Low Physical Effort Research Articles

DESIGN ELEMENTS OF HOUSES AMONG DISABLED COMMUNITY: THE SATISFACTION AND THE PREFERENCES

Home ownership creates stability and improves the quality of life of the disabled communities. As Malaysia approaches the developed status and the high – income economy by 2020, the housing industry needs to be adaptive to the demands for special groups. Universal homes incorporate universal design principles, resulting in a living environment that can be adapted to virtually any user’s long term comfort, safety and ease. The aim of this paper is to study on the preferences and level of satisfaction on design factor in owning residential property among the disabled community in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. A questionnaire survey was conducted on a sample of 800 respondents. The respondents were selected from the disabled community, focusing on two categories of disabilities, physical and visual impairment. The outcome of this study shows that disabled people prefer houses which are complete with design that accommodates residents’ physical limitations. For design elements of their residential property, this study found that the disabled people are satisfied with the provision of ramp to access into the building, while their satisfaction on design for the low physical effort scored at seventh place. The study concludes with two housing recommendations: to provide at least the minimum requirement of universal design in all upcoming projects and to provide home modification scheme.

DESIGN ELEMEN TS OF HOUSES AMONG DISABLED COMMUNITY: THE SATISFACTION AND THE PREFERENCES

Home ownership creates stability and improves the quality of life of the disabled communities. As Malaysia approaches the developed status and the high – income economy by 2020, the housing industry needs to be adaptive to the demands for special groups. Universal homes incorporate universal design principles, resulting in a living environment that can be adapted to virtually any user’s long term comfort, safety and ease. The aim of this paper is to study on the preferences and level of satisfaction on design factor in owning residential property among the disabled community in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. A questionnaire survey was conducted on a sample of 800 respondents. The respondents were selected from the disabled community, focusing on two categories of disabilities, physical and visual impairment. The outcome of this study shows that disabled people prefer houses which are complete with design that accommodates residents’ physical limitations. For design elements of their residential property, this study found that the disabled people are satisfied with the provision of ramp to access into the building, while their satisfaction on design for the low physical effort scored at seventh place. The study concludes with two housing recommendations: to provide at least the minimum requirement of universal design in all upcoming projects and to provide home modification scheme.

Making an Unstable World more Accessible: Using Universal Design to make Collections and Exhibits Memorable for People of all Abilities

Make your collections memorable and accessible to audiences of all abilities by incorporating the principles of universal design (UD) in your museum exhibits. Universal design provides equitable access to resources, much the way that curb cuts improve access to roads and sidewalks. Museums spend considerable effort protecting specimens from agents of deterioration but this usually means that only one sense - vision - is employed in our exhibits. Providing greater accessibility may seem daunting, expensive, or dangerous for specimens but, by considering a few principles during exhibit development, UD is readily implemented and can make displays more effective than ever for people of all abilities, levels of understanding, and backgrounds. This is because UD goes beyond simple accessibility, it generates innovative solutions through the creative application of seven basic principles: equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, and effective size and space for approach and use. We will discuss how the principles of UD are fundamental to good exhibit design and can be especially effective in a natural history setting - both in the gallery as well as the classroom - because we can use authentic objects that are largely identical to the display specimens. Such authentic and multisensory products encourage empathy and biophilia, increase specimen and visitor safety, and improve overall quality of service. We will also show how our institution has incorporated students into the process of design, evaluation, and construction of UD exhibits as a way to both include diverse perspectives in the design process and as a way to train science communicators of all kinds.

Subjective value representations during effort, probability and time discounting across adulthood.

Every day, humans make countless decisions that require the integration of information about potential benefits (i.e. rewards) with other decision features (i.e. effort required, probability of an outcome or time delays). Here, we examine the overlap and dissociation of behavioral preferences and neural representations of subjective value in the context of three different decision features (physical effort, probability and time delays) in a healthy adult life span sample. While undergoing functional neuroimaging, participants (N = 75) made incentive compatible choices between a smaller monetary reward with lower physical effort, higher probability, or a shorter time delay versus a larger monetary reward with higher physical effort, lower probability, or a longer time delay. Behavioral preferences were estimated from observed choices, and subjective values were computed using individual hyperbolic discount functions. We found that discount rates were uncorrelated across tasks. Despite this apparent behavioral dissociation between preferences, we found overlapping subjective value-related activity in the medial prefrontal cortex across all three tasks. We found no consistent evidence for age differences in either preferences or the neural representations of subjective value across adulthood. These results suggest that while the tolerance of decision features is behaviorally dissociable, subjective value signals share a common representation across adulthood.

