Low Levels Of Support Research Articles

Gender, Sex, and the Role of Stereotypes in Evaluations of Hillary Clinton and the 2016 Presidential Candidates

ABSTRACT The prevalence of gender stereotypes in US politics is well documented, yet questions remain: do voters think of presidential candidates in gendered terms and, if so, is there a connection to support? To answer these questions, we analyze survey respondent descriptions of 2016 primary and general election presidential candidates. We assess whether descriptions are gendered, if gender slurs are applied more to the female candidate, and whether these descriptions are associated with candidate support. We find that Hillary Clinton is described in more masculine than feminine terms, with a higher frequency of gendered slurs than other candidates. Bernie Sanders is described with more feminine than masculine traits, and Donald Trump is overwhelmingly described as masculine. As expected, Trump’s support is associated with more masculine and less feminine trait attributions. However, masculine descriptions of Clinton are associated with lower levels of support, consistent with role congruity theory and the persistence of the double bind for female candidates.

Support for the Deployment of Climate Engineering: A Comparison of Ten Different Technologies.

Due to the renewed increase in CO2 emissions seen in recent years, the deployment of climate engineering technologies might become necessary if the global temperature increase is to be kept within 1.5 °C. If climate engineering is to be deployed, however, public support is required. The present study hence compared public support for a broad range of climate engineering technologies. Further, the factors that drive public support were investigated and compared across the technologies. In an online survey conducted in Switzerland, respondents (n = 1,575) were randomly allocated to the description of 1 of 10 climate engineering technologies, of which 7 were specific carbon dioxide removal measures and 3 were solar radiation management measures. The results show that the level of public support for afforestation was the highest. The levels of public support for the other climate engineering technologies were relatively similar, although a tendency for solar radiation management to have a lower level of support was identified. Across all the investigated climate engineering technologies, the perceived benefits were an important driver of public support. Additionally, for all the technologies but afforestation, a higher level of trust in industry/science/government increased the level of public support, whereas the factor perceived risks and tampering with nature was found to be a negative predictor of support. The present findings suggest that there are opportunities available for the deployment of several climate engineering technologies in combination with other mitigation measures. Communicating the benefits of such technologies might be an effective strategy in terms of fostering increased support.

Was Donald Trump an Effective Leader of Congress?

Donald Trump came to office with a problematic strategic position in dealing with Democrats. Successful bipartisanship would take a skilled legislator, one sensitive to the nuances of coalition building. The president did not rise to the challenge. His shifting positions, inconsistent behavior, willingness to exclude the opposition in developing policies, and use of threats and ridicule squandered whatever potential for compromise might have existed. As a result, he received historically low levels of support from Democratic senators and representatives. The president’s relations with his own party presented another challenge, one that the president could not negotiate successfully. Although he received high levels of support from Republicans in both chambers of Congress and although their leaders kept votes that he might lose off the agenda, little significant legislation passed at his behest. Some of his signature issues split the party, and when he could not convince members to support him, he turned to his customary tools of threats and disparagement. They gained him little. Moreover, some Republicans joined with Democrats to pass resolutions that forced Trump to endure symbolic defeats. It is not possible to characterize Trump as a successful party leader. The president was successful in preventing many bills he opposed from passing, as are most presidents with party majorities in Congress, but he struggled to win enactment of legislation.

Association of social support and antepartum depression among pregnant women

Background: Few investigators have evaluated the association between early pregnancy social support and depression; however, increased social support may improve mental health during pregnancy. Our objective is to examine whether in early pregnancy there is an association between social support and maternal depression among women in Peru. Methods: 2,062 pregnant women participated in structured interviews. Early pregnancy social support was measured using the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ-6). We evaluated the number of individuals that participants could turn to in different situations (Social Support Number Score; SSQN) and their satisfaction with support received (Social Support Satisfaction Score; SSQS). Median SSQN and SSQS characterized participants according to high and low levels of support. SSQN family vs. non-family support were also evaluated separately. Antepartum depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: 39.6% of women reported high SSQN and 45.5% reported high SSQS. Approximately 25% had antepartum depression. Women with high SSQN had 22% lower odds of antepartum depression (OR = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.63–0.97). Similarly, women with high SSQS scores had 45% lower odds of antepartum depression (OR = 0.55; 95%CI: 0.45–0.68). Women with high SSQN non-family scores had 30% lower odds antepartum depression compared to those with low SSQN non-family scores (OR = 0.70; 95%CI: 0.57–0.86). The association between SSQN family scores and antepartum depression did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Increased social support may improve maternal mental health during pregnancy and this association should be assessed in longitudinal studies.

