Low Parental Socioeconomic Status Research Articles

Association between the mode of delivery and the occurance of early childhood caries in children from 2 to 5 years of the maternal chilhood center Pachacutec Perú-Korea, Diresa Callao, Perú 2016

Early childhood caries (ECC) continues to be the biggest oral health problem in developing countries. Several studiesreport ECC prevalence in children aged 3 years from 40% to 65.7% and in children 5 and 6 years of age up to86%. There are multiple risk factors associated with ECC, such as: cariogenic diet, poor oral hygiene, low salivaryflow, low parental socioeconomic status, low parental education, etc. But there is also a “mode of delivery” factorthat is not being considered and could be important and determinant for the occurrence of ECC.Objective: To determine if there is an association between the mode of delivery and the presence of ECC in childrenaged 2 to 5 years of the Maternal and Child Health Center Pachacutec PERU-KOREA, DIRESA CALLAO2016.Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study was conductedwith children attending the PERU-COREA Maternal and Child Health Center (n=125) during September to Decemberof 2016. A validated questionnaire was used for socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors forECC. An intraoral clinical examination of the children was also performed.Results: The prevalence of ECC in the sample evaluated was 60%. A statistically significant association wasfound between the mode of delivery and the presence of ECC (p <0.001), as well as the covariables oral hygieneindex, frequency of carbohydrate consumption, type of lactation, bottle feeding at night and education of themother, all with a p <0.005. Conclusion: Children born by cesarean section are more at risk of ECC than childrenborn by vaginal delivery

Fall-Behind Parents? The Influential Factors on Digital Parenting Self-Efficacy in Disadvantaged Communities

As the Internet penetration in the United States increases, many digital divide researchers have delved into the parent–child dynamics regarding family digital access and use. However, little attention has been paid to digital parenting in terms of monitoring, guiding, and regulating children’s digital lives, especially in the context of disadvantaged communities. As an initial step to fill the critical gaps in related literature, this study casts light on factors that affect the self-efficacy of digital parenting in disadvantaged urban communities. Using a census survey of public housing households in one of the largest public housing authorities in the United States, we found that single motherhood and home Internet access significantly accounted for low–socioeconomic status parents’ digital parenting self-efficacy. We also found that parental engagement in children’s school activities strongly affected their digital parenting self-efficacy. By contrast, we found that other sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors (i.e., gender, education, race/ethnicity), mobile Internet access, parents’ homework help, and educational expectation fail to be contributing factors.

Early-life conditions and health at older ages: The mediating role of educational attainment, family and employment trajectories

ObjectivesWe examine to what extent the effect of early-life conditions (health and socioeconomic status) on health in later life is mediated by educational attainment and life-course trajectories (fertility, partnership, employment).MethodsUsing data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (N = 12,034), we apply, separately by gender, multichannel sequence analysis and cluster analysis to obtain groups of similar family and employment histories. The KHB method is used to disentangle direct and indirect effects of early-life conditions on health.ResultsEarly-life-conditions indirectly impact on health in later life as result of their influence on education and family and employment trajectories. For example, between 22% and 42% of the effect of low parental socio-economic status at childhood on the three considered health outcomes at older age is explained by educational attainment for women. Even higher percentages are found for men (35% - 57%). On the contrary, the positive effect of poor health at childhood on poor health at older ages is not significantly mediated by education and life-course trajectories. Education captures most of the mediating effect of parental socio-economic status. More specifically, between 66% and 75% of the indirect effect of low parental socio-economic status at childhood on the three considered health outcomes at older age is explained by educational attainment for women. Again, higher percentages are found for men (86% - 93%). Early-life conditions, especially socioeconomic status, influence family and employment trajectories indirectly through their impact on education. We also find a persistent direct impact of early-life conditions on health at older ages.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that early-life experiences influence education and life-course trajectories and health in later life, suggesting that public investments in children are expected to produce long lasting effects on people’s lives throughout the different phases of their life-course.

