Low Level Of Involvement Research Articles

Outcomes of Exercise Training Following the Use of a Birthing Ball During Pregnancy and Delivery

Fournier, D, Feeney, G, and Mathieu, M-E. Outcomes of exercise training following the use of a birthing ball during pregnancy and delivery. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1941-1947, 2017- Using a birthing ball (BB) is an exercise form that is growing in popularity. Improved delivery outcomes have been recently reported with as little a 6-8 hours of training per week; however, little is known regarding lower and higher training levels. The aim of this study was to document whether more time spent training with a BB resulted in improved delivery outcomes for the mother and the newborn. This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a sample of women who participated in 1 to 28 supervised exercise classes during pregnancy according to the Ballon Forme program offered in nonclinical settings (http://ballonforme.com), with the option of completing the supervised BB exercises performed at home. Thirty women who gave birth naturally were included in the study. Mean BB training time was 22.3 hours (SD = 16.6 hours). A greater BB training time was significantly associated with shorter labor duration (r = -0.408; p = 0.031) and specific stages of labor (stage 1 [dilatation/active stage] [r = -0.372; p = 0.043] and stage 2 [expulsion] [r = -0.415; p = 0.028]). Increased participation in BB supervised classes was more closely associated with quicker deliveries than those of home based BB exercises. No associations between training time and adverse effects of labor parameters or the baby's health were noted. Greater involvement in BB training seems to lead to quicker deliveries than lower levels of involvement; it also has the benefit of supervised practice.

Countries of the Eurasian Economic Union in the Global Economy

Purpose: the aim of the paper was to assess the level of involvement of the Eurasian economic Union (hereinafter EAEC) into the global economy. Methods: methods of system and synthesis analysis, structural-logical, economic-statistical, comparative and retrospective analysis were used in the study. Results: the structure of the global economy as a range of functional subsystems was presented. The indicators of involvement of countries into the global economy for each functional subsystem were suggested. The levels measuring the range of involvement of the country in global economy for each functional subsystem were proposed. The level of engagement of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia into the global economy for each functional subsystem was assessed. The value of the levels of involvement of the EAEC countries were summarized in the table. Conclusions and Relevance: the EAEC countries are characterized by a low level of involvement in the global economy for most of the functional subsystems. The greatest number of lowest values were concentrated in such subsystems as the global transnational production and the global monetary system. Low values of involvement levels were obtained in all countries in the global transnational production subsystem, which indicated a lack of development of the transnational production of the EAEC countries. Low values of involvement levels were received in the world monetary subsystem in all countries, except Russia, showed the average level of involvement, due to the presence of the share of the ruble in the total turnover of the global foreign exchange market for currency pairs in the year 2016. A set of the best values were obtained in the common information space subsystem, where all the countries except Kyrgyzstan, showed an average level due to criterion – percentage of individuals using the internet, instead of the criterion, reflecting the development of infrastructural capacity. Russia was characterized by a higher level, and Kyrgyzstan, by a lower level of involvement in the global economy compared to other countries of the EAEC.

Involvement in preschools: comparing Chinese immigrant and non-Chinese parents in New Zealand

This study compared 120 Chinese immigrant parents and 127 non-Chinese parents from New Zealand preschools on their level of involvement in preschool-based activities, as well as key predictors of parental involvement. Results showed that Chinese immigrant parents had a lower level of involvement than non-Chinese parents across three forms of involvement including communication with teachers, volunteering to help at the preschool, and participation in the preschool's decision making. For the entire sample, parental role construction and parenting self-efficacy were predictors of all three forms of involvement, and perceived opportunity for involvement was predictor of communication with teachers. For the Chinese immigrant sample, perceived opportunity for involvement predicted communication with teachers and participation in the preschool's decision making, and educational qualification predicted communication with teachers. The findings highlight the role of parents' motivational beliefs in parental involvement, in particular, the importance of teacher invitations for parental involvement among Chinese immigrant parents.International Research in Early Childhood Education, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 64-82

Health information seeking on the Internet: The role of involvement in searching for and assessing online health information

