulata and C. conica. Distribution maps were compiled using museum specimens identified by diagnostic shell characters. In combination with the molecular phylogenetic trees, these suggest an allopatric speciation mode, with diversification centred on the East Asian coastline and northern Australia, and a pronounced gap in the ‘eastern Indonesian corridor’, an area of low oceanic productivity. There is, however, frequently geographical overlap between sister species and we suggest from several sources of evidence (e.g. presence of C. conica in isolated saline lakes 900 km from the sea) that post-speciation transport by migratory birds has occurred. Nine of the 16 species occur between the Gulf of Tonkin and Hong Kong, so southern China is significant for both the evolution and conservation of Cerithideopsilla species. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 114, 212–228.

The colonization of abandoned land by Spanish juniper: Linking biotic and abiotic factors at different spatial scales

Colonization of abandoned lands by woody vegetation may be a great opportunity for ecosystem recovery given the current and future trend of land abandonment. This may help to reverse the generalized condition of ecosystem degradation of developed countries which is an urgent need. However, ecosystem recovery in abandoned lands can be seriously limited by biotic and abiotic factors. Indentify such factors and determine the relevant spatial scales at which they operate will help to understand natural patterns of colonization of abandoned lands and may be useful to guide restoration activities. We used Spanish juniper remnant woodlands and old fields recently colonized by the species to assess the variation in post-dispersal seed predation and environmental suitability to plant recruitment. These biotic and abiotic factors are two of the most limiting for vegetation recovery in abandoned lands, at the regional and local spatial scale. We found that recruitment was controlled by factors operating at different spatial scales in a hierarchical manner along different stages of the process. The regional scale was determinant for post-dispersal seed predation and seedling abundance which was, in turn, controlled by environmental suitability at the local spatial scale. Post-dispersal seed removal was higher in old fields than in mature woodlands, hence increasing seed limitation, a pervasive constraint for plant recruitment in abandoned lands. Environmental suitability for plant recruitment did not decrease as a result of previous farming uses at the regional scale, a common pattern in areas not subjected to intensive farming practices. Abandoned lands in Mediterranean areas seem to have a strong potential for ecosystem recovery being the biotic factors (e.g. seed availability) more limiting than the abiotic ones when non-intensive farming practices have been performed. This together with predictions of increase in land abandonment in low productive areas makes old fields especially relevant from an ecosystem recovery perspective.

An empirical analysis of entrepreneurial perception among the post graduate arts college students with reference to coimbatore district in tamil nadu

An Entrepreneur is a person who responsible for his growth, who is responsible for his employees, who is responsible for his customers, who is answerable to himself, who has possession of a new enterprise, venture or idea and is accountable for the inherent risks and the outcome. Who are Risk-taking individuals who take actions to pursue opportunities and situations others may fail to recognize or may view as problems or threats?. Who takes the risk of converting a new idea in to reality? Who shifts resources from areas of low productivity to areas of higher productivity? The field study has gain importance in the minds of students‟ community in the recent years. The research Studies reveals that develop the entrepreneurial perception among the students in the global environment because of the global economy attracting the new ventures. It is to note that students especially from management do posses an aim of becoming entrepreneurs.Hence the study is focused on this paper. The main objectives of the study is to know the socio and economic condition, Entrepreneurial Perception, Skills, financial assistant from Government and others side, Administration and how much does the management Institutions contributes towards the entrepreneurial Perception and skill to the students aspirants.