Inequality in top performance: an examination of cross-country variation in excellence gaps across different levels of parental socioeconomic status

ABSTRACTThis article examines the extent to which parental socioeconomic status (SES) affects the likelihood of a child becoming a top-performing student, offering an international perspective by reporting this relationship in 31 developed countries. The impact of 3 important educational system characteristics (differentiation in terms of early tracking, standardisation, and private schooling) on the relationship between parental SES and top performance was determined. We employed multilevel logistic regression models on data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 (N = 216,980) to reveal that children with low parental SES have a lower probability of becoming a top-performing student than those with high parental SES, although this association differs between countries. The negative relationship between a disadvantaged parental background and top performance was not affected by the educational system characteristics under investigation.

Beliefs, parental investments, and intergenerational persistence: A formal model

Empirical research documents persistent socioeconomic and race gaps in parental investments in children. This article presents a formal model that describes the process through which parents’ beliefs about the returns on investments in children evolve over time in light of new information that they receive regarding the outcomes of past investments. The model, which is based on Bayesian learning, accounts for how parents of low socioeconomic status may come to underinvest in their children because they have false low beliefs about the returns on investments. Moreover, the model describes how beliefs are transmitted across generations, thus creating dynasties of underinvesting parents who reproduce inequalities in children’s socioeconomic outcomes. Finally, this article uses National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to provide illustrative empirical evidence on key aspects of the proposed model. The main contribution of this article is to integrate parents’ beliefs about returns on investments into existing models of intergenerational transmissions.

Awareness for Reading Aloud among Parents of Low Socioeconomic Status and its Effect on Children?s Reading Habits: An Intervention Program in Three Preschools in Israel in Netanya, Acco, and Tirat Hacarmel

This article examines the importance of reading books and parents reading books to their children, and attempts to grapple with the following questions: Is it possible to use various mediation methods in the preschool to increase the consumption of books by young children from families of low socioeconomic status? Will literacy activity in the preschool library among a population of low socioeconomic status, raise parental awareness of the importance of reading books and how it contributes to the children? How can we encourage parents to read to their young children among a population from a low socioeconomic background? The experimental study was carried out among three populations of kindergarten children, who describe themselves as traditional Jews, and live in neighborhoods of economic distress in Israel – in Acco, Tirat Hacarmel, and Netanya. Each preschool has 35 children, age 5-6. Most children come from a relatively low socioeconomic background, from low income families, with many having various emotional, language, and cognitive difficulties. The intervention program included many and varied activities and was aimed at encouraging the children to exchange books in the preschool library so they would have them read to them at home, and encouraging the parents to read to their children. As a result of the intervention program, the level of interest in books grew among both children and parents. They gradually began to read more and more books, and their interest level and exposure significantly increased.

Economic Competence in Early Secondary School: Evidence From a Large-Scale Assessment in Germany

We employ a psychometrically validated performance test to study economic competence among a large and representative sample of early secondary school students in Southwest Germany. The rich dataset allows us to study variation in economic competence across school types and observable student characteristics. Our results show that economic competence is significantly lower among female students, migrants, students with parents of low socioeconomic status and those who do not attend the highest track school type. Additionally, quantile regression analyses suggest that the gender gap increases along the distribution of economic competence and that effects of parents with high socio-economic status are more pronounced above the median of the competence distribution. Our analysis sets the stage for a long-term study of economic competence among secondary school students and the impact of a recent curriculum reform introducing mandatory economic education.

Developmental Pathways from Parental Socioeconomic Status to Adolescent Substance Use: Alternative and Complementary Reinforcement.

Although lower socioeconomic status has been linked to increased youth substance use, much less research has determined potential mechanisms explaining the association. The current longitudinal study tested whether alternative (i.e., pleasure gained from activities without any concurrent use of substances) and complementary (i.e., pleasure gained from activities in tandem with substance use) reinforcement mediate the link between lower socioeconomic status and youth substance use. Further, we tested whether alternative and complementary reinforcement and youth substance use gradually unfold over time and then intersect with one another in a cascading manner. Potential sex differences are also examined. Data were drawn from a longitudinal survey of substance use and mental health among high school students in Los Angeles. Data collection involved four semiannual assessment waves beginning in fall 2013 (N = 3395; M baseline age = 14.1; 47% Hispanic, 16.2% Asian, 16.1% multiethnic, 15.7% White, and 5% Black; 53.4% female). The results from a negative binomial path model suggested that lower parental socioeconomic status (i.e., lower parental education) was significantly related to an increased number of substances used by youth. The final path model revealed that the inverse association was statistically mediated by adolescents' diminished engagement in pleasurable substance-free activities (i.e., alternative reinforcers) and elevated engagement in pleasurable activities paired with substance use (i.e., complementary reinforcers). The direct effect of lower parental education on adolescent substance use was not statistically significant after accounting for the hypothesized mediating mechanisms. No sex differences were detected. Increasing access to and engagement in pleasant activities of high quality that do not need a reinforcement enhancer, such as substances, may be useful in interrupting the link between lower parental socioeconomic status and youth substance use.