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on how young people with differing levels of involvement seek and evaluate information about the human papillomavirus online. The results, which are drawn from an experiment and a self-administered survey, suggest that compared to people with a low level of involvement, people with a high level of involvement engage in more information search activity. The results also indicate that those with a high level of involvement in a given subject place a higher value on a website’s message features than on its structural features. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Defining a problem to fit the solution: A neo-institutional explanation for legitimising the bid for the 2016 Lillehammer winter Youth Olympic Games

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the successful bid for the 2016 Lillehammer winter Youth Olympic Games (YOG) and its incorporation within the broader youth sport strategy within organised sport in Norway. Although it is widely accepted that the argument that major sports events are a solution to problems of low levels of involvement in sport is not generally supported by evidence Norwegian sport organisations used this argument as a primary justification for hosting the YOG. The aim of the research is to investigate: a) why NIF used this argument even though there was so little evidence to support its validity; and b) how and why this seemingly contradictory argument was successfully ‘sold’ to the public. The research was guided by the methodological approach of discourse analysis and the theoretical framework of the neo-institutionalist concept of legitimacy. Based on this analysis I show how the institutionalised rhetoric of the Norwegian youth sport policy (YSP) adopted by the Norwegian Olympic Committee and Confederation of Sports (NIF) became the main argument for the YOG bid. Further findings show that rather than responding to the youth sport participation problem, NIF used the development of youth sport as a convenient rationale to bid for the YOG in order to secure legitimacy from two of its main stakeholders – the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Norwegian government. Rather than hosting the YOG as solution to a youth sport participation problem, NIF used the institutionalised rhetoric of the YSP, defining a problem to fit the solution.

Evaluation of “Jumat Pintar” Program in Reducing the Incidence of Anemia in Young Women in Sukoharjo, Indonesia

Background : Anemia is iron deficiency in the body which gives a negative impact. Anemia in the short term can lead to vulnerable young women experience a decline in achievement of learning at school. While long-term, sustained anemia from adolescence until the pregnant can lead to complications of bleeding to death and in Sukoharjo, Jumat Pintar implementation prevents the incidence anemia especially in young women. The activity encouraged from this policy is the giving of Fe tablet. The evaluation was conducted to assess the performance of the implementation of the policy of running and achievements obtained in accordance with the original purpose. This study was aimed to evaluate the implementation of Jumat Pintar program in lowering the incidence of anemia of young women. Subject and Methods : This was a qualitative study, was conducted in September-October 2016 in Sukoharjo. A total of 20 samples were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The data was collected using in depth interviews, observation and study of documentation. The data were analyzed using the interactive analysis techniques to compare the data obtained with data triangulation. Results : The execution of Jumat Pintar at stages of planning activities, the determination of the amount of goals and services granting Fe tablet was in adherence with the standard procedures of implementation. The stage of the expansion of the network of independent outlets and stages of monitoring and oversight have not run optimally. The scope of consumption of Fe tablet is not can be traced and decrease in the numbers of Genesis anemia in teenagers does not represent the entire area. The main constraints implementation comes from the absence of a legal umbrella agreement work, lack of financial support from various parties, the low commitment of the education sector, and low awareness of the goal. Conclusion : The implementation of Jumat Pintar is running optimally. The formation of independent outlets have yet to be implemented at each high school in Sukoharjo Regency, the absence of funding sources and still low level of involvement of target. Keywords : anemia, the movement of young women, the evaluation of the implementation of Jumat Pintar program. Correspondence: Ayudhia Pratiwi. School of Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(1): 25-33 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.01.05

The Relationship between Parents’ Involvement, Attitude, Educational Background and Level of Income and Their Children’s English Achievement Test Scores

The present study intends to investigate the relationship between Iranian parents’ involvement, attitude, educational background and level of income and their children’s English achievement test scores. At first, a reliable questionnaire was used and distributed among 140 parents. Next, to categorize parents in two levels, the normal curve and the Z score analysis were used and they were divided into two groups, with a higher or lower level of involvement and more or less positive attitude. Then, to find the students’ achievement, a standard final achievement test was distributed among 70 primary school student. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation and the Spearman rank Order Correlation (rho) were employed to explore the relationship between the variables. The outcomes showed that there are highly positive correlations between the parents’ involvement, attitude, educational background and income level and their children’s English achievement. It should be mentioned that parents’ involvement and attitude were found to be really significant in their children’s learning meaning the more they get involved in and the more positive attitude they have toward their young children’s language learning, the more their children achieve in the education and also the higher level of parents’ education and income are effective in children language achievement.