What do outdoor recreationists think of fracking? Politics, ideology, and perceptions of shale gas energy development in Pennsylvania State Forests

This study examined the influence of political ideology and perceptions of benefits and risks upon State Forest recreationists’ support and opposition towards shale natural gas energy development (SGD) on public and private lands in Pennsylvania. Much of the ongoing and proposed Pennsylvania SGD infrastructure is either within or adjacent to public lands, waters, and protected areas, raising concerns about the potential environmental and social impacts upon recreation stakeholders. On-site face-to-face survey interviews were used to gather data from Pennsylvania State Forest recreationists from June to September of 2018 (n = 392). The predominantly local, educated, experienced, and politically moderate sample in this study demonstrated relatively low levels of support towards SGD on Pennsylvania public lands and relatively neutral stances towards support for SGD on private lands in Pennsylvania. Structural equation modeling results suggested that political ideology and perceptions of risks were significant predictors of support for SGD on both public and private lands in Pennsylvania. The relationship between political ideology and support for SGD on public and private lands was also partially mediated through the perceived risk of SGD in the model. Study findings contributed to previous research suggesting political attitudes may influence and supersede other factors when predicting support for SGD. A series of one-way analyses of variance further explored differences by political ideology in this study. In each of these analyses, a similar statistical trend prevailed. Those identifying themselves as conservative were significantly more likely than their moderate and liberal counterparts to support SGD on both public and private lands in Pennsylvania and perceive fewer risks from SGD on Pennsylvania State Forests. This research lent itself to the theory of landscape fit and construal level theory as State Forest recreationists may have perceived the ‘fit’ of SGD negatively and could have construed SGD abstractly, lending themselves to political ideology. From a policy and management standpoint, study findings highlight the importance of assessing and communicating State Forest recreationists’ perceptions and subsequent opinions when planning, developing, and managing SGD and related decisions in the United States.

SWOT-анализ государственно-частного партнерства в АПК на примере Республики Молдова

The paper raises the question of the functioning of public-private partnership (PPP) in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Moldova as one of the typical agrarian countries. In this case, PPP is considered as an institutional formation of a systemic nature, which has a synergistic effect. It was determined that in RM the issue of reviving the agrarian business and the speedy transfer of the agrarian sector to advanced technological rails is an acute issue. But this problem requires a differentiat-ed approach: large and medium-sized businesses are potentially the most effective partners of the state in implementing strategic PPP projects, and small businesses are the most effective executor of strategic programs in the implementation of small projects, which are now widely subsidized. As a result of the study, the main problems in the field of PPP in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Moldova are structured through a SWOT analysis: the almost complete absence of PPP projects, the low level of support for large and medium-sized businesses, as well as the lack of programs for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the countryside, except for subsidizing priority projects. But simple subsidizing is not enough to solve the large-scale task of overcoming the agricul-tural sector of the Republic of Moldova from the crisis, and training programs and soft loan programs are needed. The SWOT analysis of public-private 2 partnerships in the agricultural sector of the Repub-lic of Moldova makes it possible to proactively as-sess both the strategic advantages and the strategic risks of implementing PPP and form the most effec-tive policy of interaction between the state and pri-vate institutions for the maximum development of the country’s agricultural sector.

