Low Optical Density Research Articles

251 - Unmasking the link between environment, nutrition, human immunity, AIDS and cancer – a possible game changing perspective on role of micronutrients in disease prevention

The hypothesis that the cause of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is HIV only has been contentious for decades. Consequently, a review of selected bioanalytical/chemical studies on AIDS in Kenya and beyond shows that nutritional interventions, though neglected, play a critical role in management of this disease. From these studies, micronutrient zinc stands out and in consistency with the scientific literature as a critical immuno-modulator. In one of the studies in Kenya, low optical density of HIV antibodies correlated with high serum zinc levels (p = 0.008) as significant reduction of viral load correlated with high optical densities of HIV antibodies (p = 0.016); suggesting that lowering of serum zinc is physiological and enables viral load reduction. Furthermore, studies in the USA have shown that when the human immune system is overwhelmed by pathogens, it switches from innate (Th-1) to humoral (Th-2) immunity; an earlier study in Europe having shown micronutrient zinc deficiency to be the key that effects this switch. Other studies have implicated exposure to dioxins and mycotoxins in the elevated risk of HIV infection while HIV-free AIDS individuals have been reported and genetic and environmental factors implicated, partly agreeing with an earlier observation that malnutrition and chemicals and not HIV are the cause of AIDS. These studies do suggest that susceptibility to AIDS and cancer significantly correlates with nutritional and environmental parameters, HIV included. Therefore, a re-think of AIDS causation to provide a unified and accomodative hypothesis is indicated and has potential to unleash comprehensive and game-changing redox strategies of combating AIDS and cancer in the 21st Century.

High cytoplasm HABP1 expression as a predictor of poor survival and late tumor stage in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients

BackgroundHyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1) overexpression has been confirmed in different malignancies and found to be strongly associated with tumor development and progression. The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of HABP1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. MethodHABP1 expression was evaluated in 89 PDAC specimens. ResultsThe expression of HABP1 was significantly higher in tumor tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues. High nucleus HABP1 expression and high cytoplasm HABP1 expression were both detected in PDAC tissues. Overall survival analysis by optical density showed that the mean survival was similar between patients with low and high optical density values of HABP1 expression (P = 0.312). The similar result was also found between patients with low-moderate or high nucleus HABP1 expression (P = 0.275). However, the mean survival was significantly poorer in patients with cytoplasm HABP1 overexpression (P < 0.001). High cytoplasm HABP1 expression was strongly correlated with late tumor stages, arterial involvement, lymph node metastasis and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels. ConclusionHigh cytoplasm HABP1 expression may prove to be a predictor of poor survival and late tumor stage in PDAC patients. HABP1 could serve as a promising biomarker to identify subsets of PDAC patients with high malignant clinical behavior.

P095 Antibodies to human platelet antigens: when do they cause an incompatible crossmatch

Aim Our center evaluates approximately 100 platelet refractory patients each year. Previously, we have correlated single antigen bead MFI with platelet crossmatch results in an effort to optimize our process for selection of HLA-compatible platelets. However, we continue to struggle to appreciate when antibodies to human platelet antigens (HPA) are also contributing to the platelet refractory state. In this study, our aim is to understand the relationship between HPA antibody testing (PakPlus, Immucor) and platelet crossmatch (CaptureP, Immucor). Methods One patient sample with a singular & strong specificity, HPA-1a, was identified based on PakPlus testing. This sample was also negative for HLA antibodies based on PakPlus testing. The plasma was then diluted and the PakPlus result, optical density (OD), was determined at each dilution. Ten antigen-positive platelet units were crossmatched with the battery of plasma dilutions. The strength of the platelet crossmatch was graded by one technologist, blinded to the dilution, with 4+ being strong positive to negative. Results The patient sample demonstrated a fairly linear dilution of HPA-1a, beginning with a neat result of OD 1.33. All 10 antigen-positive platelet units were positive at OD 0.42 or greater, yet negative at OD 0.04. There was platelet-specific variability between OD 0.3 and OD 0.06 (see Table 1). Conclusions These results demonstrate that HPA antibodies cause crossmatch positivity at low OD. The variability seen may be due to homozygosity versus heterozygosity of antigen expression. These initial results suggest that a PakPlus result as low as OD 0.06 may cause incompatibility in the platelet crossmatch and could be considered when selecting platelets for the platelet refractory patient. Download : Download high-res image (413KB) Download : Download full-size image