Do patients with gastrointestinal cancer want to decide where they have tests and surgery? A questionnaire study of provider choice

BackgroundsChoice of provider has been an important strategy among policy makers, intended, in part, to drive improvements in quality and efficiency of healthcare. This study examined the information requirements, and...

Question-Asking and Advocacy by African American Parents at Individualized Education Program Meetings: A Social and Cultural Capital Perspective

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 mandates parental involvement during Individualized Education Program (IEP) meetings. Several factors including previous IEP experiences, level of ongoing communication between parents and education professionals, or existence of social and cultural capital resources can impact involvement. African American parents with low educational attainment or from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds can be at risk for lower levels of involvement. With in-depth, semistructured interviews, this exploratory study examines two critical communicative dialoguing skills that parents at risk for lower levels of involvement often lack: question asking and advocacy. Eight African American parents (across socioeconomic and educational backgrounds) recalled questions asked and advocacy statements made at previous IEP meetings. Using grounded theory analysis, Strauss and Corbin (1998) showed that collaboration and communication occurred in areas mandated by law, but parents were largely unguided in asking their own questions or making statements. While many participants recalled high levels of involvement in the IEP process via question asking and advocacy, they drew on contacts and specifi c knowledge that at-risk parents do not typically have. Implications for parents with limited social or cultural capital are discussed, and a model approach to increase parental involvement based on innovations in patient‐provider research is explored. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (now known as IDEA, most recently authorized in 2004 as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act) requires parents of children identifi ed with a need for special education services and education professionals to meet, share goals, and decide upon specially designed instruction and supplemental services necessary to address the educational impairment of children with disabilities of 3–21 years of age (21 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq.). Education professionals must include parents within the decision-making process (Trainor, 2010b). The aforementioned aspects of special education accommodations and services are typically outlined and discussed at a student’s yearly Individualized Education Program (IEP) meeting. The mandated promotion of parental involvement is further supported by research documenting the positive impact of parent–school collaboration, with studies fi nding that parents with high levels of involvement at IEP meetings tend to have more positive attitudes toward education professionals (Xu & Filler, 2008) and support their child’s learning activities, goals, and outcomes more thoroughly

The Impact of Parents’ Involvement in and Attitude toward Their Children’s Foreign Language Programs for Learning English

Since parents and their involvement and attitude have a crucial role in children’s achievement in learning English, the present study is to explore and evaluate the impact of Iranian parents’ involvement in and attitude toward their children’s foreign language programs for learning English. In other words, the effectiveness of their high level of involvement and strength of attitude will be evaluated. Besides, this study is to explore whether some factors such as parents’ gender, knowledge of English, income, and educational background are related in the parents’ involvement and attitude or not. To this end, first of all, a reliable questionnaire, checked through a pilot study, was distributed among 140 parents to find out the level of their involvement in and attitude toward the programs. Based on the normal curve and the Z score, the parents were divided into two groups, one with a higher level of involvement and more positive attitude and the other with a lower level of involvement and less positive attitude. By using a standard final achievement test of the course book among 70 primary school student in third grade and Independent T-test analysis, the impact of parents’ involvement and attitude were checked. As the results revealed those parents who have high level of involvement in and positive attitude toward their children’s English language programs made their children’s higher level of achievement in the language program. Besides, the further outcomes showed that there are significant differences between the parents’ knowledge of English, income, and educational background and their level of involvement and attitude. The aforementioned factors affect children’s achievement test scores as well.