The low cost apartment for wheelchair user

The low-cost apartment concept was prescribed by Government to supply residential needs. The persons with disability (PwD), constituting 0.74% of Indonesian in 2000, (Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia, 2001) also needed the housing provision. In Surabaya, approximately five thousand (5000) PwD were documented in 2010 or 0.1% from total population (Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya, 2014). Therefore, the accessible low-cost apartment concept was needed for the provision. The 36-sqm-apartment design would cater person with a disability (a wheelchair user) and spouse were designed with five principles of inclusive design of (Tanuwidjaja, Laurens, Sulendra, & Erandaru, 2016). The design was conducted with the participatory design process and several workshops with many users spectrum (wheelchair users, blind and deaf persons). The principles implemented in the design were: User-Centered, Equitable Use but Reasonable Use, Simple and Intuitive Use, Low Physical Effort, and Prohibition of Usage Error. The five principles were implemented inaccessible doors, reachable spaces, and furniture, as well as accessible toilets. All these ensures that the apartment unit to become accessible.

Words That Move Us. The Effects of Sentences on Body Sway.

According to the embodied cognition perspective, cognitive systems and perceptuo-motor systems are deeply intertwined and exert a causal effect on each other. A prediction following from this idea is that cognitive activity can result in subtle changes in observable movement. In one experiment, we tested whether reading various sentences resulted in changes in postural sway. Sentences symbolized various human activities involving high, low, or no physical effort. Dutch participants stood upright on a force plate, measuring the body center of pressure, while reading a succession of sentences. High physical effort sentences resulted in more postural sway (greater SD) than low physical effort sentences. This effect only showed up in medio-lateral sway but not anterio-posterior sway. This suggests that sentence comprehension was accompanied by subtle motoric activity, likely mirroring the various activities symbolized in the sentences. We conclude that semantic processing reaches the motor periphery, leading to increased postural activity.

Effects of physical activity at work and life-style on sleep in workers from an Amazonian Extractivist Reserve

Physical activity has been recommended as a strategy for improving sleep. Nevertheless, physical effort at work might not be not the ideal type of activity to promote sleep quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of type of job (low vs. high physical effort) and life-style on sleep of workers from an Amazonian Extractivist Reserve, Brazil. A cross-sectional study of 148 low physical activity (factory workers) and 340 high physical activity (rubber tappers) was conducted between September and November 2011. The workers filled out questionnaires collecting data on demographics (sex, age, occupation, marital status and children), health (reported morbidities, sleep disturbances, musculoskeletal pain and body mass index) and life-style (smoking, alcohol use and practice of leisure-time physical activity). Logistic regression models were applied with the presence of sleep disturbances as the primary outcome variable. The prevalence of sleep disturbances among factory workers and rubber tappers was 15.5% and 27.9%, respectively. The following independent variables of the analysis were selected based on a univariate model (p<0.20): sex, age, marital status, work type, smoking, morbidities and musculoskeletal pain. The predictors for sleep disturbances were type of job (high physical effort); sex (female); age (>40 years), and having musculoskeletal pain (≥5 symptoms). Rubber tapper work, owing to greater physical effort, pain and musculoskeletal fatigue, was associated with sleep disturbances. Being female and older than 40 years were also predictors of poor sleep. In short, these findings suggest that demanding physical exertion at work may not improve sleep quality.

Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Foraging Networks in the Grass-Cutting Ant Atta bisphaerica Forel, 1908 (Formicidae, Attini).