Phase sensitive amplification enabled by coherent population trapping

We isolate a novel four-wave mixing process, enabled by coherent population trapping (CPT), leading to efficient phase sensitive amplification. This process is permitted by the exploitation of two transitions starting from the same twofold degenerate ground state. One of the transitions is used for CPT, defining bright and dark states from which ultra intense four-wave mixing is obtained via the other transition. This leads to the measurement of a strong phase sensitive gain even for low optical densities and out-of-resonance excitation. The enhancement of four-wave mixing is interpreted in the framework of the dark-state polariton formalism.

Far-red light-mediated programmable anti-cancer gene delivery in cooperation with photodynamic therapy

Effective anti-cancer therapy is hurdled by the complicated extracellular and intracellular barriers, and thus a smart gene vector that can enable programmable gene delivery is highly demanded. Photo-manipulation of gene delivery processes features spatial and temporal precision, while majority of current strategies utilizes short-wavelength UV/visible light with poor tissue penetration or high-power-density near-infrared (NIR) light that would cause undesired heat damage. Herein, an ROS-degradable polycation was designed and co-delivered with a photosensitizer (PS), thus realizing photo-programmable gene delivery using far-red light (661 nm) at low optical power density (down to 5 mW cm−2). Thioketal-crosslinked polyethylenimine (TK-PEI) was synthesized to condense p53 gene to form nanocomplexes (NCs), and hyaluronic acid (HA) modified with pheophytin a (Pha) was coated onto NCs to enhance their colloidal stability and enable cancer cell targeting. Short-time (8-min) light irradiation produced non-lethal amount of ROS to disrupt the endosomal membranes and facilitate p53 gene release via degradation of TK-PEI, which collectively enhanced p53 expression levels toward anti-cancer gene therapy. Long-time (30-min) light irradiation at the post-transfection state generated lethal amount of ROS, which cooperatively killed cancer cells to strengthen p53 gene therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first example of an “one stone, three birds” approach to realize cooperative anti-cancer gene therapy using low-power-density, long-wavelength visible light as a single stimulus.

Antibacterial Activity of Orthodontic Cement Containing Quaternary Ammonium Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles Adjacent to Orthodontic Brackets.

Enamel demineralization is a common problem found in patients using orthodontic devices, such as orthodontic braces. It was found that Streptoccocus mutans growth increases adjacent to orthodontic devices, which may result in caries development. Incorporated antibacterial quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine (QPEI) nanoparticles were previously shown to be highly efficacious against various bacteria. Combining antibacterial materials in orthodontic cement may be advantageous to prevent bacterial outgrowth adjacent to orthodontic brackets. The aim was to evaluate the efficiency of orthodontic cement containing QPEI nanoparticles in reducing S. mutans and Lactobacillus casei outgrowth adjacent to orthodontic brackets. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to the buccal surfaces of extracted lower incisors. The antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. casei outgrowth of Neobond bracket adhesive orthodontic cement with and without QPEI nanoparticles was compared. The antibacterial effect was evaluated using crystal violet staining and bacterial count (CFU/mL). The teeth in the experimental group, with the QPEI nanoparticles cement, showed significantly lower optical density (OD) values and CFU counts of S. mutans and L. casei than the teeth in the control group (p < 0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that orthodontic cement containing QPEI nanoparticles significantly inhibits S. mutans and L. casei growth around orthodontic brackets.

Dynamical characteristics of an electromagnetic field under conditions of total reflection

The dynamical characteristics of electromagnetic fields include energy, momentum, angular momentum (spin) and helicity. We analyze their spatial distributions near the planar interface between two transparent and non-dispersive media, when the incident monochromatic plane wave with arbitrary polarization is totally reflected, and an evanescent wave is formed in the medium with lower optical density. Based on the recent arguments in favor of the Minkowski definition of the electromagnetic momentum in a material medium (Philbin 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 013823; Philbin and Allanson 2012 86 055802; Bliokh et al 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 073901), we derive the explicit expressions for the dynamical characteristics in both media, with special attention to their behavior at the interface. In particular, the ‘extraordinary’ spin and momentum components orthogonal to the plane of incidence are described, and a canonical (spin–orbital) momentum decomposition is performed that contains no singular terms. The field energy, helicity, the spin momentum and orbital momentum components are everywhere regular but experience discontinuities at the interface; the spin components parallel to the interface appear to be continuous, which testifies to the consistency of the adopted Minkowski picture. The results supply a meaningful example of the electromagnetic momentum decomposition, with separation of spatial and polarization degrees of freedom, in inhomogeneous media, and can be used in engineering the structured fields designed for optical sorting, dispatching and micromanipulation.