Implication des agents de santé dans la conception des outils de collecte de données au Bénin

In developing countries, the poor quality of data derived from Health Information Systems constitutes a problem that limits use of these data and contributes to the recurrent difficulties of health system management. The low level of involvement of health workers directly responsible for data may contribute to this poor quality. This study documents a Health Information System collection tool design experience by health workers and assesses its effect on data quality. Eighty health workers responsible for clinical statistics in public health centres participated in this study. The two tools used for clinical data collection were modified by a group of 6 volunteer health workers. Monitoring indicators, data entry time, percentage exhaustiveness and quality of data were assessed before and after using the new tools. Data were compared by Wilcoxon’s test for paired data and Mc Nemar’s chi-square test. Between the two assessments, the data entry time increased from 28.7 to 22.5 seconds by reported case (p=0.153), the exhaustiveness of the reports increased from 16% to 89% (p<0.001) and the proportion of reports with sufficient data quality increased from 18.8% to 45.8% (p=0.002). The positive course of the indicators shows that increased involvement of health workers in key stages such as the design of data collection tools can help improve data quality.

PTU-129 Do gastrointestinal cancer patients want to decide where they have tests and surgery? a questionnaire study of provider choice and information needs

Introduction Choice of provider has been an important strategy among policy makers over recent years, intended, in part, to drive improvements in quality and efficiency of health care. Provider choice has been relatively under-studied among patients with cancer, compared with benign disease. This study examines decision-making experiences, preferences and information needs among patients who have had surgery for gastrointestinal cancer. Method This questionnaire study used the single-item Control Preferences Scale to determine patients’ experiences and preferences when being referred for tests, and choosing where to have surgery. Participants used a Likert scale to rate the importance of 23 information items covering a variety of structures, process and outcomes at hospital- and department-level. Participants were recruited by post and online. Results 463 responses were included. Where indicated, 334 of 415 (80.5%) respondents had upper gastrointestinal cancer. Postal response rates were higher than online (47.2% vs 23.1%, p .001). Patients reported very low levels of involvement in provider choice, with their doctor deciding where they underwent tests or surgery in 77.0% and 81.8% of cases, respectively. Over two-thirds of participants would have preferred greater involvement in provider choice. Information on how long cancer patients wait for treatment, annual operative volume and postoperative mortality rate, as well as retained foreign bodies and infection rates were considered very important. Conclusion There is a substantial unmet desire for greater involvement in provider choice among gastrointestinal cancer patients. Participants in this study attached particular importance to surgery-specific information. Improving involvement and information provision will require a coordinated approach in both primary and secondary care. Greater involvement in decision-making may increase satisfaction and contribute to a greater sense of control among these patients. Disclosure of interest None Declared.

Change-supportive employee behavior: a career identity explanation

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore how career identity informs employees’ willingness to engage in organizational change initiatives.Design/methodology/approach– The paper draws on the findings of a qualitative case study exploring the experiences of 29 employees involved in a planned “bottom-up” organizational change initiative. At the time of the study, all interviewees were employed in a Dutch non-profit organization.Findings– Drawing on protean career theory and the literature on other-oriented work values, we show that career identity informs both how employees make sense of the respective organizational change and their willingness to engage in it. The authors found that proactive career behavior and a focus on other-oriented work values inform higher levels of employees’ engagement in the change, while passive career behavior and self-centered work values inform employees’ lower levels of involvement in the change initiative. Based on the findings, the authors conclude this paper with a conceptual model which captures the cyclical relationship between career identity and employees’ willingness to engage in organizational change initiatives.Research limitations/implications– Future research should consider both the individual characteristics of employees involved in change initiatives and content or contextual factors when exploring willingness to engage with change.Practical implications– Organizational change consultants and managers need to be aware of the influence of career identity on employees’ willingness to engage in organizational change and use this information during the implementation of change initiatives.Originality/value– The paper explores employees’ willingness to engage with organizational change initiatives through the lens of career identity.

Frequent Participation in Service Learning: Examining Institutional Differences and Individual Benefits

This chapter examines the differences between institutions with high and low levels of involvement in service learning as well as the differences between students with high and low levels of involvement. The study shows a correlation between institutional organization and service‐learning emphasis and describes, at the student level, correlations between service‐learning involvement and both deep approaches to learning and self‐reported gains.

