Low Level Of Difficulty Research Articles

Development of a New Index to Assess the Difficulty Level of Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars in an Asian Population

This study aimed to develop a straightforward and accurate index of impacted third molar removal difficulty through analyzing various factors to assess the difficulty level of impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) extraction. This prospective cohort study included 203 patients who required IMTM extraction. All patients were selected using the preset selection criteria. The present study assessed operation difficulty with operating time. A mathematical model and regression analysis were performed to explore 6 main factors (age, number of roots, degree of bone impaction, shape of roots, and impaction angle and its relation). Appropriate correction coefficients were obtained to formulate a new IMTM removal difficulty predictive index. Consistency of the κ value was checked to evaluate performance. Degree of bone impaction had the highest correlation coefficient (0.576), followed by shape of roots (0.359), and the lowest correlation coefficient was for number of roots. The Pederson index for these 203 patients showed that 75, 76, and 52 patients had low, moderate, and high difficulty levels, respectively, whereas the new index categorized 78, 85, and 40 patients as having low, moderate, and high difficulty. Comparison of the Pederson index and new index with operating time showed κ agreements of 65.30 and 77.9% (P<.01), suggesting that the prediction results of the new index are more objective and accurate. The newly proposed index is straightforward and efficient and exhibited promising results in κ agreement. Because of its straightforward nature, it is better suited for Chinese public hospitals with a large volume of patients who require alveolar surgery. The detection of predictor variables could be useful for graduate students, professionals, and general dental practitioners contemplating IMTM removal to assess the difficulty level of IMTM extraction.

Improved outlier detection using sparse coding-based methods

Outlier detection is an active area of research in data mining and a large number of algorithms exist. Our goal is to come up with a guideline on how to choose the most appropriate outlier detection algorithm for a given dataset without exploiting any domain- or application-specific information. Extensive experimentations with a number of state-of-the-art algorithms on thousands of benchmark datasets revealed a clear trend. For datasets with low dimensionality and low difficulty level, traditional methods outperform sparse coding-based outlier detection (SCOD) algorithms. But the trend reverses as the dimensionality or difficulty level increases. A threshold emerges as the point of intersection of the trends for SCOD and traditional algorithms, which is 250 and 21 for dimensionality and difficulty level respectively.

A study of hand-movement gestures to substitute for mouse-cursor placement using an inertial sensor

Abstract. This paper examines the new study of hand orientation as a substitute for computer-mouse movement and is evaluated based on ISO/TS 9241 part 411: Ergonomics of human–system interaction-evaluation methods for the design of physical input devices. Two pairs of hand-orientation candidates were evaluated, using, for example, pitch–roll and pitch–yaw to substitute for up–down and left–right mouse-cursor movements. The up–down cursor movement was generated from the pitch orientation, while the left–right cursor movement was generated from the roll or yaw orientation, depending on the evaluation of the proposed gesture. The research employed a standard computer mouse as a baseline comparison for the study. The empirical study was conducted to evaluate quantitative performance such as throughput and movement time. The best impression resulted when the throughput had the greatest value as well as the shortest movement time. The performance test was based on Fitts's law using a multi-directional tapping test as suggested by ISO/TS 9241-411. The test was divided into several levels of difficulty, including high, medium, low, and very low. The other assessment is qualitative and was performed using the comfort-rating scale questionnaire and rating of perceived exertion of comfortability and fatigue. The quantitative results show that pitch–yaw throughput is slightly higher than for the pitch–roll gesture, and that the movement time in pitch–yaw is slightly less than in pitch–roll, although there is no statistically significant difference between the two. We also found that pitch–yaw movements have a higher level of comfort based on the comfort-rating scale test. Since the test was divided into levels of difficulty, we identified those gestures suitable for the task with a low and very low level of difficulty based on throughput, movement time, and error-rate results. Finally, this study suggests that pitch–roll and pitch–yaw movements of the hand can be used as substitutes for the mouse, and that pitch–yaw movements are superior in regard to causing less fatigue than pitch–roll movements. Furthermore, this study provides a new suggestion for a suitable level of difficulty when using an inertial sensor as an emulator for the movement of a mouse cursor in the field of human–computer interaction.

The Role of Task Difficulty in Learning a Visuomotor Skill.