Opto-Electronic Sensor Network Powered Over Fiber for Harsh Industrial Applications

Smart electronic devices powered and communicating optically over fiber provide several advantages for harsh industrial applications compared to systems using electrical connections. In spite of advantages such as electromagnetic immunity and high galvanic isolation, power-over-fiber technologies are still only used for special high-end applications due to their high costs compared to conventional power distribution. The main reason for this is the use of high-power laser diodes and photovoltaic cells for most power-over-fiber systems. Therefore, a new cost-effective power-over-fiber approach has been developed using only single standard light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodiodes for optical power supply significantly reducing the system's costs and making it suitable for mass-market applications such as the Internet of Things. In addition, the low optical power density inside the fibers makes the network intrinsically safe even in highly explosive environment. The use of incoherent and visible LED light also eliminates the risk of thermal damage to the human retina to occupational safety standards if a fiber is broken or during hot-plugging. A demonstration system has been built which consists of a base station optically powering up to four electronic sensor nodes. Between the base station and each sensor node, data can be exchanged via a bidirectional 2 MBaud optical link. This paper briefly explains the history and state of the art of power-over-fiber systems. The technical challenges of development as well as the steps made to build optically powered low-cost and low-power electronic sensor nodes which overcome the limitations and drawbacks of existing high power solutions are described. Optical, electrical, and computational aspects of the new system are elaborated on. In addition, energy measurements and power budget calculations are described to analyze and optimize the sensor nodes’ energy consumption during operation. Finally, the advantages of this new approach are exemplified for smart manufacturing applications.

Hydrocarbonoclastic potentials of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the crude oil polluted Iko river estuary and freshwater ecosystem of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Hydrocarbonoclastic potentials of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the crude oil polluted Iko river estuary and freshwater ecosystem of the Niger Delta was investigated. The isolation of crude oil utilizing bacterial isolates in water sample was carried out by surface spreading technique using diluents prepared with quarter strength Ringers solution and cultured on oil agar medium (OAM). Of the 32 potential hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria from crude oil impacted aquatic ecosystem only eight isolates identified as; Citrobacter amalonaticus–Y1 (FSW); Proteus mirabilis strain–I(FSW), Pseudomonas fluorescens–N (FSE); Citrobacter farmeri–Y12 (FSE), Citrobacter amalonaticus strain–Y2 (ESWS1), Enterobacter sp.–Y8 (ESWS3), Proteus mirabilis strain–K (ESWS1), Proteus penneri strain–O(ESES3) were found to demonstrate strong hydrocarbonoclastic potentials with variable levels of low pH and increase optical density and free carbon iv oxide production. The study revealed that Citrobacter amalonaticus strain–Y2 (ESWS1) of the family Enterobacteriaceae is a good candidate for bioaugmentation technique of bioremediation.

Reducing background optical density in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting nervous necrosis virus (NNV)-specific IgM by immobilizing fish sera

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting fish antibodies is problematic due to its low reproducibility and high background optical density (OD). In this study, we investigated problematic sources using nervous necrosis virus (NNV, a fish pathogenic virus belonging to the genus Betanodavirus) and sevenband grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) as a model for detecting specific fish IgM through ELISA. It was revealed that both fish IgM and mammalian immunoglobulins were non-specifically adsorbed to purified NNV particles. This could be the problematic source of the high background OD and low reproducibility in ELISA. ELISA values of naïve fish IgM non-specifically adsorbed to NNV particles immobilized onto ELISA plate wells ranged from 0.09 to 0.15 (high background OD). However, ELISA values of NNV antigens non-specifically adsorbed to naïve fish IgM immobilized onto ELISA plate wells were all <0.03 (low background OD). Thus, we developed a sandwich ELISA by immobilizing fish sera. NNV-specific antibodies could be indirectly detected by detecting NNV antigens captured by fish IgM immobilized onto ELISA plate wells using anti-NNV serum. When anti-NNV and naïve fish sera were subjected to such sandwich ELISA, ELISA values of anti-NNV fish sera ranged from 0.24 to 2.48. Its reproducibility was sufficiently secured based on results obtained from five experiments performed on different days. Conversely, ELISA values of naïve fish sera were all <0.02, suggesting that background OD was completely regulated. The present sandwich ELISA does not require antiserum against fish IgM, meaning that NNV-specific antibodies are detectable from any fish species using only one antiserum against NNV.

