Low Participation Of Women Research Articles

Affirmative Action Study on the Political Rights of Women in the Indonesian Constitution

As the world’s third largest democracy, Indonesia’s governmental system should ideally function as a government of the people, by the people, for the people, to borrow the famous words of Abraham Lincoln. In reality, the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia, an institution which should best represent the nation’s people in carrying out its duty of drafting legislative products, still fails to do so, as it is dominated by men. Deep-rooted patriarchal beliefs cloud the nation, while inadequate and inefficient laws have also contributed to the present situation of low female representation in politics. This article therefore looks into the effectiveness various laws and regulations intended to protect women’s political rights. It assesses the effect of the low participation of women on the quality and gender-sensitivity of laws passed by the House of Representatives. It also evaluates the urgency to introduce affirmative action policies through the 1945 Constitution to increase women’s participation rates. The authors have used the normative-empirical method, consisting of a statutory, conceptual and comparative approach. Materials used for this research include interviews with prominent figures, analysis of the law and a comparative study. Through this approach, the article concludes that prevailing regulations in Indonesia require improvement, as there needs to be a shift from the present quota system to a system of reserved legislative seats in order to reap the benefits of equal participation.

Women's Role: Between Opportunities And Challenges in Business in The Era of The Industrial Revolution 4.0

Opportunities, opportunities and challenges for women to develop their potential today are increasingly open. Supported by the motivation of women to work, study and entrepreneurship like men without forgetting their nature as a woman is getting stronger. The opportunities that are already available need to be supported by the improvement of human resources itself. To be able to compete in the world of work, education and skills are needed. The higher a person's education, the value of time becomes more valuable so it tends to replace his spare time for work. The low participation of women in the field of education results in the low participation of women in the economy. This can be shown by the low opportunity for women to work in the industrial sector, as well as the low access to economic empowerment, including capabilities in technology, information, working capital markets. : between opportunities and challenges in business in the 4.0 industrial revolution era. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. Data processing is done through editing, coding and interpretive. The data analysis technique used is through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research, the role of women is an opportunity to play a strategic role, namely as domestic and public. The role of women as well as opportunities in business in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 is not enough to take part only as housewives, but is also required to be able to take part in family businesses and in the career world. Constraints faced by women are lack of understanding of technology, lack of digital literacy, due to low educational background.

Identification of Women's Quality of Life Home Business Actors with Influencing Factors

The basic problem in women's empowerment that has occurred so far is the low participation of women in development. In addition, there are still various forms of discriminatory practices against women.
 In the social context, there are still gaps in the roles of men and women (Education, Health and public participation involvement). Susenas data (National Socio-Economic Survey) 2003 shows that the education level of Indonesian women is still low. If there are physical, mental, or social health problems, it can reduce the value of quality of life. When women are busy in fulfilling the family's economy, will their physical, mental and social conditions become healthy? Will their quality of life be maintained when they become the foundation of the family's economy? What are their quality of life indicators? This study aims to determine their quality of life associated with various factors (Health, education, economy, etc.). In this study, the researcher chose to use qualitative methods or descriptive analysis to identify and describe the quality of life of women entrepreneurs at home and the factors that influence them. From the results of the study, it can be seen from the personal data, The women who do home-based businesses are still of productive age, with minimal high school education. Their efforts can generate sufficient income to meet their needs. It can be concluded that the quality of life of the women is good, as well as mental conditions (self-satisfaction, self-motivation). The dominant factors in influencing mothers to run their businesses are educational factors, self-confidence in running their business, self-satisfaction and also feeling healthy, feeling safe.

Equidad laboral: Perspectiva de género

In a world in constant movement, which in recent years has seen progress in women's struggles for equal treatment, there are still situations of gender discrimination, lower participation of women in the labor market, and situations of gender violence in the workplace. To analyze gender equity in the workplace; Materials and methods: An exploratory systematic review was carried out, making a pre-selection of 35 articles that met the inclusion criteria: articles of primary studies, articles that contain in their abstract key words related to the search, as exclusion criteria the notes to the author, postgraduate research, articles older than 10 years, at the end there were 20 articles of an exploration of the last 10 years.