Which nudges do businesses like? Managers’ attitudes towards nudges directed at their business or at their customers

Behaviorally informed interventions are growingly used to nudge consumers for various goals. While consumers are usually the target of nudges, businesses are involved in nudges in two manners: either they are the target of the nudges (i.e., government-to-business, or G2B nudges), or they serve as “nudging agents" on behalf of government regulation (i.e., government-to-business-to-consumer, or G2B2C nudges). Businesses’ support of nudges might be critical for nudges' success, but the perceptions of managers towards nudges have never been directly assessed. We surveyed owners and senior managers of small to medium-sized businesses and discovered an overall high level of support for nudges, and in particular for G2B nudges, as compared to G2B2C nudges. We also find variations between types of nudges and their domain. Specifically, the highest levels of support were found for reminders and for nudges that provide information, and for nudges that promote self-regulation. Lower levels of support were found for nudges that involve incentive design or enhanced consumer protections. Policy makers should thus consider the perceptions of business leaders (both as targets of nudges and as nudging agents) to ensure nudges' success.

Results from Lithuania's 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.

The Global Matrix 3.0 “Report Card” assessment of physical activity was developed to achieve a better understanding of the global variability in child and youth physical activity. Lithuania joined the Global Matrix 3.0. The aim of this article is to summarize the results of the first Lithuanian Report Card, which included 10 indicators, as representative of individual behaviors, sources, and settings of influence indicators, and a health-related characteristic. The grades for each indicator were based on the best available Lithuanian data. The findings showed poor Overall Physical Activity, Active Transportation (C−), and Family and Peers (D). Sedentary behavior was graded C−, and Organized Sport Participation, Community and Environment, and Government were graded C. Physical Fitness and School indicators received the highest grade (C+). The first Lithuanian Report Card on Physical Activity of Children and Youth shows that Lithuanian children and youth have less than satisfactory levels of organized physical activity, active transportation to and from school, community and built environments, and government strategies and investments. The low levels of support from family and peers require more attention from health promoters. There is a gap in the evidence about active play that should be addressed by researchers and policy makers.

DINAMIKA KEBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DI SEKITAR PERTAMBANGAN DI KABUPATEN BOMBANA SULAWESI TENGGARA

The high poverty rate in Kabupaten Bombana showed the powerlessness of the community to improve their welfare, especially the communities around mining. This research aimed to: (1) analyze the dynamics of empowerment of communities around mining in Bombana District; (2) analyze the factors that influence the dynamics of empowerment of communities around mining in Bombana District. Research used survey methods. Samples were determined by proportional cluster random sampling. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and inferentially. Inferential statistical tests used SEM. The results of the study showed that the dynamics of community empowerment around mining in Bombana District as a whole were low category. The factors that influence the low dynamics of community empowerment were (1) Weak internal factors: low level of education, low motivation, number of family dependents, poor perception of mining and poor perceptions of empowerment by companies, and low levels of participation. (2) The low level of support from external factors: extension support, institutional support, social environment support, and communication support. (3) High social conflict: natural resource occupation process, company domination over natural resources, and handling negative impacts. (4) The low role of government and companies in empowerment programs. (5) Low of community adaptive competency. Keywords: dinamics, empowerment, community, mining

Is screening for psychosocial risk factors associated with mental health care in older adults with cancer undergoing surgery?

Surgery is a notable stressor for older adults with cancer, who often are medically and psychosocially complex. The current study examined rates of preoperative psychosocial risk factors in older adults with cancer who were undergoing elective surgery and the relationship between these risk factors and the provision of mental health services during the postoperative hospitalization. A total of 1211 patients aged ≥75years who were referred to the geriatrics service at a comprehensive cancer center were enrolled. Patients underwent elective surgery with a length of stay of ≥3days and were followed for at least 30days after surgery. A comprehensive geriatric assessment was administered as part of routine preoperative care. Bivariate relationships between demographic and surgical characteristics and the preoperative comprehensive geriatric assessment and the receipt of mental health services during the postoperative hospitalization period were examined. Characteristics with bivariate relationships that were significant at the level of P<.10 were entered into a multivariable regression predicting postoperative mental health service use. Approximately one-fifth of the total sample (20.6%) received postoperative mental health services. In multivariable analyses, high distress (P=.007) and poor social support (P=.02) were found to be associated with a greater likelihood of the receipt of mental health services. Of those patients with high distress and poor social support, only approximately one-quarter (24.6%-25.5%) received mental health care. Distressed older adults and those with low levels of support preoperatively were found to be more likely to receive mental health services after surgery. Nevertheless, less than one-third of these patients received inpatient postoperative mental health care, indicating that barriers to translating screening into the provision of psychosocial services remain.