Light-controlled drug release from singlet-oxygen sensitive nanoscale coordination polymers enabling cancer combination therapy.

The development of smart drug delivery systems to realize controlled drug release for highly specific cancer treatment has attracted tremendous attention. Herein, nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs) constructed from hafnium ions and bis-(alkylthio) alkene (BATA), a singlet-oxygen responsive linker, are fabricated and applied as nanocarriers to realize light-controlled drug release under a rather low optical power density. In this system, NCPs synthesized through a solvothermal method are sequentially loaded with chlorin e6 (Ce6), a photosensitizer, and doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapeutic drug, and then coated with lipid bilayer to allow modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to acquire excellent colloidal stability. The singlet oxygen produced by such NCP-Ce6-DOX-PEG nanocomposite can be used not only for photodynamic therapy, but also to induce the break of BATA linker and thus the destruction of nanoparticle structures under light exposure, thereby triggering effective drug release. Notably, with efficient tumor accumulation after intravenous injection as revealed by CT imaging, those NCP-Ce6-DOX-PEG nanoparticles could be utilized for combined chemo-photodynamic therapy with great antitumor efficacy. Thus, this work presents a unique type of NCP-based drug delivery system with biodegradability, sensitive responses to light, as well as highly efficient tumor retention for effective cancer combinational treatment.

In Vivo-Like Culture Conditions in a Bioreactor Facilitate Improved Tissue Quality in Corneal Storage.

The cornea is the most-transplanted tissue worldwide. However, the availability and quality of grafts are limited due to the current methods of corneal storage. In this study, a dynamic bioreactor system is employed to enable the control of intraocular pressure and the culture at the air-liquid interface. Thereby, in vivo-like storage conditions are achieved. Different media combinations for endothelium and epithelium are tested in standard and dynamic conditions to enhance the viability of the tissue. In contrast to culture conditions used in eye banks, the combination of the bioreactor and biochrom medium 1 allows to preserve the corneal endothelium and the epithelium. Assessment of transparency, swelling, and the trans-epithelial-electrical-resistance (TEER) strengthens the impact of the in vivo-like tissue culture. For example, compared to corneas stored under static conditions, significantly lower optical densities and significantly higher TEER values were measured (p-value <0.05). Furthermore, healing of epithelial defects is enabled in the bioreactor, characterized by re-epithelialization and initiated stromal regeneration. Based on the obtained results, an easy-to-use 3D-printed bioreactor composed of only two parts was derived to translate the technology from the laboratory to the eye banks. This optimized bioreactor facilitates noninvasive microscopic monitoring. The improved storage conditions ameliorate the quality of corneal grafts and the storage time in the eye banks to increase availability and reduce re-grafting.

Method for producing graphite and alumina thin films

A simple comprehensible method for producing graphite and alumina films has been suggested. The optical properties of a graphite suspension in toluene and a suspension of natural clay with a high content of alumina particles in water have been studied. It has been found that the optical density of the suspensions varies from layer to layer, and the lowest optical density has been observed in upper layers. Graphite and aluminum films have been prepared by taking samples from different depths. The microstructure of the films has been examined. It has turned out that alumina particles coalesce into regularly shaped objects in the form of snowflakes. In addition, alumina films obtained from samples taken from different depths of the suspension have different thicknesses. In thin and thick films, the particle size is 0.29 and 2.81 μm or more, respectively.

Shelf-Life Studies on Osmo-Air Dried White Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus L.)