Characterization of Persian lime production (Citrus x latifolia; Tanaka ex Q. Jiménez)

O Objective: To characterize the production system of Persian lime (Citrus x latifolia; Tanaka ex Q.Jiménez) in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: A semi-structured survey was applied with 50 Persian lime producers, through a directed sample. For this study a logistic regression was conducted: logit model, through measurement of the binary or dummy dependent variable, where the dependent variable takes values of “0 and 1”. Results: Lime producers are mostly men with an average age of 54 years, the type of property is ejido and they have been producing lime from 15 to 30 years, the knowledge used for the production are rainy periods and soil fertility. Most use intolerant rootstock. Regarding the econometric result, variables with higher significance were obtained that are related to the dependent variable. Study Limitations/Implications: It offers elements for the production of Persian lime. Conclusions:Finally, there is low participation of women in agricultural tasks. When it comes to the application of fertilizers, prun

Influence of Gender Inequality in Employment and Inequal Employment Opportunities on Women's participation in the Saudi Labor Market during (2010- 2020): تأثير عدم المساواة بين الجنسين في التوظيف وتكافؤ الفرص الوظيفية على مشاركة المرأة في سوق العمل السعودي خلال الفترة 2010- 2020

The study aimed at identify the influence of gender inequality in employment and inequal employment opportunities on women's participation in the Saudi labor market. The importance of the study lies in addressing the scientific gap due to the lack of previous scientific studies, which dealt with gender inequality and the extent of their impact on women's participation in the Saudi labor market. Moreover, to documenting and evaluating the legal reforms and regulations of the Saudi labor market that aimed to reduce the gender inequality in employment and inequal employment opportunities. The researcher used the relational research method based on hypotheses, which depends on an in-depth review and compilation of evidence from previous secondary sources during (2010-2020), related to the study problem. For data analysis, the researcher used (EViews software), and performed statistical treatments using the Victor autoregressive (VAR) model. The study found that gender inequality in employment and equal employment opportunities cause about 30% of the low participation of women in the Saudi labor market. The study recommended passing clear, explicit and binding legislation related to both employment and job opportunities on an equal footing for both genders.

Effects of Financial Inclusion and Awareness Creation on Women Empowerment in Kalawa Ward, Makueni County-Kenya

Despite the ever-increasing number of NGOs in Makueni County aimed at socio-economic empowerment of women, gender inequalities are persistent and poverty levels are high. This is evident by low participation of women in decision making process, control over ownership and access of resources and wealth, increased poverty levels, increased cases of gender-based violence. This has necessitated the need to establish the role of NGOs in women empowerment in Makueni County. The purpose of the study was to establish the role of NGOs in financial inclusion of women and the creation of awareness on property rights for women. The anchor theory for this study is the Women Empowerment Framework by Sara Longwe and the other theories used in the study include Kabeers 3-dimensional model; the public goods theory of financial inclusion. The study population was 60 women groups in Kalawa ward, Makueni County who have benefited from the NGOs programs. The total number of respondents were 1254 and a sample size of 294 was used. The findings revealed that financial inclusion and awareness creation on the right to own resources and property influence women empowerment. The focus group discussions highlighted that the NGOs are doing very little in regards to awareness creation on the right of ownership of resources and property. Women cited that discrimination, being left out of development agenda, illiteracy and patriarchal nature of the society as the major challenge. The study recommendations were that NGOs, National and County Governments should provide linkage to markets for the products from the income generating activities by women groups. Both Government and NGOs should develop frameworks to engage women in development agenda. Keywords: Women Empowerment, Financial Inclusion, Awareness Creation, NGOs, Makueni County.

Influence of Income Generating Activities and Resource Accessibility on Empowerment of Women in Makueni County

There is need to establish the role played by NGOs in promoting women empowerment and how this leads to reduction of the socio-economic vulnerability of women. Because of the low participation of women in decision making process, control over ownership and access of resources and wealth, increased poverty levels, increased cases of gender-based violence. This has necessitated the need to establish the role of NGOs in women empowerment in Makueni County. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the effect of income generating activities and the resource availability on women empowerment. The anchor theory for this study is the Women Empowerment Framework by Sara Longwe and the other theory used in the study include Kabeers 3-dimensional model. The study population was 60 women groups in Kalawa ward, Makueni County who have benefited from the NGOs programs. The total number of respondents were 1254 and a sample size of 294 was used. The study found that there was an influence of income generating activities on women empowerment. A unit increase in income generating activities was found to increase women empowerment by 0.323 units. The study also found that there was there was a negative influence of resource accessibility on women empowerment, implying that a unit increase in resource accessibility decreases women empowerment by 0.152 units. The study recommendations are that NGOs, National and County Governments to provide linkage to markets for the products from the income generating activities by women groups. Both Government and NGOs should develop frameworks to engage women in development agenda. Keywords: Women Empowerment, Income Generating Activities, Resource Availability