Task difficulty affects the amount of interpretable information from a task, which is thought to interfere with motor learning. However, it is unclear whether task difficulty in itself is a stimulus for motor learning because the experimental evidence is mixed in support of the optimal challenge point framework that predicts one specific level of task difficulty to produce the greatest magnitude of motor learning. We determined the effects of functional task difficulty on motor skill acquisition, retention, and transfer. Healthy young participants (N = 36) learned a mirror star-tracing task at a low, medium, or hard difficulty level defined by the bandwidth of the star. We measured skill acquisition, retention, and transfer to untrained difficulty levels, as well as the perceived mental workload during the task. Task difficulty affected motor performance, but did not affect motor learning and transfer. For the groups that practiced the task at the medium and hard but not at the low difficulty level, initial skill level correlated with the magnitude of learning. The optimal challenge point framework does not capture the complex relationship between task difficulty and motor learning. Previously reported effects of task difficulty on the magnitude of motor learning are probably mediated by perceived mental workload. Task difficulty did not affect the magnitude of visuomotor skill learning but it affected how learning occurred. The data have implications on how athletes learn new motor skills and patients relearn injury-impaired motor skills during rehabilitation.

Developing an Assessment Instrument of Higher Order Thinking Skills in Mathematics with in Islamic Context

This study aims to develop an instrument to measure students’ Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in mathematics that integrates Islamic context and identify the Islamic context which becomes the student’s constraint in answering HOTS test items. The study was conducted through 5 stages: developing test specifications, writing test, reviewing test items, administering the test try-out and analysing the test. The instruments included question in algebra, statistics and arithmetic, taking Islamic contexts of muamalah, fiqh and aqidah. The instruments were tried out to 165 grade-9 students in 4 Madrasah Tsanawiyah or junior secondary schools in East Java. The try-out results were analysed using Item Response Theory (IRT) with BILOG-MG software and triangulated using descriptive analysis to find items that are difficult. The results show that out of 8 test items developed, 1 item has to be taken out from the analysis because it has a negative point biserial correlation. Five items have good discrimination level and guessing level. The other 2 items have either low discrimination level or high difficulty level. The students find difficulties in answering questions with the context of muamalah and fiqh that require HOTS. However, students find it easy to answer questions using the context of aqidah.

Daily relationship between positive affect and drinking to cope: the moderating role of difficulties regulating positive emotions

ABSTRACT Background: Alcohol use is highly prevalent and linked to a wide range of negative outcomes among college students. Although emotion dysregulation has been theoretically and empirically linked to alcohol use, few studies have examined emotion dysregulation stemming from positive emotions. Objective: The goal of the current study was to extend extant research by using daily diary methods to examine the potentially moderating role of difficulties regulating positive emotions in the daily relation between positive affect and alcohol use to cope with social and non-social stressors. Methods: Participants were 165 college students (M age = 20.04; 55.2% male) who completed a baseline questionnaire assessing difficulties regulating positive emotions. Participants then responded to questions regarding state positive emotions and alcohol use once a day for 14 days. Results: Difficulties regulating positive emotions moderated the daily relation between positive affect stemming from social stressors and alcohol use to cope with social stressors. Positive affect stemming from social stressors predicted alcohol use to cope with social stressors with high (but not low) levels of difficulties regulating positive emotions. Conclusions: Findings underscore the potential utility of targeting difficulties regulating positive emotions in treatments aimed at reducing alcohol use to cope with social stressors among college students.

Implementasi Behavior Dinamis dalam Skenario Adaptif Menggunakan Metode FSM pada Platformer Game

In game platforms or commonly categorized into action genre games, the ability to control characters well is needed, such as coordination between eyes, brain and hands needed to complete several stages in the game. On the gaming platform the level of difficulty becomes a thing that is often questioned by the players, such as a low difficulty level will make the player becomes easy to play and the boredom of the game will appear. For that a dynamic behavior will affect the playing experience of the player, not only in the dynamic behavior of some obstacles, the items and the action in the game will not be easy to guess, the dynamic behavior will be shaped into scenarios that have been designed into the game, so players will continue to work by playing and setting strategies to bypass the dynamic behavior. The use of an FSM-based intelligent agent (finite state machine) in this study to develop dynamic behavior as one of the important elements to increase the interest in playing from the player. This study discusses the development of intelligent agents using the Finite State Machine method in shaping dynamic behavior in adaptive scenarios implemented in games with Action Genre - Game Platform.