Part-time versus full-time work: an empirical evidence-based case of nurses in Spain

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons given by nurses for working part-time; compare the work experiences, satisfactions, and psychological well-being of nursing staff working full-time vs part-time; and identify possible antecedents and sources of leverage to encourage part-time nurses to work full-time. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was developed, pre-tested and validated, and sent to the regional associations of nurses in Spain for distribution to their members. Data collection involved a cross-sectional design. A total of 2,094 valid questionnaires were completed online. The majority of responding nurses were located in Catalunya and Gipuzkoa. Respondents were given 15 reasons and asked to indicate the extent to which each played a role in their decision to work part-time. Job context and job content scales bearing multi items reliable measures were also employed. All scales met the criteria of reliability. Findings – Nurses working full-time included more males, were older, had longer nursing experience (both job and unit tenure), reported higher levels of both job resources (autonomy, self-development opportunities), higher levels of positive work attitudes (job involvement, affective commitment, work engagement), more medication use, and a higher intention to quit. Full-time and part-time nursing staff were similar on marital status, levels of social support (supervisor, co-worker, spouse, and family), self-reported absenteeism, levels of burnout, levels of psychological well-being (psychosomatic symptoms, self-reported health), and potential accident propensity. Some of the more concrete results include: first, reasons for working part-time were varied with some being voluntary (going to school) and others involuntary (poor health). Second, different clusters of individuals likely exist (e.g. students, caretakers, transitioning to retirement or other career options). Third, part-time nursing staff tended to report a more negative workplace (less autonomy, fewer opportunities for self-development) and less favorable work attitudes (less engagement, job involvement, and affective commitment) than their full-time counterparts. Research limitations/implications – First, all data were collected using self-report questionnaires, raising the possibility of response set tendencies. Second, all data were collected at one point in time, making it difficult to determine cause-effect relationships. Third, although the sample was very large, it was not possible to determine its representativeness or a response rate given the data collection procedure employed. Fourth, the large sample size resulted in relatively small mean differences reaching levels of statistical significance. Fifth, many of the nurse and work/organizational outcomes were themselves significantly correlated inflating the number of statistically significant relationships reported. Finally, it is not clear to what extent the findings apply to Spain only. Practical implications – Health care organizations interested in encouraging and supporting part-time nursing staff to consider working full-time may have some sources of leverage. Part-time nursing staff indicated generally lower levels of commitment involvement and engagement compared to their full-time colleagues. Part-time nursing staff in this study reported lower levels of job resources, such as autonomy and self-development opportunities. Increasing nursing staff input into decision making, increasing levels of nursing staff empowerment, increasing supervisory development that in supporting and respecting the nursing staff contributions, reducing levels of workplace incivility, and improving nursing work team functioning would make the work experiences of part-time nursing staff more meaningful and satisfying. In addition, offering more flexible work schedules and tackling the stereotype associated with working only part-time would also address factors associated with working part-time. A more long-term strategy would involve enhancing both the psychological and physical health of nursing staff through the introduction of a corporate wellness initiative. Increasing the work ability of nursing staff by improving their psychological and physical well-being addresses a common factor in the part-time work decision. Social implications – There is a call in the paper for Spanish authorities to consider implementing the “Magnet hospital program” which is one model that has been shown to improve nurse and patient outcomes and is one solution to the shortage of hospital nurses in attracting them to work on a full-time basis. The process of Magnet recognition involves implementing 14 evidence-based standards. Originality/value – Experts claim that the part-time phenomenon is a growing trend and is there to stay. The authors still do not know sufficiently about the HR implications for having a large workforce of part-time employees. In this paper, a tentative attempt was made to better understand this phenomenon, especially when there is a shortage of qualified nurses in the health sector. Several promising research directions follow from this investigation. First, nurses working part-time need to be polled to identify factors that would encourage and support them should they desire to change to full-time work. Second, the authors learn more about the relatively low levels of involvement, commitment, and engagement of part-time nurses, a phenomenon that most organizations wish to minimize.

Impact of fit, involvement, and tenure on job satisfaction and turnover intention

This study examined the interactive effects of need–supplies fit, job involvement, and job tenure on service sector employees' job satisfaction and turnover intention in Turkey. Survey data collected from 252 employees who worked in three different banks and one logistics company operating in Istanbul, Turkey, confirm the three-way interaction in predicting employees' turnover intention. In particular, the effect of needs–supplies fit on turnover intention was found to be more strongly positive for longer tenured, highly involved employees. Results also reveal that while the three-way interaction does not predict job satisfaction, the two-way interaction between needs–supplies fit and job involvement is significant. Specifically, needs–supplies fit had a stronger effect on the job satisfaction of highly job-involved employees than those with lower levels of involvement. Certain implications of these results, as well as avenues for future research, are discussed.