Foraging networks are a key element for ant colonies because they facilitate the flow of resources from the environment to the nest and they allow the sharing of information among individuals. Here we report the results of an 8-month survey, extending from November 2009 to June 2010, of the foraging networks of four mature colonies of Atta bisphaerica, a species of grass-cutting ant which is considered as a pest in Brazil. We found that the distribution of foraging effort was strongly influenced by the landscape features around the nests, in particular by the permanently wet parts of the pasture in which the nests were located. The foraging networks consisted of underground tunnels which opened on average at 21.5m from the nests and of above-ground physical trails that reached on average 4.70m in length. The use of the foraging networks was highly dynamic, with few sections of the networks used for long periods of time. Three different phases, which could be linked to the seasonal change in the local rainfall regime, could be identified in the construction and use of the foraging networks. The first phase corresponded to the beginning of the rainy season and was characterized by a low foraging activity, as well as a low excavation and physical trail construction effort. The second phase, which began in February and extended up to the end of the humid season at the end of March, was characterized by an intense excavation and trail construction effort, resulting in an expansion of the foraging networks. Finally, in the third phase, which corresponded to the beginning of the dry season, the excavation and trail construction effort leveled off or decreased while foraging activity kept increasing. Our hypothesis is that ants could benefit from the underground tunnels and physical trails built during the humid season to maintain their foraging activity at a high level.

DESAIN TAMAN KULINER UNTUK PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA YANG INOVATIF DI TEPI SUNGAI, SURABAYA

Nowadays, the owners of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), especially food street vendors (PKL) faced difficulty to increase the operational scale and productivity. Besides that, the street vendors are still not able to compete, because of limited architectural design, human resources, and marketing strategies. Therefore, street-food center design, which integrated with Urban Park was needed with attention of cleanliness, comfort, neatness aspects and producing positive image. In the paper, design process street-hawker kiosk was started with exploration into traditional food restaurants and traditional food vendors using visual research. The design was based on the principles of inclusive design such as: User Centered, Equitable use but Reasonable, Simple and Intuitive Use, Low Physical Effort, and Prohibition of Usage Error.

A Test of Learned Industriousness in the Physical Activity Domain.

The Theory of Learned Industriousness states that durable individual differences in industriousness are due in part to differences in the extent to which individuals were rewarded for high effort at an earlier time. Individuals rewarded for high effort during training are thought to generalize greater persistence to subsequent tasks than those rewarded for low effort. This study tested whether rewarded physical and/or mental effort at different intensities generalized to greater persistence at a subsequent mental task. 80 inactive 18-25 year-olds were randomized into four groups: Low Mental Effort, High Mental Effort, Low Physical Effort, and High Physical Effort. Each completed group-specific effort training and a mental persistence task at baseline and posttest. Factorial analysis of covariance revealed a significant domain x effort interaction on persistence (F[1,75]=4.93, p=.029). High Mental Effort and Low Mental Effort groups demonstrated similar gains in persistence (d=-0.08, p>.05) and points earned (d=0.11, p>.05) following effort training. High Physical Effort and Low Physical Effort diverged on persistence (d=-0.49, p=.004) but not points earned (d =-0.12, p>.05). Findings suggest either that training and test stimuli were too dissimilar to cue effects of associative learning in physical effort groups, or that effects were present but overpowered by the affective and neurocognitive consequences of an acute bout of intense aerobic physical activity. Findings do not support the Theory of Learned Industriousness nor generalization of effort across physical and mental domains.

노인 친화적 감성용 욕조 대안에 대한 노인 소비자의 요구 및 평가

This study finds out the aged consumers' needs on the developing elderly friendly and sensitive bathtub. This bathtub focuses on enhancement of multi-senses and enhancement of health, safety & convenience during bath. The enhancing multi-senses would have four functions; therapy with color and aroma, the massage with micro water bubbles, the visual and auditory with TV & cinema, and the auditory with music and radio. Also, enhancing others of bathtub would have seven functions; emergency bell, blood-pressure check system for health condition, water temperature indicator, keeping water warm, reading a book in that, and controlling of house entrance door and a getting the phone during bath. The aged consumers' needs find throughout a questionnaire survey, and 497 data was analyzed. The main results are as follow. They consider a full bath behavior as a healthcare. They have an intention to purchase or use the elderly and friendly bathtub, and they prefer using it in common facilities to using it at home. They highly need health related function of bathtub, which are massage (64.4%), blood-pressure check system (55.1%) and aroma therapy (45.7%). The emergency bell (67.0%), keeping water warm (62.2%), and water temperature indicator (49.7%), related to safety & information function of bathtub, are needed. Also, they think tolerance for error and low physical effort in bathtub design alternative, opening door and inside sitting support, to be important.