Belonging and Masculinities: Proposal of a Conceptual Framework to Study the Reasons behind the Gender Gap in Engineering

The low participation of women in STEM fields is well-known and has been well documented around the world. Closing this gap plays a central role in achieving a more equal society and thus sustainable development. The gender gap in STEM must be understood as a complex problem which can be explained through various factors (cultural, economic, and social) and therefore requires the efforts of different disciplines and actors. This article proposes that the hegemonic masculinity theory together with the concept of belonging, understood from the point of view of feminist studies and cultural studies, can contribute a necessary conceptual framework for understanding the causes behind the gender gap in engineering.

The impact of social cleavages on women’s political participation in Nigeria

Women in Northern Nigeria are secluded in political positions following ethnic differences and religious backgrounds than women in Southern Nigeria, who participate more in public life. The basis for this disparity is the value placed on women in both spheres of interest. The African tradition relegates women to the background and gives the men a voice. The paper looks at the impact of social cleavages and factors responsible for the low participation of women in politics. The research used both a qualitative and quantitative method through face-to-face interviews with five female respondents. The study focused on women participation in politics making Inferences from data collected through interviews. The fear factor, economic and cultural beliefs were among the reasons for the low turnout of women in political participation. The paper concluded that women should support women and create awareness in enlightenment programmes for women in rural areas.

Women’s participation in community development in rural Ghana: The effects of colonialism, neoliberalism, and patriarchy

ABSTRACT Women’s empowerment and gender equality have been given attention by development practitioners and communities over the last two decades. Studies show, however, that in the face of the increase attention to gender equality in community development, women’s advancement, and participation in both developed and developing countries are restricted. The situation of women involvement in the community development process in Ghana is abysmal. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how colonialism, patriarchy and neoliberalism serve as barriers to women within community development processes in rural Ghana. This paper is approached from transnational feminist perspective. A total of twelve (12) women from three randomly selected rural communities in Ghana were interviewed about their community development experiences. The findings implicate Western influence and structural factors in the low participation of women in community development processes in rural Ghana. This study found that Western interference in the form of the superimposition of a neoliberal capitalist agenda has had a negative consequence on the level of participation of women in their communities. This ideology has imbued in women individualistic ideals to the detriment of traditional communal life. The women were particularly disadvantaged by the reliance on level of education and fluency in English, as requirements for local government positions since English is the national business language. The existing patriarchal norms and values in rural communities such as traditional gender roles and “name calling” militate against women within the context of community development. Western interference, colonialism, patriarchy, and capitalist ideologies continue to hinder the involvement of women in the development of their communities. It is therefore important to address these issues to help better the lives of women in rural Ghana.

Empathy and Low Participation of Women in Engineering: Is There a Hidden Link

Women are severely underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education and the related work force. One of the reasons for the low presence of women in engineering is a lack of connection between engineering-related values and women’s personal values and beliefs, in particular the difference in empathy value. This study examined how empathy may have contributed to the low enrollment of women in engineering majors. An online survey was used to collect data from undergraduate students in an urban university in the United States. Statistical procedures were carefully selected to analyze the survey data and answer the four research questions. The results indicate that 1) students with a stronger empathizing trait reported lower likelihood of majoring in engineering; and 2) the perceived empathy level of a given academic discipline was a significant factor in students’ major choice. The lower likelihood of majoring in engineering was associated with its low empathy level perceived by the students. The major findings of the study call for reformulation of the engineering education so that human-centered values can be emphasized as critical components to the existing curricula.

‘Science and Technology as Feminine’: raising awareness about and reducing the gender gap in STEM careers

ABSTRACT This paper examines the issue of the low participation of women in STEM careers and contributes to work on the gender gap in STEM in two ways. First, we propose a theoretical framework that integrates the factors influencing girls’ participation in STEM, proposed by UNESCO in 2017, and the concepts of cultural, identity and gender stereotypes. Second, we apply this framework to assess the contribution of the project Science and Technology as Feminine, promoted by the Spanish Association of Science and Technology Parks (APTE), to raising awareness about the low participation of girls in STEM and encouraging girls’ participation in scientific and technology careers in Spain. The APTE project has attracted media attention in Spain and the project results suggest that it should be possible to reduce the gender gap in the future career choices of young students, through the design of a set of activities addressed to the individual student, the students’ families and peers, schools and society at large, aimed at changing the habitus, which for many years has steered women away from STEM.