White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) was subjected to osmotic dehydration at different concentrations of common salt (sodium chloride) i.e. 10, 15, 20 and 25% and sugar solution i. e. 50, 60 and 70°B and dried in hot-air oven at 55 ± 2 °C. There were about 31.2, 29.4, 27.2 and 24.4% reduction in weight with 10, 15, 20 and 25% salt solutions and 35.4, 38.3 and 38.8% with 50, 60 and 70°B sugar solution respectively. It took about 240, 220, 200 and 180 minutes to dry samples after osmotic treatment with 10, 15, 20 and 25% salt concentration and 240, 220 and 220 minutes with 50, 60 and 70°B sugar solution respectively. The untreated samples took about 340 minutes for complete drying. The colour was brighter for samples dried after OT with 25% salt and 70°B sugar concentrations having lowest optical density (OD) values. The dried products were packed in 200 gauge polypropylene bags and stored at ambient condition for one year. The chemical, microbial and organoleptic changes were monitored for one year. Storage study showed that there was marginal increase in moisture content and decrease in organoleptic quality of osmoa-air dried (OAD) mushroom slices. The samples dried after osmosis with 25% salt and 70°B sugar concentrations were found microbiologically safe and organoleptically acceptable up to one year of storage at ambient condition.

Comparison of ELISA &amp; rapid screening tests for the diagnosis of HIV, HBV &amp; HCV among blood donors in blood bank of C.C.M. Medical College DurgChhatishgarh

Background : HIV,HBV,& HCV is preventable transmitted disease, can accurately & correctly analyse by Elisa ,a superior method than rapid screening of blood units & its components. Aim : To see the positive results shown by Elisa method is positive by rapid or not. By this the superiority of method can be decided for screening of blood units in blood bank. Method : Out of 3650 blood units a sample of 50 elisa reactives were retested by Rapid method & results are analysed & compared. Only the higher Optical density gives positive result by rapid. Lower Optical density were not detected by rapid method, carry the risk of transmission to recipient. Result : The result of Elisa is not parallel to rapid test. Many samples reactive by Elisa were not detected positive by rapid due to low OD. Conclusion : Study shown that Rapid testing of samples for HIV, HBV& HCV are inferior to Elisa, Which is a gold standard for screening of blood donors in blood banks. DOI: 10.21276/AABS.1450

Quality Monitoring of Porous Zein Scaffolds: A Novel Biomaterial

Abstract Our previous studies have shown that zein has good biocompatibility and good mechanical properties. The first product from a porous scaffold of zein, a resorbable bone substitute, has passed the biological evaluation of medical devices (ISO 10993) by the China Food and Drug Administration. However, Class III medical devices need quality monitoring before being placed on the market, and such monitoring includes quality control of raw materials, choice of sterilization method, and evaluation of biocompatibility. In this paper, we investigated four sources of zein through amino acid analysis (AAA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in order to monitor the composition and purity, and control the quality of raw materials. We studied the effect of three kinds of sterilization method on a porous zein scaffold by SDS-PAGE. We also compared the changes in SDS-PAGE patterns when irradiated with different doses of gamma radiation. We found that polymerization or breakage did not occur on peptide chains of zein during gamma-ray (γ-ray) sterilization in the range of 20–30 kGy, which suggested that γ-ray sterilization is suitable for porous zein scaffolds. Regarding cell compatibility, we found a difference between using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and a cell-counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay to assess cell proliferation on zein film, and concluded that the CCK-8 assay is more suitable, due to its low background optical density.

Controlling chain flexibility in collagen networks to produce hydrogels with distinct properties

ABSTRACTThe structure, mechanical properties, and optical density of gels prepared from collagen in a manner that induces the dynamical arrest of the constituent polymers before substantial fibrillogenesis can take place have been investigated. Small angle X-ray scattering and confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy reveal that these gels exhibit substantially different network structures, over length scales ranging from a few nanometers to many microns, when compared with traditional collagen networks in which fibrillogenesis is intentionally induced. The highly associated arrangements of the more flexible structural components found in the arrested network yield a considerably lower optical density and higher viscoelastic storage modulus when compared to a “conventional” collagen gel; while the small amount of fibrils that do manage to form still yield strain stiffening and account for the fact that at high strains, moduli from both systems fall onto the same master curve.