Monasticon Carmelitanum: Die Klöster des Karmelitenordens (O. Carm.) in Deutschland von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart Edited by Edeltraud Klueting, T.O.Carm.; Stephan Panzer, O.Carm.; and Andreas H. Scholten, O.Carm (review)

Reviewed by: Monasticon Carmelitanum: Die Klöster des Karmelitenordens (O. Carm.) in Deutschland von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart Edited by Edeltraud Klueting, T.O.Carm.; Stephan Panzer, O.Carm.; and Andreas H. Scholten, O.Carm John B. Freed Monasticon Carmelitanum: Die Klöster des Karmelitenordens (O. Carm.) in Deutschland von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Edited by Edeltraud Klueting, T.O.Carm.; Stephan Panzer, O.Carm.; and Andreas H. Scholten, O.Carm. [Monastica Carmelitana, tomus II.] (Münster: Aschendorff Verlag. 2012. Pp. 1032. €68,00. ISBN 978-3-402-12954-8.) It is doubtful that many people will read every word of this book, but it will be an invaluable reference work to anyone who is interested in any aspect of the history of the German Carmelites. The provinces of Upper and Lower Germany (since 2013, a single province) commissioned in 2005 histories of all the Carmelite houses situated within the current boundaries of the Federal Republic between the arrival of the Carmelites in Cologne in 1256 and today. Fifty-five scholars worked on the project. The first part covers fifty-eight houses from their foundation until their dissolution in the Reformation or until their secularization in 1802–03. The second deals with the twenty-three friaries that were refounded or established in the modern period, mainly after World War II. Each entry includes extensive archival and bibliographical sections about each foundation. The level of scholarship is high, and the amount of information is staggering. It is hoped that someone will be inspired to tackle the numerous questions raised by the book. Six colored maps show the distribution of the friaries at key moments. The Carmelites founded only a few houses in Eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages—for example, in Prague in 1347—and assigned them initially to the province of Upper Germany. The delineation of the boundaries between the German and Polish Dominican and Franciscan provinces proved highly controversial in the thirteenth century. Did the memory of these fights retard and limit the expansion of the Carmelites in this region? There were no Carmelite friaries in northern Germany, none in medieval Westphalia, and only two in Old Bavaria. Why not? Most of the houses were situated in the Low Countries, in the Rhine Valley as far south as Strasbourg, and between the Main and Danube. Many of these were located in obscure places. The most extreme case is Appingen, a village in eastern Frisia that no longer exists, but many of the other locations (such as Hettstedt, Perleberg, or Pössneck) may not be in the forefront of the minds of historians. How can such foundations be reconciled with the order’s alleged urban apostolate? Part of the answer is that the Carmelites were the last of the four mendicant orders to arrive in Germany and had often to be satisfied with marginal locations. Six maps show the location of the houses of the four orders in six episcopal sees (why not in imperial cities like Frankfurt and Nürnberg?), but there is little discussion in the individual articles whether the Carmelites appealed to a different urban audience and no overall summary of this or any other topic. Their mission in Regensburg was largely limited, for example, to caring for women in a hospital; and they moved in 1367 to Straubing, the only house in continuous existence—barely—until the present. (Friars from Straubing started the Carmelite mission in the United States in 1864 in Leavenworth, Kansas.) In spite of their work with women in Regensburg, the Carmelites established their first German nunnery, Geldern, only in 1452. In [End Page 99] contrast, there were seventy-four nunneries in the Dominican province of Teutonia by 1303. Since the Dominican nunneries became centers of German mysticism, the Carmelite emphasis on contemplation should have appealed to women; but the friars seemingly were unwilling or failed to satisfy this longing, and that failure may have impeded their own expansion. Finally, although a few houses were active in re-Catholicization, the striking thing is the low level of involvement of the Carmelites in the Counter-Reformation. For instance, the Wittelsbachs preferred the Capuchins, the Jesuits, and the Discalced Carmelites...