Family, School, and Peer Support Are Associated With Rates of Violence Victimization and Self-Harm Among Gender Minority and Cisgender Youth

PurposeGender minority (GM) youth experience high rates of violence, and research on protective factors to reduce violence victimization and self-harm is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine how family, school, peer, and community support influenced rates of violence victimization and self-harm among GM and cisgender adolescents. MethodsThis research uses data from the 2017 New Mexico Youth Risk and Resiliency Survey (N = 18,451). The main independent variable was gender, dichotomized into GM and cisgender, and the secondary independent variables were family, school, community, and peer support. Dependent variables were sexual and dating violence, suicide attempts, and nonsuicidal self-injury. Logistic regression models were built for the four dependent variables, including demographics, support scores, and interaction terms between gender and support. ResultsSix percent of high school students in New Mexico identified as GM are unsure of their gender. GM students experienced higher rates of violence and self-harm and lower levels of support than cisgender students. Among all students, family support was associated with lower odds of sexual violence and self-harm, while school support was associated with lower odds of dating violence and nonsuicidal self-injury. There were significant interactions between gender, violence, and support. The protective effects of support were less pronounced for GM students than for cisgender students. ConclusionsFamily and school support are associated with lower rates of some forms of violence and self-harm among adolescents. Additional support may be necessary to reduce harm among GM adolescents, who are at higher risk for violence and its sequelae.

175 A Dyadic Approach to Life-Threatening Illness in Older Adults and their Spouse Carers

Abstract Background Little research focuses on the older adult with life-threatening illness and their carer simultaneously, nor the role of the interpersonal and familial context around them. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with poor mental health and lack of shared appraisal of symptoms. Methods Multilevel modeling was used to examine cross-sectional data from 135 older adult-spouse carer dyads with life-threatening illness (59 with congestive heart failure and 76 with lung cancer). This was a secondary analysis of quantitative data from two studies. Data were gathered using established measures of symptoms (dyspnoea, fatigue, pain), depression, concealment, relationship quality and family support with in-person interviews conducted separately for older adults and their carers. Diagnosis and stage of disease were gathered from clinical records. Results Older adults with heart failure reported significantly more depressive symptoms than older adults with lung cancer, whereas spouses caring for someone with heart failure reported significantly less depressive symptoms than those caring for someone with lung cancer. Greater levels of spouse depressive symptoms were significantly associated with less shared appraisal of the older adult’s fatigue and pain interference, controlling for the quality of the relationship between them. Finally, risk factors for higher depressive symptoms of older adults included higher levels of concealing symptoms and worries from their spouse, advanced stage of disease, reporting low relationship quality and low levels of support from family. Risk factors for higher depressive symptoms of spouse carers included being younger and reporting low support from family. Conclusion Findings highlight the importance of taking a dyadic approach to life-threatening illness in older adults and the role of interpersonal and familial variables on the mental health of both members. Interventions to support and strengthen relationships and communication and address depressive symptoms of both members of the dyad are warranted.

The Impact of Social Network Characteristics and Gender on Covert Bullying in Australian Students with Disability in the Middle Years

ABSTRACTAddressing bullying victimization of students with disability is a significant challenge for schools. While social support can protect against bullying victimization in the general population, its role in mediating the relationship between disability and bullying is under-researched. This paper examined covert bullying prevalence (encompassing relational, social and indirect aggression) and its relationship to social support (peer, family, and teacher) among a national sample of 4,753 Australian 8–14 year olds, 490 of whom self-identified as living with disability. Positive teacher and peer support predicted the reduced probability of bullying victimization among students overall, but low support levels among students with disability negated this effect. Interventions to address covert bullying of students with disability need to focus on whole-school approaches that reduce opportunities for victimization of students with disability.