Counterfactuals in action: An fMRI study of counterfactual sentences describing physical effort

Counterfactual statements such as if Mary had cleaned the room, she would have moved the sofa convey both actual and hypothetical actions, namely, that Mary did not clean the room or move the sofa, but she would have done so in some possible past situation. Such statements are ubiquitous in daily life and are involved in critical cognitive activities like decision-making and evaluation of alternative outcomes. Here, we investigate the brain mechanisms and the nature of the semantic representations involved in understanding the complex meaning of counterfactual statements. We used fMRI to examine brain responses to counterfactual statements describing actions of high and low physical effort and compared them to similar factual statements describing the same actions. Results indicated that the inferior parietal lobule, known to support planning of object-directed actions, responded more strongly to high-effort than low-effort statements. Moreover, counterfactual statements, compared to factual ones, recruited a distinctive neural network partially overlapping with action execution networks. This network included medial pre-motor and pre-frontal structures, which underpin selection and inhibition of alternative action representations, and parahippocampal and temporal regions, involved in retrieving episodic memories. We argue that counterfactual comprehension recruit action-related networks encoding and managing alternative representations of behaviors.

유니버설디자인의 평가방법에 있어서 AHP 기법의 적용 가능성

본 연구는 유니버설디자인의 평가방법에 AHP 기법을 적용한 연구이다. 유니버설디자인의 평가지표는 유니버설디자인의 7원칙과 일본 트라이포드 디자인사의 PPP를 검토하고, 선행연구를 참조하여 대상평가지표를 선정하였다. 선정된 평가지표는 AHP기법을 사용하여 분석하였으며, 유니버설디자인 7요소의 가중치가 도출되었다. 유니버설디자인의 중요성을 평가하는 요인으로서 '쉽게 인지할 수 있는 정보'(0.263)가 가장 중요하게 나왔으며, '오류에 대한 포용력'(0.207), '간단하고 직관적인 사용'(0.154), '적은 물리적 노력'(0.143)순으로 나타났다. '접근과 사용을 위한 크기와 공간'(0.108)이 이어서 중요하다고 나타난 반면 '공평한 사용'(0.087), '사용상의 융통성'(0.038)은 상대적으로 중요도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 가중치가 반영된 유니버설디자인의 평가 체크리스트를 제안하였으며, 가중치를 구하는 과정을 토대로 다양한 상황 하에서의 가중치 부여를 시도할 수 있을 것이다. This paper is about a the evaluation method for universal design on AHP method. Evaluation of Universal Design to develop indicators of the seven principles of universal design and the tripod of Design(in Japan) Review of the PPP, and previous studies were chosen with reference to a indicators. Selected variables were analyzed using the AHP technique, Universal Design 7 elements were derived weights. Factor of the most important on universal design is 'Perceptible Information'(0.263), and 'Tolerance for Error'(0.207), 'Simple and Intuitive Use'(0.154), 'Low Physical Effort'(0.143) was in order. 'Size & Space for Approach and Use'(0.108) is then shown to be important, while the 'Equitable Use'(0.087), 'Flexibility in Use'(0.038) was rated relatively low importance. Based on the results reflected a weighted evaluation of universal design checklist is proposed. Process to obtain the weights can be applied to a variety of situations.