Clinical and Psychosocial Factors Associated With Patient Experience in Pediatrics.

To identify clinical and psychosocial factors associated with patient experience with care. We analyzed patient experience surveys, corresponding clinical and psychosocial the data of 1567 encounters using survey-weighted multivariate logistic regression analysis with willingness to recommend the facility as outcome variable. Parents are less likely to recommend the facility if there were custody issues with the child during their stay, if the child has history of chronic medical condition, and if the child is male with odds ratio and corresponding 95% confidence interval of 0.38 [0.21, 0.69], 0.43 [0.24, 0.80], and 0.67 [0.45, 0.99] respectively. Parents of older patients (1-year difference) and parents of low socioeconomic status are more likely to recommend the facility (1.05 [1.01, 1.09] and 2.74 [1.72, 4.37] respectively). Clinical and psychosocial factors significantly affect patient experience scores together with parent perception of provider-family communication and relationship, and hospital environment conducive for children.

Religiusitas: Faktor Protektif Pengasuhan Orangtua dengan Status Sosial Ekonomi Rendah

The low family socioeconomic status (SES) often resulted in variety of negative impact towards child development. One of the mechanism how SES affect children is through parenting. In family with low SES, many parents experience stress due to economic pressure that they implement harsh parenting practices. This then leads to various negative impact in children psychological development. One of the most significant protective factor to reduce the negative impact of low SES is religiosity. Based on the dimensions of religiosity, this research tried to capture how religiosity among low SES parents can serve as protective factor. The subjects of this research three low SES parents who considered as religios by local people and their children managed to achieve high education. The research method is quallitative with in-depth interview. The data analysis employed by coding, formulating units of meaning, and categorization. The results showed that based on the five dimensions of religiosity, all three subjects have adequate religious knowledge particularly related to religionbased parenting knowledge, then this followed by intensive and devoted religious ritual, and from experiential dimension they often experience grace and closeness to Allah SWT. The impact of those five dimensions of religiosity is they are able to show many positive virtues which enables them to overcome various obstacles the low SES brought. Those virtues are patience, sincere, nrimo (acceptance), pasrah (surrender), and optimistic. They also then transmitted their religiosity to their children with value internalization and guiding worship rituals. Keywords : low soscioeconomic status, parenting, protective factor, positive virtues, religosity

Who Becomes A Politician?*

AbstractCan a democracy attract competent leaders, while attaining broad representation? Economic models suggest that free-riding incentives and lower opportunity costs give the less competent a comparative advantage at entering political life. Moreover, if elites have more human capital, selecting on competence may lead to uneven representation. This article examines patterns of political selection among the universe of municipal politicians and national legislators in Sweden, using extraordinarily rich data on competence traits and social background for the entire population. We document four new facts that together characterize an “inclusive meritocracy.” First, politicians are on average significantly smarter and better leaders than the population they represent. Second, this positive selection is present even when conditioning on family (and hence social) background, suggesting that individual competence is key for selection. Third, the representation of social background, whether measured by parental earnings or occupational social class, is remarkably even. Fourth, there is at best a weak trade-off in selection between competence and social representation, mainly due to strong positive selection of politicians of low (parental) socioeconomic status. A broad implication of these facts is that it is possible for democracy to generate competent and socially representative leadership.