Attitudes toward Redistributive Policy: An Introduction

We provide an overview of the field of preferences for redistribution research, including divergent terminological and theoretical approaches. We review the different uses of public attitudes, policy preferences and public opinion. We outline the theoretical roles of material interests, values and opinion-policy endogeneity. We also introduce and summarize the original research presented in this Special Issue. Among the key contributions of the Special Issue to the subfield are novel explorations of how socialization affects preferences for redistribution; an examination of how perceptions about inequality translate into policy preferences; a call for more research into the links between taxation and social policy preferences; explanations for the paradox of low levels of support for redistribution in the famously-generous Nordic countries; and new insights into class-specific policy preferences as well as the roles of immigration and diversity in determining such preferences.

Temporal Lag in Ecological Responses to Landscape Change: Where Are We Now?

The loss or gain of biodiversity and/or ecosystem functions and services can occur with a substantial delay following landscape change. We have first revisited the key concepts used to refer to those delayed ecological responses to landscape change and then reviewed the literature aiming to summarize (i) methodological approaches used to empirically evaluate the existence of delayed ecological responses, (ii) empirical evidences of delayed ecological responses, and (iii) current understanding of the main mechanisms that can explain those delayed responses. We identified that key concepts used to refer to delayed ecological responses are very confusing as many different terms are used to refer to a single delayed ecological response. So, we propose here a unified vocabulary to support future research. Our review showed that there is plenty of empirical evidence that delayed ecological responses to landscape change are common in nature. However, current knowledge is mostly restricted to biodiversity responses to adverse landscape changes. Few studies have investigated for ecosystem functions and/or services delayed responses or delayed ecological gains after landscape structure improvements such as increase in habitat amount. We verified that some progress occurred in recent years. We identified the use of three new methodological approaches to empirically evaluate the existence of delayed ecological responses, and we also verified an increase in our understanding about the mechanisms that explain delayed ecological responses. As expected, we observed high levels of support for delayed ecological responses in landscapes that have undergone recent changes and for habitat specialist species. Other hypotheses have been less frequently tested. Some of them have a low level of support (no clear relationship between strength of landscape change and delayed responses), while others have a good level of support but still need more evidences (relationships between species longevity and dispersal capability with delayed responses). Our understanding about delayed ecological responses to landscape change is still at an early stage and seems to be increasing slowly while human-altered landscapes are increasing rapidly worldwide. There are still important knowledge gaps to be filled. Beyond providing better support for some explanatory hypotheses, we still need to explore (1) ecosystem functions and services delayed responses to landscape change, and (2) the delayed ecological gains after positive landscape changes.

Sociocultural factors associated with the development of postnatal anxiety symptoms

Background Postnatal anxiety is relatively common when transitioning to parenthood; however, there are relatively few studies assessing postnatal anxiety in Middle Eastern women. Aim To identify the prevalence of postnatal anxiety among Jordanian women and associated sociocultural factors. Method A descriptive cross-sectional design was used with 324 women. Participants completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS) and Maternity Social Support Scale at 6-8 weeks postpartum in addition to a sociodemographic data form. Findings Some 45.4% of women scored above ‘mild’ on the DASS scale. Postnatal anxiety was significantly associated with low levels of support, giving birth to a female baby, financial difficulties, and having four or more children. Findings revealed a high level of postnatal anxiety among Jordanian women. Conclusion There is a need for routine assessment, ongoing support, counselling and emotional care, which are important to enhance maternal satisfaction and psychological wellbeing.

Does distress screening lead to mental health care in older adult surgical patients?