Development and validation of a contextual behavioral distress intolerance task in cigarette smokers

IntroductionDistress intolerance, an individual's perceived or actual inability to withstand negative emotional or physical distress, contributes to the maintenance of smoking. However, there is limited understanding of the contextual factors that impact distress intolerance in general or among smokers specifically. This study aimed to adapt and test a computerized behavioral persistence task that requires re-typing a passage while adhering to specific instructions (Contextual-Frustration Intolerance Typing Task [C-FiTT]). C-FiTT was designed to model contextual factors that influence distress intolerance, negative affect, and smoking urges. MethodDaily smokers (n = 550) were recruited through the use of Qualtrics Panels. Using a 2 × 2 + 1 experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to one of four C-FiTT conditions that crossed task difficulty (low or high difficulty) with passage content (neutral or tobacco withdrawal text), or a neutral control group. ResultsC-FiTT produced an average persistence time of 94.1 ± 114.3 s and 64.7% of participants self-terminated the task. C-FiTT also produced small to medium sized-increases in negative affect and smoking urges. Between-condition comparisons indicated that the high-difficulty C-FiTT produced shorter behavioral persistence, greater self-termination likelihood, and larger increases in negative affect and smoking urges. The combination of high-difficulty and withdrawal content resulted in the shortest persistence time, 100% self-termination rate, and largest increases in negative affect and smoking urges, compared to other conditions ConclusionsFindings provide initial evidence for the validity of C-FiTT in smokers within the context of tobacco withdrawal at low and high levels of task difficulty. Avenues for refinement and use of C-FiTT are discussed.

Talar process fractures: An overview and update of the literature.

Fractures of the lateral and the posterior processes of the talus are uncommon and frequently missed because of a low level of suspicion and difficulty in interpretation on plain radiographs. Missed fractures can lead to persistent pain and reduced function.Lateral process fractures are usually a consequence of forced dorsiflexion and inversion of fixed pronated foot. These are also commonly known as snowboarder’s fractures.The posterior process of the talus is composed of medial and lateral tubercles, separated by the groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon.The usual mechanism of injury is forced hyperplantarflexion and inversion causing direct compression of the posterior talus, or an avulsion fracture caused by the posterior talofibular ligament. CT scans are helpful in cases of high clinical suspicion.There is a lack of consensus regarding optimal management of these fractures; however, management depends on the size, location and displacement of the fragment, the degree of cartilage damage and instability of the subtalar joint. Non-operative treatment includes immobilization and protected weight-bearing for six weeks. Surgical treatment includes open reduction and internal fixation or excision of the fragments, depending on the size.Fractures of the lateral and the posterior processes of the talus are uncommon but important injuries that may result in significant disability in cases of missed diagnosis or delayed or inadequate treatment. Early diagnosis and timely management of these fractures help to avoid long-term complications, including malunion, nonunion or severe subtalar joint osteoarthritis.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:85-92. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170040

Qualitative analysis of governance trends after health system reforms in Latin America: lessons from Mexico

ObjectiveHealth policies in Latin America are centered on the democratization of health. Since 2003, during the last generation of reforms, health systems in this region have promoted governance strategies for better agreements between governments, institutions, and civil society. In this context, we develop an evaluative research to identify trends and evidence of governance after health care reforms in six regions of Mexico. MethodsEvaluative research was developed with a retrospective design based on qualitative analysis. Primary data were obtained from 189 semi-structured interviews with purposively selected health care professionals and key informants. Secondary data were extracted from a selection of 95 official documents on results of the reform project at the national level, national health policies, and lines of action for good governance. Data processing and analysis were performed using ATLAS.ti and PolicyMaker. ResultsA list of main strengths and weaknesses is presented as evidence of health system governance. Accountability at the federal level remains prescriptive; in the regions, a system of accountability and transparency in the allocation of resources and in terms of health democratization strategies is still absent. ConclusionSocial protection and decentralization schemes are strategies that have allowed for improvements with a proactive role of users and civil society. Regarding challenges, there are still low levels of governance and difficulties in the effective conduct of programs and reform strategies together with a lack of precision in the rules and roles of the different actors of the health system.