Gene-environment interaction as a predictor of early adjustment in first episode psychosis

BackgroundThis study aims to explore the gene-environment interaction hypothesis applied to pre-symptomatic neurodevelopmental phenotypes of first episode psychosis (FEP), that is, genetic factors might increase vulnerability to the effects of environmental adverse conditions occurring at later stages of development. MethodsWe constructed a schematic ‘two-hit’ model, with Val/Val homozygosity for the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism as the ‘first hit’ and history of obstetric complications and parental socioeconomic status as ‘second hits’. Early adjustment, measured using the Premorbid Adjustment Scale, was considered the main outcome. The study population comprised 221 adolescents and adults with FEP and 191 sex- and age-matched controls. ResultsThe interaction between the Val/Val COMT genotype and a positive history of obstetric complications plus low parental socioeconomic status was significantly associated with poorer early adjustment. These results were observed both in FEP individuals and in controls, and remained significant after controlling for age, sex, and diagnosis. ConclusionsIndividuals carrying Val/Val seem to be more sensitive to the synergistic effect of environmental factors acting early in neurodevelopment, which leads to vulnerability phenotypes such as impaired early adjustment.

Umblical myiasis in a newborn: a case report

Myiasis is defined as the infestation of live vertebrates (humans and/or animals) with dipterous larvae. We present a case of rare but not unknown type of myiasis, presented by an 11 days old neonate. The larvae were characterised microscopically. Poor sanitation is probably the most important risk factor for human myiasis. Umblical myiasis though a rare presentation due to improved health conditions and health education still remains an entity to be looked for in case of newborn belonging to low socio economic status parents and even in orphanages.

Adolescent drinking-a touch of social class?

To estimate whether parental socio-economic status (SES) is associated with adolescent drinking, and the degree to which a possible association may be accounted for by various parental factors. Cross-sectional Norwegian school survey from 2006 (response rate: 86%). Students aged 13-14years (n=5797), 15-16years (n=6613) and 17-18years (n=5351), of whom 51% were girls. Parents' education was our main SES indicator, and we distinguished between low (7%) and middle/high (93%) educational level. The outcomes comprised past-year drinking and intoxication. We also applied measures on general parenting, parents' alcohol-related permissiveness and parental intoxication. The main analyses were conducted using Poisson regression. Parents' education had no statistically significant impact on alcohol use among the 17-18-year-olds, while 13-16-year-olds with low educated parents had an elevated relative risk (RR) of both drinking [RR=1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13-1.29] and intoxication (RR=1.32, 95% CI=1.21-1.44). The RRs became statistically insignificant when including all the parental factors as covariates in the regression models. Among adolescents who had consumed alcohol, low parental education was related to more frequent drinking (RR=1.24, 95% CI=1.11-1.38) and intoxication episodes (RR=1.42, 95% CI=1.22-1.66). Again, the RRs became statistically insignificant when we accounted for all the parental factors. This pattern was replicated when we applied an alternative indicator for low parental SES. Adolescent drinking in Norway appears to be related inversely to parents' social standing. The elevated risk of low socio-economic status vanishes when general parenting, alcohol-related parental permissiveness and parents' drinking are accounted for.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF PARENTS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN ONITSHA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE.

This study was aimed at determining the relationship between socioeconomic status of parents and academic performance of students in Onitsha North L.G.A. of Anambra State. Three research questions and three null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Correlation research design was adopted. From a population of 2,452, a sample of 100 respondents selected through the simple random sampling technique was adopted. For data collection, the junior secondary school annual examination was used, while questionnaire was also used to collect relevant information from students. Pearson product moment correlation was used to provide answers to the research questions, while the t- test was used in testing the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. From the results; it was discovered that there is a positive relationship between high socioeconomic status of parents and student’s academic performance, also that there is a negative relationship between middle socioeconomic status of parents and student’s academic performance, and that there is a positive relationship between low socioeconomic status of parents and student’s academic performance. Based on the findings, it was recommended that government should endeavor to implement the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme, as it will go a long way in helping students attain success in their academic pursuits. With this, the low academic performance of students that is characterized with low socioeconomic status of parents will be minimized.

How is low parental socioeconomic status associated with future smoking and nicotine dependence in offspring? A population-based longitudinal 13-year follow-up.