11543 Background: Surgery is a notable stressor for older adults with cancer who are often medically complex and frail. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer requires distress screening in accredited cancer care settings. The degree to which distress screening leads to mental health use is unclear. This study examined rates and predictors of post-surgical mental health care in older adults referred for a preoperative evaluation. Methods: Patients aged 75 years or older (n = 1,008) referred to the Geriatrics Service at a comprehensive cancer center were enrolled. Patients underwent elective surgery with a length of stay of 3 days or longer and were followed for at least 30 days after surgery. A comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) was administered as part of routine care. Surgical characteristics and post-surgical encounters with social work, psychology, and psychiatry were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Bivariate relationships between demographic and surgical characteristics and the CGA and post-operative receipt of mental health services were examined. Characteristics with significant (p &lt; .01) bivariate relationships were entered into a multivariable regression predicting post-operative mental health service use. Results: One-quarter of the total sample (n = 246, 24.4%) received post-operative mental health services. In multivariable analyses, high distress (Distress Thermometer score≥4; p = .01), poor social support (p = .01), iADL dependence (p = .04), and longer length of stay (p &lt; .001) were associated with receipt of mental health services after controlling for significant sociodemographic and surgical characteristics and CGA variables. Of patients with high distress, poor social support, or iADL dependence, only one-third (29-33%) received mental health care. Conclusions: Distressed older adults and those with low levels of support pre-operatively were more likely to receive mental health services after surgery, controlling for sociodemographic and surgical characteristics. Yet, only one-third of these patients received mental health care. These findings suggest that barriers to translating distress screening into provision of mental health services remain.

The relationship between daily stress, social support and Facebook Addiction Disorder

The present study investigated the links between daily stress, social support, Facebook use, and Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD). Two varieties of social support were considered, according to the communication channel: offline and online. In a sample of 309 Facebook users (age: M(SD) = 23.76(4.06), range: 18–56), daily stress was positively related to the intensity of Facebook use and to tendencies towards Facebook addiction. The link between daily stress and intensity of Facebook use was negatively moderated by perceived offline social support, indicating that individuals who received low levels of support offline were particularly likely to increase their Facebook use at higher levels of daily stress. Perceived online social support partly mediated the positive relationship between Facebook use intensity and tendencies towards FAD. It is remarkable that Facebook use intensity is systematically related to both positive (i.e., receiving online social support) and negative (i.e., building up FAD) consequences. Thereby, individuals who receive high levels of social support online tend to be at risk for tendencies towards FAD. Thus, while offline social support might protect mental health, online support might influence it negatively. This should be considered when assessing individuals at risk for obsessive Facebook use and when planning interventions to deal with FAD.

Effects of spatial proximity to proposed electric power lines on residents' expectations, attitudes, and protest behavior: A replication study

Governments and energy operators are frequently confronted with opposition to the construction of new high-voltage transmission lines. In this context, a recent experiment by Mueller et al. (2017) tested the so-called proximity hypothesis and found that spatial proximity to proposed transmission line corridor route alternatives significantly affected residents' likelihood of having negative risk expectations, showing low levels of support, and engaging in protest against the planned facility. Moreover, their findings suggest that the relationship between spatial proximity and the dependent variables is appropriately modeled by a distance decay function, showing that effects attenuate with increasing distance from the infrastructure site. Unfortunately, because of the fact that the study is the only one that has tested the proximity hypothesis in the context of planning new transmission lines so far, the existing evidence cannot be considered as a solid knowledge base. Therefore, to strengthen the reliability of the existing evidence, the natural experiment of Mueller et al. (2017) has to be replicated, which is the purpose of the present study. The findings of the replication clearly support the results provided by Mueller and colleagues and provide further empirical evidence that strengthens the proximity hypothesis in the context of power grid expansion.

Authoritarian Personality and Gender Differences in Gun Control Attitudes

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the gender gap in gun control attitudes, in which women are more likely to support gun control than men. Women are less likely than men to own a gun and to see owning guns as a means of self-protection. Using the 2012 American National Election Study Data, this article tests authoritarianism, which includes the desire for security and a disposition toward higher levels of perceived threat, as an explanation for the gap. The results indicate that authoritarian women are more likely than authoritarian men to support gun control. In fact, authoritarianism appears to have the opposite effect on men and women’s gun control attitudes. Authoritarianism is associated with higher levels of support for gun control among women and lower levels of support among men.