Coherent backscattering of inelastic photons from atoms and their mirror images

Coherent backscattering is a coherence effect in the propagation of waves through disordered media involving two or more scattering events. Here, we report on the observation of coherent backscattering from individual atoms and their mirror images. This system displays two important advantages: First, the effect can be observed at low optical densities, which allows to work in very dilute clouds or far from resonance. Second, due to the fact that the radiation of an atom interferes constructively with that of its own image, the phenomenon is much more robust to dephasing induced by strong saturation. In particular, the contribution of inelastically scattered photons to the interference process is demonstrated.

Genetic transformation of &lt;i&gt;Ceratotheca triloba&lt;/i&gt; for the production of anthraquinones from hairy root cultures

Background: Ceratotheca triloba was found to contain three anthraquinones (9, 10-anthracenedione, 1-hydroxy-4 methylanthraquinone and 5, 8-dimethoxy-2, 3, 10, 10a-tetrahydro-1H, 4aH-phenanthrene-4, 9-dione [DTP]) in its roots. Inhibition of the human topoisomerase II enzyme is the basis of some currently used cancer drugs such as doxorubicin which is shown to be cardio-toxic. For this reason we decided to investigate anthraquinones from C. triloba as a possible anticancer drug, however the main limitation was the large quantities of roots that are required to obtain a good yield of the active compound. Therefore the aim of this research was to obtain a higher yield of anthraquinones in hairy roots cultures than the parent plant as well as to compare yields of hairy root, cell suspension and shoot cultures.Materials and Methods: Protocols for seed sterilization, seed germination, shoot cultivation, callus induction, A. rhizogenes mediated transformation and hormone supplementations of hairy roots were developed.Results:The results revealed that stem explants was susceptible to transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes at a low optical density of 0.2. Induced hairy roots were decontaminated by exposure to cefotaxime at 500mg.l-1 for five days and then 200mg.l-1 for eight days. Visualization of culture extract profiles by TLC revealed anthraquinones were present in all cultures. Analysis of the culture extracts by HPLC showed the highest yield of anthraquinones was produced in hairy root cultures supplemented with 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid [NAA] (8 mg). This was a 17 fold increase compared to field roots (0.47 mg).Conclusion:Therefore C. triloba hairy root cultures are the preferable biological system for anthraquinones production over shoot (0.13 mg) and cell suspension cultures (0.70 mg).Keywords: anthraquinones, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Ceratotheca triloba, topoisomerase II, hairy root cultures, hormone supplementations

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF CERATOTHECA TRILOBA FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTHRAQUINONES FROM HAIRY ROOT CULTURES

Background: Ceratotheca triloba was found to contain three anthraquinones (9, 10-anthracenedione, 1-hydroxy-4-methylanthraquinone&#x0D; and 5, 8-dimethoxy-2, 3, 10, 10a-tetrahydro-1H, 4aH-phenanthrene-4, 9-dione [DTP]) in its roots. Inhibition of the human topoisomerase&#x0D; II enzyme is the basis of some currently used cancer drugs such as doxorubicin which is shown to be cardio-toxic. For this reason we&#x0D; decided to investigate anthraquinones from C. triloba as a possible anticancer drug, however the main limitation was the large quantities&#x0D; of roots that are required to obtain a good yield of the active compound. Therefore the aim of this research was to obtain a higher yield of&#x0D; anthraquinones in hairy roots cultures than the parent plant as well as to compare yields of hairy root, cell suspension and shoot cultures.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Protocols for seed sterilization, seed germination, shoot cultivation, callus induction, A. rhizogenes mediatedtransformation&#x0D; and hormone supplementations of hairy roots were developed.&#x0D; Results:The results revealed that stem explants was susceptible to transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes at a low optical density&#x0D; of 0.2. Induced hairy roots were decontaminated by exposure to cefotaxime at 500mg.l-1 for five days and then 200mg.l-1 for eight days.&#x0D; Visualization of culture extract profiles by TLC revealed anthraquinones were present in all cultures. Analysis of the culture extracts by&#x0D; HPLC showed the highest yield of anthraquinones was produced in hairy root cultures supplemented with 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid&#x0D; [NAA] (8 mg). This was a 17 fold increase compared to field roots (0.47 mg).&#x0D; Conclusion:Therefore C. triloba hairy root cultures are the preferable biological system for anthraquinones production over shoot (0.13&#x0D; mg) and cell suspension cultures (0.70 mg).