Comparison of barriers faced by women in the Australian and Indian construction industry

ABSTRACT
 Today’s construction industry has extreme gender stratification that is still traditional in the employment of women. Even though the participation of women in the construction industry has grown, women are still considered as a minority in this field. The industry is considered as male-dominated with low participation of women. The aim of this study is to compare the challenges faced by women construction workers in two different countries: Australia and India. In this context, the study also investigated the level of participation of women in the construction industry and the common challenges faced by women that hinder their participation around the globe. The significant barriers that are faced by women construction workers around the globe are the male-dominated nature and masculine culture of the industry, work-family balance, lack of career progression, longer working hours and the complex workplace culture. When comparing the barriers faced by women in the Indian and Australian construction industry, some of them similar, whereas some are different. The barriers faced by women in Australia are gender stereotyping, lack of awareness, the rigidity of work roles, flexibility issues and changing the family structure. On the other hand, In India, women face barriers such as unequal wages, caste, cultural and religion restrictions, poor sanitary facilities, seasonal work irregularity and health hazards. The research proves that there are many barriers that counteract the participation of women in the industry and thus recommends some measures to improve their involvement.
 Keywords—Women, Construction industry, Challenges or barriers or problems, Indian and Australian construction industry, Gender discrimination

Gender Distribution in Medical Leadership Roles in Portugal: The Example of Candidacy to Bodies of the Portuguese Medical Association 2017-2019

Gender equality is one of the sustainable development goals. Low participation of women in leadership roles is an example of gender inequality. In Portugal, there are few studies regarding gender inequality in medical leadership roles. Therefore, we aimed to analyse gender distribution of candidates to regional bodies of the Portuguese Medical Association. We extracted data from the candidates to the regional bodies of the Portuguese Medical Association (2017 - 2019 mandate) from the Association's magazine (issue number 175). We calculated the percentage of women candidates, overall and stratified by list, region and roles. We obtained observed-vs-expected ratios overall and by region, and respective 95% confidence intervals, assuming a Poisson distribution. Finally, we conducted a sensitivity analysis, excluding substitute candidates. Women accounted for 37% of the candidates (regional variation: 29% - 51%). The national observed-vs-expected ratio was 0.74 (95% confidence interval: 0.58; 0.92), mainly driven by the ratio from the South Region: 0.58 (95% confidence interval: 0.41; 0.80). Women ran mainly for alternate candidates and secretary positions (56% and 54% respectively). Gender differences were identified, particularly in the South, regarding the frequency and type of candidacy. Previous works have identified maternity, the social role of women and perceptions regarding the leadership roles as possible reasons to explain such differences. Our analysis is limited to specific leadership roles and an election moment; further studies should be pursued. We identified a lower than expected participation of women in the elections for the Portuguese Medical Association. When they run, women are found mainly in less relevant positions or with less potential to be elected (secretary or alternate candidate). A deeper understanding and measures to fight gender inequality in leadership roles are required.

Determinant Factors of Low Women's Participation in Development Planning in Jayapura Regency

This article discusses the determinants of low women's participation in development planning in Jayapura Regency. This study uses a qualitative method. Data were collected through observation and interviews. The focus of this research is to describe the determinant factors of women's participation in development planning, especially in the special autonomy era of Jayapura Regency. The results showed that women do not yet have equal abilities in following the process of implementing Musrembang. Only a small proportion of them have a good ability to share their ideas with the Jayapura Regency government. The level of education of women in Jayapura Regency is very unequal to the level of education of men so that during Musrembang activities most of the women were listeners and even if anyone could provide input on Musrembang activities, their number was insignificant. The lack of women's participation in development planning is caused by the patriarchal culture of the Papuan people. The position of women in the implementation of development planning is limited by prevailing customs. Women in this position cannot provide input and convey their aspirations directly to the Musrenbang activities. The voice of women is always considered to have been represented by the voice of men who traditionally have the right to voice.