A weighted angiographic scoring model (W-CTO score) to predict success of antegrade wire crossing in chronic total occlusion: analysis from a single centre.

The aim of this study was to derive a weighted score model predicting success/failure of antegrade wire crossing in chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Four hundred and four consecutive CTO cases (408 lesions) undergoing CTO-PCI between January 2009 and March 2015 were included. Data were divided into two sets, namely "derivation" and "validation", in a 70:30 ratio. The score was derived using multivariate analysis to identify independent predictors of wire crossing failure from the derivation set (n=285 lesions) and validated on the remaining 123 lesions (validation set). The overall procedural success rate was 83.6%. Independent predictors of CTO-PCI failure and their contribution to the weighted score were a blunt stump (beta coefficient 2.12), length of occlusion >20 mm (beta coefficient 1.71), presence of calcification (beta coefficient 0.72), presence of tortuosity (beta coefficient 1.06) and collateral with Rentrop grade <2 (beta coefficient 1.06). The respective scores allotted were +2.0, +1.5, +1, +1, +1 (total 6.5), rounding the coefficient to the nearest 0.5. Score values of 0-2, >2-4 and >4 were classified as low, intermediate and high levels of difficulty for CTO-PCI success and were associated with 98%, 74.2%, and 42.5% (p<0.0001), respectively, of antegrade wire crossing success in the derivation set. This was also validated on the validation set with CTO success in the three derived difficulty levels being 100%, 82.4% and 48.4%, respectively. Our weighted angiographic CTO score is a strong predictor of final antegrade wire crossing success and could be used in day-to-day clinical practice of CTO interventions.

Pernambuco index: predictability of the complexity of surgery for impacted lower third molars

This study aimed to develop and validate an index of surgical difficulty for the removal of impacted lower third molars. The study was performed in two steps. The first was a cross-sectional analysis of clinical, demographic, and radiographic variables collected from patients undergoing the removal of an impacted lower third molar between 2008 and 2012. The second step was a prospective cohort study involving the same surgical procedures to validate the index; this was performed between 2013 and 2016. Univariate regression analysis was applied, followed by multiple linear regression analysis. A total of 753 surgical procedures were analyzed in the first stage, which led to the identification of the most important variables and their levels of significance. The index was then applied to 280 surgical procedures. The preoperative difficulty was in concordance with the index results in all cases. Among cases with a low level of difficulty, 93.1% had been indexed as low difficulty; likewise, among cases with a high level of difficulty, there was 87.9% concordance with the index. With the use of reference statistics in the development and quality assurance processes, this validated index has proven to be a reliable and easily applicable instrument, with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.

Measuring Probabilistic Reasoning: The Construction of a New Scale Applying Item Response Theory

AbstractProbabilistic reasoning skills are important in various contexts. The aim of the present study was to develop a new instrument (the Probabilistic Reasoning Scale – PRS) to accurately measure low levels of probabilistic reasoning ability in order to identify people with difficulties in this domain. Item response theory was applied to construct the scale, and to investigate differential item functioning (i.e., whether the items were invariant) across genders, educational levels, and languages. Additionally, we tested the validity of the scale by investigating the relationships between the PRS and several other measures. The results revealed that the items had a low level of difficulty. Nonetheless, the discriminative measures showed that the items can discriminate between individuals with different trait levels, and the test information function showed that the scale accurately assesses low levels of probabilistic reasoning ability. Additionally, through investigating differential item functioning, the measurement equivalence of the scale at the item level was confirmed for gender, educational status, and language (i.e., Italian and English). Concerning validity, the results showed the expected correlations with numerical skills, math‐related attitudes, statistics achievement, IQ, reasoning skills, and risky choices both in the Italian and British samples. In conclusion, the PRS is an ideal instrument for identifying individuals who struggle with basic probabilistic reasoning, and who could be targeted by specific interventions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Validity of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test in a Brazilian Sample

Abstract: The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) is internationally used to assess emotional perception, but there are few validity studies with Brazilian samples. The test was answered by 1440 participants, along with the Computerized Test of Primary Emotions Perception (PEP), and abstract (AR) and verbal reasoning (VR) tasks. RMET items were studied with Rasch model. Results indicate that its items are concentrated at a lower level of difficulty, lacking difficult items to assess higher levels of emotional perception. Both RMET and PEP showed significant correlations with AR and VR, corroborating other studies showing emotional perception is related to other types of intelligence. However the correlation between RMET and PEP was lower than expected (r = .43), suggesting perception of emotions in the eyes is only partially related to perception in the whole face.

