Low Level Of Involvement Research Articles

Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence

In a sample of 404 White adolescents (mean age 14.5 years) from working-class families, striking similarities were found for both genders in levels and correlates of antisocial behavior. Aggressive conduct was most strongly associated with delinquent behavior. Also, both genders reported interpersonal difficulties with intimate relationships and family, including large numbers of breakups with close friends and escalating numbers of arguments with parents. In spite of these interpersonal difficulties, antisocial youth indicated less need for positive feedback. Different, but related, internalizing behaviors were noted for both genders. Antisocial boys had low self-esteem and girls had more depressive symptoms. Additionally, boys perceived their families as lacking cohesion and girls were more affected by parental marital disruption. Only antisocial girls indicated low levels of involvement in school-related activities. Maternal reports also noted girls' unproductivity. Implications of accurate identification of correlates of antisocial behavior are discussed.

Do ecological or individual characteristics mediate the influence of the physical environment upon maternal behavior

Relations between physical and social micro-environments of the child, and between micro-environmental and ecological and parental characteristics were investigated. Six observations were made, assessing the physical and social aspects of the home environments of 35 12-month old infants. Mothers filled out questionnaires assessing a variety of ecological and personal characteristics, including social support, stress and child rearing beliefs. Replicating previous findings, higher levels of crowding and traffic pattern in the home were associated with lower levels of involvement, verbal stimulation, responsivity and giving or demonstrating objects to the child. Higher levels of satisfaction with social support and specific child rearing beliefs were related to greater responsivity to the child. The majority of correlations between the physical and social micro-environments of the child remained significant even after partialling out specific ecological or individual maternal characteristics. Implications of these findings for understanding the nature of environmental influences upon development were discussed.

Technological change and worker participation in Europe

This article analyses the extent, evaluation and strategies for the future of employees, representatives and management regarding participation in technological change. The results from interviews in the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Denmark show a low level of involvement, particularly in strategic decision making, a positive evaluation of participation by practitioners and the intention to increase levels of involvement on both sides of industry.

Tuning in the Spirit: Exposure to Types of Religious TV Programming among American Catholic Parishioners

Data on registered Catholic parishioners in the Notre Dame Study of Catholic Parish Life were used to test two theories that account for Catholics' exposure to religious television programming: the informational needs theory and the situational cross-pressures theory. Results from discriminant function analyses provided support for both hypotheses. The findings also indicated that younger, single Catholics who displayed low levels of involvement in institutional religion showed little interest in the electronic church. Catholics who did watch religious TV, and particularly Protestant programs, tended to be younger converts from heavily Protestant regions of the U.S. These individuals appeared to find little religious fulfillment in traditional Catholic worship, but they did seem to find friendships and positive social contacts within their parishes.

Referral for Treatment among Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Abusers

This research used logit analysis on a sample of adolescents referred for alcohol and other drug abuse treatment (N = 127, 72 males) and a randomly selected comparison group sample (N = 101, 51 males) of adolescents to test whether certain status characteristics increase the likelihood of referral to the treatment program. Results indicated that two status characteristics do so: labeling of the adolescent based on prior involvement in the social service delivery system and labeling of the adolescent based on a lower level of involvement in conventional groups. Gender did not affect the probability of referral directly, but the effect of level of involvement in conventional groups on referral likelihood depended on gender. Controlling for level of substance use, girls who were more involved in conventional groups and boys who were less involved in conventional groups were more likely to be referred. Implications for labeling theory and a policy of nonintervention for the commission of minor delinquencies are discussed.

Relationship of Professional Involvement to Clinical Behaviors of Physical Therapists

This study was designed to measure the level of professional involvement of respondents and to examine the relationship between a high level of professional involvement (eg, membership in the American Physical Therapy Association, attendance at Association conferences, participation in continuing education programs) and the frequency of use of high-complexity procedures. A questionnaire survey of 165 Alabama physical therapists was conducted to establish 1) the ranking of 24 physical therapy procedures according to the perceived level of complexity and 2) the relationship of a procedure's rank to delegation of that procedure to support personnel. The ranking and a cluster analysis of the 24 procedures correlated with similar ranking in other studies (Pearson r = .92). The level of complexity of a procedure influenced delegation to support personnel, with high-complexity procedures being delegated less frequently and requiring greater supervision than moderate- and low-complexity procedures. There was variation in the frequency of use of procedures, but a clear relationship was not found between a high level of professional involvement and use of high-complexity procedures. A relationship existed between professional involvement and both job title and types of referrals received. Those physical therapists with a higher level of professional involvement tended to be directors and supervisors (chi 2 = 28.29, df = 2, p less than .001), and they received autonomous referrals with greater frequency than those physical therapists with a lower level of involvement (chi 2 = 16.25, df = 3, p less than .001). The findings have implications for the continued professionalization of physical therapy and for the role that physical therapy educators and administrators play in this process.