A novel foot plate to assess 3D range of motion of the hindfoot

Careful diagnosis of ankle joints with suspected ligamentous trauma is necessary to decide on adequate therapy. Accurate 3D stress test techniques can assist in diagnosis. However, the devices used to stress the foot relative to the lower leg are inapt for clinical application as they are not ergonomical. The goal was to present and to evaluate a newly designed 3D foot plate intended to fulfill the requirements of its users. Criteria on functionality included position and fixation of the foot in extreme positions relative to the lower leg; and compatibility with imaging systems. Criteria on usability included the operator having a sense of control, application for 95% of an adult human population, and operation within 100 s with low mental and physical effort. The design was based on a Stewart platform. Preliminary assessment of the 3D foot plate performed with CT-scans of 4 subjects showed that an extreme foot position could be reached repeatedly within 6°. The remainder of evaluation was focused was on ergonomic assessment. The prototype can reach all extreme foot positions for adults with varying anthropometric dimensions. A usability test was performed with 20 radiology technicians who were asked to perform four tasks with the prototype. All radiology technicians surveyed agreed that the device can be operated by one person with minor physical and mental effort (NASA XLT median 3.5–11%). The tasks were executed with a median time of 91 s (20–513 s) and a median error of 0 (0–6). The 3D foot plate fulfills the majority of criteria and is well-received by the intended users. Relevance to industry This study shows how a multidisciplinary approach (engineering, ergonomics, radiology and imaging) can contribute to the design of an industrial product for improved clinical diagnosis and preoperative planning, while taking into account the specific clinical working environment.

Universal Design for Learning: Technology and Pedagogy

When educators hear the term universal design for learning (UDL), most associate it with technology (cf. Zascavage & Winterman, 2009). However, UDL is not solely about the use of technology in education (KingSears, 2001; Orkwis & McLane, 1998; Rose & Meyer, 2000). UDL is also about the pedagogy, or instructional practices, used for students with and without disabilities. The concept of universal design, which originated in the field of architecture in the 1970s by Ron Mace (Center for Universal Design, 1997), continues to have a major influence, particularly reflected in building structures that are now required to incorporate features (e.g., ramps, doorway widths) that enable more people with different needs to access buildings without the need to retrofit structural details (Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 1991). The main feature of universally designed buildings and products (whether a business or a home) is that they allow people with unique needs to independently and immediately use them is. Some of these features are structural (door handles instead of door knobs); others are technological (such as closed captions on television sets). Within universal design, seven guiding principles drive the design of products and environments so that they are usable by more people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design (Connell et al., 1997). When educators employ these principles in the design and delivery of instruction, accommodations noted on individualized education programs (IEPs) for students with learning disabilities (LD) may more naturally occur in general education classrooms. As applied to the educational needs of students with LD, these principles are played out in both technological and pedagogical ways. The seven guiding principles originally identified for universal design are equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, and size and space for approach and use (Connell et al., 1997). The principles are sometimes overlapping in function, as noted in the following examples. One principle, flexibility in use, is evident when teachers design instruction that accommodates a wide range of students' preferences and abilities. For example, when the instructional goal is for students to measure the perimeter of quadrilaterals, teachers can use concrete and virtual manipulative demonstrations to show the different types of quadrilaterals with corresponding formulas. The concrete and virtual manipulative demonstrations are flexible because they provide students choices in learning, and these choices also accommodate students' needs when learning the content. However, it is not simply the use of concrete or virtual manipulatives that conveys information to students with and without LD. How teachers verbally explain the math content, concepts, and rules, that is, the pedagogy that is used, can either clarify or confuse learners. For this example, the pairing of the virtual manipulative technology with the way teachers instruct has the potential to increase the number of learners, regardless of ability, who can more quickly learn how to measure the perimeter of quadrilaterals. Equitable use of instructional materials can be achieved via technology, such as digital texts for students with LD. However, when the instructional material is a textbook that is not well designed in terms of how its content is organized, depicted, and sequenced, pedagogical features that increase the content's accessibility for many learners become the focus. For example, researchers who have analyzed textbooks found the content difficult to comprehend, laden with minimally related facts and information (cf. Jitendra, Deatline-Buchman, & Sczesniak, 2005; Jitendra et al., 2001; van Garderen, 2006). Taking a UDL approach to textbook usage, these weakly designed features are redesigned before instruction is delivered, so that key facts are targeted and relationships among them are determined. …