Nasal Dilator Strip is an Effective Placebo Intervention for Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nasal dilator strip (NDS) as a placebo intervention compared with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patients were treated with both NDS and nasal CPAP. The sequence was randomized and interposed by 15 days of washout. Polysomnography was performed at baseline and on the first night of intervention with NDS and CPAP (titration). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were completed at baseline and at the end of both interventions. A questionnaire on the comfort and satisfaction (0 = no to 10 = total) was completed at the end of each intervention. Twenty-six patients with OSA were evaluated (19 male; age 46.3 ± 9.3 y; body mass index 33.2 ± 5.1 kg/m2; ESS 15.8 ± 4.1; apnea-hypopnea index 60.7 ± 25.2). Adherence was high in both NDS (98%) and CPAP interventions (94%; 5.8 ± 1.7 h/night). In contrast to the baseline values, NDS intervention had no significant effect on all polysomnographic parameters, but NDS improved somnolence (ESS 13.0 ± 5.4, p = 0.001) and depressive symptoms (BDI 7.7 ± 6.9, p = 0.005). Reported satisfaction was significantly higher for CPAP than for NDS (sleep quality 9.2 ± 0.8 vs. 6.1 ± 2.1; wake up at morning: 8.6 ± 1.2 vs. 6.0 ± 2.2; daily activities: 8.9 ± 1.4 vs. 5.8 ± 1.5; quality of life: 8.3 ± 2.1 vs. 3.8 ± 3.5, p < 0.001), but similar low levels of difficulty for both interventions were observed (1.3 ± 2.2 vs. 0.3 ± 1.3, p = 0.098). Our data indicate that NDS is an attractive placebo intervention for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of CPAP in sleepy patients with OSA.

A tradução de textos técnicos e jornalísticos na direção inglês -&gt; português

Um processo de descrição e análise do fenômeno tradutório em textos técnicos e jornalísticos, comparados de maneira sistemática e com bases científicas, pode fornecer subsídios para obter-se um padrão básico de quais modalidades tradutórias ocorreriam com mais frequência nessas duas tipologias textuais na direção inglês -&gt; português. Por essa perspectiva, conforme indiquem maior ou menor semelhança ou distanciamento nesse par de línguas, as incidências poderiam evidenciar algumas tendências existentes nas traduções técnicas e jornalísticas. A fim de compararmos os doze textos de partida e os respectivos textos de chegada, aplicamos o modelo AUBERT (1984, 1997). Diante da regularidade constatada no levantamento de dados, mostra-se viável a existência de uma ordem predominante para as modalidades de maior frequência: tradução literal, transposição e modulação. Com base nos resultados, parece destacar-se, na tradução de textos técnicos e jornalísticos, uma maior propensão para a literalidade do que para reelaborações semântico-estilísticas, indicando, assim, uma menor individualidade do tradutor diante desses dois tipos de texto. Todavia, uma atuação mais restrita do tradutor não implica um menor grau de dificuldade, posto que, muitas vezes, pode ser bastante intrincada a tentativa de encontrar a correspondência adequada para determinados termos quer da tecnologia de ponta quer da tradução de textos jornalísticos em virtude da diversidade do universo temático e do estilo condensado, particularmente das manchetes.

Clients' perceptions and satisfaction with HIV counselling and testing: A cross-sectional study in 56 HCT sites in South Africa.

BackgroundClient satisfaction serves as a predictor for acceptance of HIV counselling and testing (HCT) services. Therefore, the study of clients’ perception and satisfaction may offer insights on how to improve HCT programmes.Aim and settingThe aim of this study was to assess clients’ satisfaction with HCT as well as describe perceived barriers to and facilitators of HIV testing by HCT clients in South Africa.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted through interviews with 498 clients purposefully selected at the end of an HCT visit at 56 HCT sites throughout the country.ResultsAll the 498 study participants had tested for HIV with 98.8% receiving their results. Most (88.2%) reported testing for HIV before. The vast majority (75.5%) of clients reported that they had decided to be tested for HIV by themselves. High levels of satisfaction with HCT service (89.8%), low levels (27.7%) of difficulty in making the decision to have an HIV test and high levels of perceived confidentiality (94.6%) of the HIV test results were reported in this study. The most cited perceived barrier to HIV testing was lack of awareness about the HCT service (98%), while staff attitudes (37%), confidentiality (29.6%) and privacy (23.6%) were perceived facilitators. In multivariate logistic regression, staff attitude was significantly associated with client satisfaction (p < 0.05).ConclusionHigh levels of client satisfaction with HCT services were observed. Various barriers to and facilitators of – including staff attitude – HCT were identified which can help guide the improvement of HCT services in South Africa.