The Intention of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses to Remain in Positions at Family Planning Clinics Serving Low-Income Women

Federally funded Title X Family Planning Clinics are critical safety nets for reproductive health services in which advanced practice nurses (APRNs) provide the majority of care. The goal of this study was to identify factors affecting APRN's intention to remain in positions at these clinics. An Internet-administered survey was completed by 406 APRNs working in Title X clinics. The survey, based on a causal model of retention adapted for APRN practice, included 10 factors. Factor significance and model selection criteria were used to determine model fit. Intention to remain in current positions was associated with greater family responsibilities and lower levels of involvement in professional associations. Less routinization, more integration, and a greater sense of distributive justice were significant causal paths to job satisfaction (a significant mediator for intention to remain). Results provide Title X administrators information that can guide them in policy development to maximize APRN retention.

컨조인트 분석을 이용한 관여도에 따른 한식당 선택 속성

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the key factors considered important by customers in the selection of a Korean restaurant through the use of conjoint analysis techniques. A total of 400 questio nnaires were distributed over a 2-week period in October 2011, of which 354 were completed (88.5%). Statistical analysis was then carried out using the Windows 18.0 Statistics package. The research was based on the analysis of two target areas - daily meals and special purpose meals. Responses were measured by using Zaichkowsky’s Personal Involvement Inventory (PII) and a 7-point Likert Scale. Overall it was found that in all areas of the results regarding the involvement re lated analyses, daily meals scored lower than special purpose meals. This implied tha t the choice of daily meals is more applicable to customers with a low level of involvement, whereas high-involvement customers were more li kely to focus on special purpose meals. The analysis of high-involvement customers revealed that the quality of food, price, service qua lity and physical environment , in order of priority, were the most important factors in selecting a restaurant. The use of the optimum attribute combination revealed the following results: delicious food (0.601); friendly staff (0.170); clean restaurant (0.191); price of 20,000 won (- 0.513). Furthermore, low-involvement customers considered the f ollowing factors as important when selecting a Korean restaurant: quality of foo d, followed by price, physical environment and service quality in that order. In this instance, the optimum attribute combination showed the following outcomes: tasty food (0.645); friendly staff (0.418); clean restaurant (0.365); price of 5,000 won (-0.847). These results indicated t he importance of developing a marketing plan which was based sp ecifically on a customer’s involvement level, focusing on their main selectio n criteria when choosing a Korean restaurant.Key word : Involvement, Korean restaurant, Selection Attributes, Conjoint Analysis

Peas in a Pod: Canadian and Australian Banks Before and During a Global Financial Crisis

In the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the Canadian and Australian banking systems have been singled out by some commentators as having performed better than many other banking systems, particularly those in Europe, America and the United Kingdom. Banks in both Canada and Australia, for instance, have continued to report enviable earnings, sound capital levels, and high credit ratings both before and during the GFC. The G-20 and the European Union have tried to identify the features of the Canadian and Australian financial systems which have underpinned this success in order to use them in shaping a revised international regulatory framework. One area of focus has been the regulations governing quality of capital. Despite these apparent successes, there is some evidence that both Canadian and Australian banks experienced considerable deterioration in the market value of their assets during the GFC. In this paper we use the KMV / Merton structural methodology, which incorporates market asset values, to examine default probabilities of 9 listed Canadian banks and 13 Australian listed banks in both a pre-GFC period (2000- 2006) and a GFC period (2007-2008). We also modify the model to incorporate conditional probability of default which measures extreme credit risk. This paper finds that bank risk was significantly similar for Australian and Canadian Banks during the GFC period. This includes an assessment of impaired assets, Value at Risk (VaR) and Distance to Default (DD), as well as the extreme measures of Conditional VaR (CVaR), and Conditional Distance to Default (CDD); metrics which confirm the two countries similarities in terms of a significant increase in credit risk between pre-GFC and GFC periods. The extent of this increase was, however, far more pronounced for Australia, which was coming off a lower base. Bank risk for both countries was found to be far lower than for global counterparts due to factors such as sound regulatory control and low levels of involvement in sub-prime lending. This could provide lessons for global banks on risk management. A key conclusion of the paper is that it is important that fluctuating market values, especially the extreme fluctuations which are measured by CVaR and CDD, are a key consideration when determining risk management criteria such as capital adequacy.