Universal Design and Adaptive Equipment

Rebecca Morris*Universal Design and Adaptive Equipment: Ideas and Solutions for Music SchoolsReceived December 2008[1] Universal design and adaptive equipment are important concepts for all public facilities, including music schools. In what follows, I will explain what those terms mean and explore some applications in academic environment we share as students of music and as musical scholars.Universal Design[2] Universal design is a term referring to the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to greatest extent possible, without need for adaptation or specialized design(1) This concept goes beyond familiar notion of enshrined in Americans with Disabilities Act. For disabled accessibility, you can have a wheelchair ramp next to a set of stairs. With design, you have no stairs to entrance at all. As a result, everyone can use same entrance-that's universal in design.[3] The North Carolina State University Center for Universal Design has an excellent website at http://www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/, which lays out principles of design. These include: (1) equitable use, (2) flexibility in use, (3) simple and intuitive use, (4) perceptible information, (5) tolerance for error, (6) low physical effort, and (7) size and space for approach and use. Let me discuss these seven principles one by one, and suggest some ways in which each might be realized within a school of music. Equitable use would include a floor-level entrance, ramps with handrails up to stages, and elevators which do not require a key to operate, available for all to use. In addition to helping people whose mobility is impaired, these design elements can benefit cellists, double bassists, and harpists.[4] Flexibility in use would include knobs on a piano bench so that people of drastically different heights and people with back problems could use them. Likewise, music stands should be adjustable to full range of height.[5] An example of simple and intuitive use is power doors that automatically open, rather than having to press a button, location of which may or may not be obvious. As with examples of equitable use above, such a feature is helpful to people whose mobility is impaired by musical equipment as well as by biology.[6] Perceptible information usually refers to large print, Braille, and what is called redundant cueing (meaning instructions are available for multiple senses to help those who are blind, deaf, or both). In music libraries instructions for playing recordings are not always clear and consistent, so people who are not there frequently need this sort of help. Music libraries and orchestra libraries should endeavor to keep Braille music in their collections as much as possible.[7] A good example of tolerance for error is command-Z or undo command available in much computer software. This feature should be available on all music software! This concept is also important for electronic hardware; some types of equipment, especially microphones it seems, are so sensitive that their tolerance for error is too low for a person who has any kind of physical anomaly. Those who are responsible for buying electronic equipment should keep this factor in mind when selecting it.[8] Low physical effort is reasonably self-explanatory: environments should be designed to demand as little bodily exertion as possible. Easily-turning casters on pianos would be a simple illustration of this principle. …

유니버설 디자인의 적합성에 관한 전문가 평가 방법

In the world, the old population is growing fast and many countries went into an advanced age society. Therefore the development of everyday products, electric appliances, and welfare services considering old people is more important than ever. In particular, the complexity of products can cause many problems for old people. Universal design is an approach to create environments and products that recognizes the diversity of users, regardless of their ability or age. Universality evaluation for a product is very important to verify old people's accessibility and usability for the product. Universality means how good a product was designed in view of universal design principles. In this study, UNIX, a method to evaluate the universality of a product was developed. UNIX was based on seven universal design principles; equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive, perceptible information, tolerance for error, low physical effort, size and space for approach and use. UNIX is a kind of expert evaluation and very simple method. The method is consisted of two steps. In the first step, relative weights for seven principles and subjective ratings on design suitability for each principle are obtained. In the second step, universality index (UNIX) of each product is obtained by weighted average multiplying relative weights and rating scores. As a case study, this method was applied for mouse designs. In conclusion, this method could be effectively applied to evaluate the universality of a product.

Whatever Happened to Polio? (review)