Guess who might be coming to dinner?: Personal involvement and racial stereotyping

This research investigated the motivational influences of personal involvement and target race on the social judgments about and behavior toward another person. Specifically, male undergraduates were led to anticipate either a series of dates (high involvement) or a brief interaction (low involvement) with a white or a black female. As predicted, high as compared to low involvement subjects demonstrated more concern with their personal appearance, thought relatively more about the immediate interpersonal situation, and felt more apprehensive and less positive about their partners, their upcoming interactions, and the study as a whole, with these tendencies more pronounced among subjects expecting a black partner. In contrast to these judgment and evaluation measures, however, the overt behavior of high involvement subjects toward a different black female was especially warm and friendly. Additional analyses suggested that low levels of involvement may reduce people's tendencies to stereotype at a global level. The natura and effects of different motivational factors and their implications for processes of stereotype change are discussed.

The structuring of identity among midlife women as a function of their degree of involvement in employment.

The place of employment and the diversity of its relations to other roles within the life structure of midlife women were investigated. Three groups were compared: Group I (n = 44) had a continuous low level of involvement in employment from their early 20s to their early 40s; Group II (n = 20) changed from low to high involvement; and Group III (n = 32) maintained a continuous high level of involvement. Retrospective reports regarding subjects' commitment to a number of different roles and feelings during their early 30s and early 40s constituted the data. Findings indicated that: (1) women in Group I had a positive, confident view of their involvement in the traditional roles of mother, wife, and volunteer; (2) women in Group II, initially quite similar to those in Group I, restructured their role commitments by substituting involvement in employment for more traditional pursuits; and (3) women in Group III successfully integrated involvement in the multiple roles of worker, mother, wife, and volunteer. Implications for a more dynamic view of identity, which takes into account significant reorganization of the life structure after adolescence and variability among diverse groups of women, are discussed.

Perceptions of Parents of Handicapped Children About School and Parent‐Teacher Partnership

Abstract This study examined the perceptions of parents of exceptional students concerning their child's problems and the educational services provided; the nature and extent of their involvement in school; levels of satisfaction; needs and recommendations. Three hundred and twenty‐five parents of five categories of exceptional students responded to a 30‐item questionnaire; findings revealed that while parents tended to have an accurate perception of both their child's problems and the services provided, they perceived themselves as having low levels of involvement in school, including IEP meetings. Nevertheless, the majority were very satisfied with the child's education. Information and training needs were identified, together with parent recommendations. Some significant differences by type of exceptionality were found. The article concludes with discussion of training needs for both parents and educators.

Inferences of mental illness from noninvolvement.

These studies continue the exploration of variables related to a person's use of the mental illness categorization. The central concern in the present studies was the effect of perceived variation in a target person's level of involvement in a social situation. While a low level of involvement, as portrayed in videotaped scenarios, prompts attribution of mental illness, other features of implicit personality theories also relate to greater or lesser attribution of mental illness. Those participants who gave evidence of having attributed lower levels of involvement, regardless of filmed information, also attributed higher levels of mental illness. Social workers, compared to general population participants, attributed higher levels of mental illness at all levels of target involvement. We discuss the implications of these findings for dissemination and assignment of the mentally ill role.

The Role of Interaction Frequency in Identifying Socially Withdrawn and Socially Isolated Children: a re‐examination of data and concepts

Abstract Frequency of child social interaction with peers has been criticised as a measure lacking in concurrent and predictive validity. In the present paper it is suggested that this criticism arises in part from a failure to differentiate the behavioural and conceptual features of social isolation and social withdrawal. Definitions of child social isolation and social withdrawal are here derived from a reinterpretation of published data and it is shown that low rate of interaction with peers is empirically and logically related to the concept of social withdrawal. Suggestions for establishing the concurrent and predictive validity of frequency of peer interaction measures are given and a case made for further research into interventions for children who show low levels of involvement with peers.

Voter Turnout and Electoral Oscillation

Declining levels of participation in elections and especially presidential elections, have prompted greater interest among academics and policy makers in the sources and practical consequences of low turnout. This article shows that although nonvoters have many characteristics which mark them as Democratic voters, there is no reason to believe that high turnout elections, especially at the presidential level, would benefit Democratic candidates. The lower levels of involvement and commitment which characterize chronic nonvoters and peripheral voters would simply promote greater interelection oscillation if these voters began to turn out.

International Industrial Marketing into Eastern Europe

This monograph commences with a survey of previous publications on the concepts, volume and structure of industrial co‐operation agreements between East and West. In the context, the term “East” refers to those socialist countries of Eastern Europe which are members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), namely USSR, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic (GDR); and the term (West) refers to the non‐socialist industrially developed nations of Western Europe, North America and Asia. The author presents case studies of six British engineering companies having experience of industrial co‐operation with Eastern European foreign trade organisations. The USSR has been excluded, since case studies of Anglo‐Soviet industrial co‐operation had already been published by the present author (Hill, 1978) before the commencement of the study described in this paper; and the GDR has also been excluded because of that country's comparatively low level of involvement in East/West industrial co‐operation. The case studies highlight the practical advantages and disadvantages of East‐West industrial co‐operation to British companies; this is considered to be particularly relevant since British firms may have to be more willing to engage in this type of business activity if they wish to remain in the East European market place.

What do the British want from Participation and Industrial Democracy?

Employees in Britain have a remarkably low level of involvement in decisions that affect their working lives, but they do want a greater say in those decisions.