Low socioeconomic status (SES) characterizes smoking and nicotine dependence in adult samples. However, less is known about how parental SES is linked to smoking in offspring and the potential mechanisms at work. A population-based longitudinal study ( n=1380) from Norway was used. Participants were followed from their mid-teens until their late 20s using survey and register data. Data were collected on parental education, parental smoking, educational aspirations and expectations, school grades and school-related conduct problems. Register data monitored education, unemployment and social welfare assistance. Risk factors for smoking and nicotine dependence were identified by means of multinomial logistic regression analyses. Mediation analyses were used to investigate the pathways between parental SES and future smoking. Future smokers were recruited from families with low educational levels. Poor school grades, school dropout and low educational aspirations were also predictors. Unemployment and social welfare assistance additionally increased the risk. Parental smoking, no high school exam and welfare assistance were mediators between low parental education and high levels of nicotine dependence in young adulthood. Socialization to smoking reflects a multifaceted process fuelled by low parental SES. However, parental influences may be masked behind influences from schools or peers. Future research should try to capture the multiple sources of SES-related influence at work. Prevention strategies should target adolescents from low SES backgrounds, who orient towards the manual working class and who have problems entering the labour force.

Comparison of Obesity Rates in Early Childhood (4 to 80 months) by Parental Socioeconomic Status Using National Cohort Dataset in Korea

Child obesity has been on the rise and become a worldwide health issue. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is known as an influencing factor for childhood obesity, but relevant studies on a national level are scarce in Korea. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of obesity for each age group by parental SES and analyze the trends of changes in weight status using a Korean national cohort dataset. In Korea, children are eligible for the National Children Health Examination, a mandatory seven-time health checkup for those aged 4 to 80 months. This study tracked 4 to 9-month-old children up to 80 months through seven distinct age groups. A total of 12,362 children had received all seven health exams consecutively. Parental SES was categorized as three stages according to national classifications. Z scores of weight-for-height (for children aged<24 months) and body mass index (for children aged ≥ 24 months) were used for detecting overweight and obesity. Children with low parental SES showed the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity in all age groups, although there was no consistency in statistical significance. Also, normal and underweight children of 4 to 9 months with low parental SES showed the highest change rate to either overweight or obesity, although no consistency of statistical significance was observed. Low parental SES can affect the weight status of offspring from early childhood. Thus, early obesity prevention interventions should be provided especially for children in low-income families.

Life-course socioeconomic status and breast and cervical cancer screening: analysis of the WHO's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE)

ObjectivesSocioeconomic differences in screening have been well documented in upper-income countries; however, few studies have examined socioeconomic status (SES) over the life-course in relation to cancer screening in lower-income and...

Revisiting “Measuring the Problem”

In their 2012 article, Pollock, Oliver, and Menard found that race was not a significant predictor of being arrested or questioned by police. In light of recent events such as the death of Michael Brown Jr., Freddie Gray, and others, and the resulting media coverage and public protest, the current article sought to reexamine predictors of police contact in greater detail. For this examination, separate analyses were run on respondents with and without serious offending reported to determine whether predictors of police contact are different for individuals with whom the police presumably have more discretion (individuals who are not serious offenders). In addition, path models with logistic regression were created to examine potential indirect effects of all variables, including race. Results indicate that race does have an indirect effect on police contact, but it is White individuals who are more likely to be questioned and arrested. In addition, other factors including low parental socioeconomic status (which is associated with ethnicity), previous police contact, and gender are more likely, than even involvement in crime, to determine if a person will be questioned or arrested. Differences in predictors based on the seriousness of the offender and implications of the findings are discussed.

Effects of Exposure to Inclusion and Socioeconomic Status on Parental Attitudes Towards the Inclusion of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children

The purpose of the study was to investigate the attitudes of parents of normal hearing (NH) children towards the inclusion of deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children in the educational setting of their child. In particular, it examined the effect of parental socio economic status (SES) and exposure to inclusion (whether their child was in a class together with DHH children or not) on their attitudes. Hundred and thirteen parents of children with NH aged 4–6 years participated in the study. The parents differed in terms of SES and their experience with inclusion. All the parents completed a questionnaire on general attitudes towards inclusion and a background questionnaire. The parents whose children attended a class that included DHH children completed an additional questionnaire on their evaluation of the effects of the inclusion of DHH children in the regular class. The results indicated that in general, all the parents reported positive attitudes towards the inclusion of DHH children in a regular class with NH children. ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between SES and parental exposure to inclusion on parents’ attitudes towards inclusion. Among parents whose child attended a class that included a DHH child, middle-high SES parental attitudes were more positive than those of lower SES parents. By contrast, among parents whose child was not enrolled in an inclusive class the attitudes of middle-high SES parents were less positive than low SES parents. The results suggest that it is important to obtain information on parents’ attitudes toward inclusive programmes and to address their needs.