Gender Roles and Women Participation in Bee Keeping: A Focus on Baringo South Sub-County, Baringo County

This study acknowledges that women participation in bee keeping is still low despite the initiatives and programs by the government and non-governmental organizations to have women participate in bee keeping in Baringo South Sub- County. The study identified that one of the factors blamed in low participation of women in bee farming in most developing countries is gender roles. This is particularly evident in male dominated societies. The study therefore sought to determine the influence of gender roles on women participation in Bee Keeping in Baringo South Sub- County. The study collected data from 128 women sampled from women engaged in bee farming in the sub-county. Data was collected through research questionnaires with closed ended questions that were self-administer by the researcher. The study revealed that gender roles had a significant influence on women participation in beekeeping. Women had huge gender roles that hampered their participation in beekeeping. The study also revealed that the high burden of gender roles on women presented itself in forms such as childrearing, household chores, income generating activities, provision of labour (paid and unpaid) and community development roles, influence female participation in bee keeping. The study recommends that gender roles should not be assigned according to biological and cultural stereotyping in order to create time for women to participate in bee keeping. Greater load with gender roles reduces women participation in beekeeping. Promotion of time saving technologies for household chores could go a long way in creating the much needed time necessary for women participation in beekeeping.

Women Empowerment and Work-Life Balance of Women Engineers in the Malaysian Energy Sector: A Conceptual Framework

Malaysian energy sector is listed as one of the sectors that have lower participation of women. This is due to the problem of attracting and retaining the women workforce within the field. The major reason women leave the energy sector especially in the engineering field, is due to the difficulties in balancing work-life. Women hold dual and triple roles where they are stucked between responsibilities as mother, wife, and daughter as well as responsibilities in the workplace. This situation contributes a great impact on their work-life balance. Empowering women in the sector could help in giving them more control in managing their work and family. Hence, this paper aims to provide an overview on women empowerment and its impact on work-life balance. In addition, this paper proposes a conceptual framework to analyze the level of women empowerment (welfare, access, conscientization, participation and control) and its impact on work-life balance of women engineers in Malaysian energy sector for future study. This paper will contribute to the knowledge on an area that is still relatively uncovered. Which refers to the impact of women empowerment and work-life balance of women engineers in energy sector. It is important for organizations to be aware about the importance of women empowerment and their employees work-life balance. Thus, organizations can take an appropriate intervention in order to empower their women talent and assist them to have better work-life balance.

Regional Women’s Economic Participation: A Systematic-based Review of Structural Economic Transformation in Indonesia

This article draws upon available works of literature to argue that the regional women’s economic participation in structural economic transformation in Indonesia has been challenged continuously by cultural and structural factors. This reviewed article aims at providing several scientific publications on a related topic to map the available sources in understanding the contribution of women in the economic sector as well as the challenges they faced. This review paper employs a qualitative method with a systematic review of certain works related to women’s participation in the economic sector. This review paper aims to provide a conceptual framework and navigation for further research conducted in a related field study. This article also synthesising an overview of the current study. By analysing reports, statistics, and prior works on this women’s participation and transition into formal employment issues, this article finds Indonesian women are still less involved in the labour force and labour market than men. Socio-cultural and structural barriers contribute to the low participation of women in the economy. Such barriers include career interruption of childbirth and childcare responsibility, less education and skills, care services that the women involved considered secondary, low wage, unsupported gender-based regulations, and low support to gender equality.

Learning about Programming and Epistemic Emotions: A Gendered Analysis

Programming courses often turn into courses with high percentage of desertion and, sometimes, result in a factor that drives students to abandon their careers, even when they are subjects highly relevant in the training of engineers in the areas of computer science, IT, and related careers. These courses demand high cognitive processes, which generate several emotions learning-related that, when taken into account and evaluated, could be used in favor of learning. Programming courses generate negative emotions in female students in a higher proportion than men, which may even lead them to abandon the career, widening the gender gap. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the role of emotions in academic environments at university level, as well as for knowing the reason for the low participation of women, despite the importance of their role and skills, in computing areas. However, the interest in analyzing the emotions that emerge from students as they learn to program is quite recent. There is not an important number of studies around the emotions of women while they learn to program. The objective of this study is to analyze the behavior -at an emotional level- of students towards different teaching activities, establishing gender level comparisons, and considering the incorporation of elements of collaboration and gamification to identify differences in the emotions originated by these activities.