Reviewed by: Whatever Happened to Polio? Manon Parry Whatever Happened to Polio? Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C., 12 April 2005-12 April 2006. http://americanhistory.si.edu/polio/ On 12 April 1955 the Salk polio vaccine was pronounced safe and effective. Fifty years later, the National Museum of American History launched a yearlong exhibition entitled "Whatever Happened to Polio?" to commemorate the event. Jonas Salk received great public recognition for his inactivated-virus vaccine—but scientists [End Page 574] and historians continue to debate his methods and the precise significance of his contribution, and Albert Sabin's live-virus version became the primary choice for use in the United States. In 2000, however, after several live-virus vaccinations caused cases of polio, Sabin's vaccine was superseded by Salk's. While the sponsors of the anniversary exhibition include the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Salk and Sabin receive comparable coverage in the section on the development of polio vaccines. In fact, Whatever Happened to Polio? offers an interpretation that should appeal to both camps—namely, that "the global end to polio transmission would have been inconceivable without both the 'killed' (Salk) and 'live' (Sabin) vaccines." The exhibition touches upon other controversial issues in the history of polio, including trials of the vaccine on incarcerated prisoners, the quarantining of polio patients, and charitable fund-raising campaigns featuring young polio survivors as "poster children." For the exhibition team, one of the main challenges was to present each issue in all its complexity, incorporating competing interpretations. Lead curator Katherine Ott was mindful of the need to include the voices of polio survivors and their families, who have often been excluded from histories that focus instead on researchers and their discoveries. Whatever Happened to Polio? juxtaposes the experiences of parents, scientists, polio survivors, activists, and policymakers to present the history of polio from a broad range of viewpoints. The experts describing medical procedures, for example, are as likely to be people who underwent the treatment as those who administered it. With so much to include, the final product is sometimes lacking in depth and the kind of detailed analysis that many aspects of this history deserve. Nonetheless, the exhibition was very well attended, and visitors responded positively in their discussions with museum staff and on comment cards left in the gallery. The two main audiences for the exhibition were older visitors who lived through polio epidemics, and school-age children who know very little about the disease or the development of vaccines. The result is groundbreaking in many ways, reflecting a concerted effort to better include people with disabilities in the history of polio and as visitors to the museum. The layout of the exhibition gallery was based upon the seven principles of Universal Design 1 (Equitable Use, Flexibility in Use, Simple and Intuitive Use, Perceptible Information, Tolerance for Error, Low Physical Effort, Size and Space for Approach and Use), and Braille and sight maps were located at the entrances. They contained a key to a series of "listening stations" placed throughout the exhibition, where audio recordings described the artifacts and visual materials on display and gave directions to the [End Page 575] other sections. The look and feel of the gallery appeared to have been designed to appeal primarily to a young audience, with each themed section displaying bright colors and bold graphics. Information was presented in a variety of formats to accommodate different learning styles, with "Factoids" and "Tough Choices" slotted in alongside narrative text. "Tough Choices" addresses problem issues, like the quarantining of people infected with polio during epidemics, in the format of an either/or dilemma; competing for attention alongside all the other elements, and reduced to "Individual Rights versus the Public's Health," for example, these sections seemed to trivialize the issues and lead the visitor toward simplistic "right or wrong" conclusions. On the Web site, however, where the streamlined design means that visitors are more likely to read all the different portions of text, these sections are better integrated with the narrative and are much more effective. Overall, the exhibition provides an interesting look at a complex subject. At the museum, the fast...

Motor preparation aspects of cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge

Neural control of the circulation has evolved in such a way that behavioral responses to psychological stress may be accompanied by a dramatic activation of the cardiovascular system. This study was designed to address the hypothesis that such instances of cardiovascular mobilization reflect a functional motor preparation response. Twenty-four healthy young men participated in reaction time (RT) tasks which involved responding by squeezing a handgrip dynamometer. Motor preparation demands were manipulated by varying the temporal predictability of response requirements as well as the physical effort involved in responding, while controlling for other factors previously established to influence cardiovascular reactivity to psychologically challenging tasks. Physiological response measurements included heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen consumption. Increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during the RT tasks showed a general pattern which was consistent with the predictions of the motor preparation hypothesis, with the greatest elevations occurring in association with low temporal predictability and high physical effort. The possibility is discussed that factors such as incentives and elements of uncertainty may influence cardiovascular reactivity by accentuating behavioral arousal, of which motor preparation may be an inextricable component.

Acute renal vein thrombosis in adults.

We had the chance to follow up 7 adult patients with acute R.V.T. for 3 years. Four patients had positive histories of either diagnosed or undiagnosed renal trouble. Dehydration was the most prominent predisposing factor seen in 3 cases of pilgrims due to low fluid intake and hard physical effort in severe hot weather (42-44 degrees C). Massive haematuria and severe lumbar pain were the most characteristic clinical symptoms. With the aid of ultrasonography, we were able to detect perirenal collections in 4 cases. Careful clinical examination, retrograde pyelography and ultrasound examination were found to be non-invasive diagnostic modalities.