Development and validation of the Taiwan Children’s Health Literacy Test

Currently, health literacy (HL) worldwide is measured primarily among adults from a medical perspective. A children's HL test from a health promotion perspective is needed. This study develops the Taiwan Children's Health Literacy Test (TCHL) targeted at Taiwanese sixth-graders. HL indicators were identified through interviews of sixth-grade teachers, primary caregivers, and sixth-graders. They were used to develop a 25-item online test, which was finalized after pretesting and administered to a stratified random sample of 671 students across 29 sixth-grade classes. The response rate was 87.2% (585 participants). Cronbach's α was 0.60-0.78 for the HL subtests and 0.79 for the overall HL test. Correlation coefficients among subtests ranged from 0.49 to 0.87. The average proportion correct was 0.80 for overall HL. In item response theory analysis, the difficulty level ranged from -2.77 to -0.40, while the degree of discrimination was 0.44-2.65. Item information peaked when the ability value was approximately -1.8. Furthermore, HL scores had a significant positive correlation with health behaviors. Overall, the test was found to be reliable and valid, with a low level of difficulty for basic HL ability. The present results can be used as a reference by government health education units to investigate national HL in children.

Formation des externes à l’examen gynécologique : intérêt de l’enseignement sur modèles anatomiques

To evaluate the benefits of training sessions for pelvic examination using anatomic models. The medical students (MS) registered in their 5th year of medical studies at Angers University Hospital had to complete two anonymous questionnaires; one at the beginning of the workshop and one at the end. Every procedure which included pelvic exam (PE), vaginal sample (VS), smear test (ST), insertion of a speculum and insertion of intra-uterine device (IUD) was evaluated. Seventy-one MS answered both questionnaires. They were very satisfied or satisfied with the outcomes of the workshop in 91% of the cases. At the beginning of the workshop, 28%, 52%, 30%, 25% and 3% reported a low level of difficulty to carry out, respectively, a PE, VS, ST, insertion of a speculum, insertion of an IUD. At the end of the session, there were respectively 55%, 83%, 76%, 66% and 16% of MS to report a low level of difficulty of these same procedures. For all of these procedures, there were a significant (P<0.05) number of MS who estimated the procedure's level of difficulty as being low at the end of the session. The level of technical difficulty of all procedures was significantly decreased at the end of the workshop.

Carbon Sequestration in Forest Valuation

Abstract Strong links between the condition of the environment and the economy have recently resulted in a number of actions aiming to implement environmental considerations in economic calculations. This is accompanied by the development of the concept of ecosystem services, characterizing the benefits that the environment provides humankind with. The identification of these services is reflected in their economic values. Hence, the concept of the valuation of ecosystem services. Therefore, if the service provided by the environment takes on a financial value, we can consider it as income from the property containing the analyzed ecosystem. Of course, in order to speak in practice of the income approach in the valuation of such properties, there must be actual financial flow as income for the real estate owner. However, in the era of big economic changes and the implementation of a number of financial instruments (e.g., subsidies for a particular use of property, trade of CO2 emission rights), it seems reasonable to consider the possibility of property valuation by the valuation of ecosystem services. A part of this research focused on a service of forest ecosystems service that is carbon sequestration. The selection was made due to the implementation of the climate policy at the European level and its association with the trade of CO2 emission rights. The analyses were performed for two test sites characterized by different determinants (composition of species in the tree stand, age of the stand, degree of compactness of the tree stand, etc.). The low level of difficulty of the test methods used enables non-experts (persons with no qualifications in forestry) to carry out valuations themselves. The research is a contribution to the debate on the possibility of accounting for carbon sequestration in forest property valuation based on the income approach, but the issue still requires clarification of certain elements.