Low-intensity Laser Research Articles

Locally varying formation of nanoclusters across a low-intensity ultra-short laser spot.

Ultra-short laser illumination is an intriguing tool for engineering material by light. It is usually employed at or above the ablation threshold. Practical applications profit from tailoring surface properties, for instance, by structural changes to the surface layer of an irradiated target. A target-orientated restructuring of surfaces on the nanoscale is much less explored. In particular, an intrinsic intensity variation across a laser spot has not yet been considered or employed. We image the unexpected nanoscale clusters formed on the Cu(111) surface upon illumination of a Cu sample far below its ablation threshold by femtosecond laser light, employing a specifically-developed multi-scale approach. We unravel that these clusters vary significantly in size and shape across the micrometer-scale 400 nm 50 fs laser spot (repetition rate: 250 kHz). There are three qualitatively different regions separated by sharp changes. The observations highlight the importance of local fluence for specific types of nanoclusters. Ultra-short laser illumination represents a non-trivial interplay between photo-thermal and electron-induced mechanisms, transport of heat and electrons, and material properties, which we discuss for identifying the underlying principles. Our study demonstrates that a multitude of as yet unconsidered processes are involved in the tailoring of nanoscale materials by ultra-short laser light.

EFFICIENCY OF LOW-INTENSITY LASER IRRADIATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ORAL MUCOSAL DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS BY RESULTS OF DOPPLER ULTRASOUND

Aim: To evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of low-intensity laser irradiation in the treatment of patients with oral mucosal diseases in association with rheumatoid arthritis, according to parameters of Doppler ultrasonography of blood flow of lingual arteries. Materials and Methods: An examination of 25 patients with geographic tongue and concomitant rheumatoid arthritis and 12 practically healthy persons of the control group was carried out. In the main group (13 patients) the complex treatment of glossitis was carried out with non-contact laser irradiation of the affected tongue areas. Patients in the comparison group (12 persons) underwent standard treatment. Treatment effectiveness of patients in both groups was determined by the parameters of Doppler blood flow study of lingual arteries. Results: In the main group of patients, after diode laser therapy, a significant decrease in linear blood flow parameters (Vmax by 19.7%, TAMAX by 19.6%), an identical increase in volume velocity (Q by 21%) and an improvement in vascular tone and peripheral resistance (Pourcelot index by 12.5%, Gosling index by 13.1%) were observed. At the same time, a slight increase in the linear and volume velocity characteristics of blood circulation in lingual arteries during treatment of patients in the comparison group was not statistically significant (p>0.05) and with a high degree of probability differed from the control group. Conclusions: The use of low-intensity laser irradiation in the management of patients with oral mucosal diseases associated with rheumatoid arthritis contributes to the normalization of hemodynamics and the functional state in the vascular bed of the tongue.

Комплексный подход в консервативном лечении хронического тонзиллита

Chronic tonsillitis (CT) is one of the most common diseases among the pathologies of the ENT organs; in outpatient practice, its share ranges from 4% to 35%. The palatine tonsils (PT) are participants in cellular and humoral immunity. It is important to develop new therapeutic approaches that most effectively influence the tissue focus of inflammation. The attention of clinicians is drawn to the use of physiotherapeutic methods of treating CT. Data were obtained on the ability of nitric oxide (NO) to penetrate deep into tissue through intact skin and mucous membranes. We hypothesized that inclusion of intralacunar exposure to nitrogen monoxide in complex therapy for patients with chemotherapy may be the most effective and promising due to the antibacterial and immunostimulating effect of the gas. 120 patients were examined (Me 36±10,55 years). The control group consisted of 54 practically healthy volunteers (Me 38±10,9 years). The patients were divided into 3 groups, all of them underwent 10 treatment procedures every other day: in the 1st group, treatment of the PT with 0,9% NaCl solution, 40 mL, using the Tonsillor-MM device, and manual washing of the PT with 0,9% NaCl solution, 40 mL, by Belogolovov method with intralacunar injection of chlorophyllipt oil solution, 1.0 mL; in group 2, treatment was supplemented with therapy of low-intensity laser radiation (LILR); in group 3, intralacunar exposure to exogenous nitric oxide. The activity of NETosis transformation of leukocytes was assessed in whole blood and smears from the surface of PT lacunae according to the developed method before treatment and 1 month after treatment. To assess local and systemic immunity, the levels of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and sIgA were determined in blood serum, oral fluid, and swabs from the surface of PT lacunae. The combination of washing the lacunae of the PT and LILR gives a pronounced therapeutic effect, and the inclusion of local NO-therapy procedures in the complex increases the effectiveness of treatment by local action on the tissue focus of inflammation.

Potentials for patients with severe arterial hypertension, by using antihypertensive pharmacotherapy combined with ozone therapy and nasal laser therapy.

Background: More people die each year from cardiovascular diseases than from any other cause. Arterial hypertension (AH) is a particularly important public health issue in Mongolia which has one of the highest mortality rates from hemorrhagic stroke in the world. Antihypertensive pharmacological therapy combined by other non-medication therapy is well-studied in patients with mild and moderate AH. However, studies that have investigated combination of low intensity laser irradiation and ozone therapy in patients with severe AH are lacking. The objective of the present work was to develop methods using low intensity laser irradiation therapy (LLLT) combined with major autohemotherapy (MAH) for the patients presenting with AH. 
 Studies have shown that LLLT is capable of inducing a photobiological response within the cells which modifies the micro and macrovascular response; this accompanies evidence showing the systemic effects even using in nasal laser irradiation (NLI). 
 Oxygen-ozone therapy exerts a positive effect on the platelet aggregation, cell remodeling, cytoskeletal elements organization and mitochondria structure. Due to O2-O3 therapy is an effective method in hypertension, and it diminishes the hypoxia state of various tissues. 
 In recent years, scientists have made great progress in the area of pharmacotherapy for patients with AH. Drugs help to achieve the target level of arterial blood pressure, particularly in patients with mild and moderate AH. With a higher degree of AH (severe arterial hypertension – the 3rd degree of arterial hypertension) the effectiveness of pharmacological therapy decreases and to achieve the target level of arterial blood pressure it is necessary to use a combination of all major groups of antihypertensive medicines.
 
 Method and Result: The study was held at Wellness Med Hospital Mongolia since the beginning of 2021 until the end of year. The study included a total of 60 patients of any age (63% of men and 37% of women) having AH associated with coronary heart disease and abnormal blood lipid spectrum. Initially, clinical-instrumental and laboratory examination, blood pressure registration and daily arterial blood pressure monitoring were carried out. Suitable drugs were selected for all the patients. 3 months after starting drug treatment the patients were divided in 2 groups each comprising 30 patients matched for age, sex, severity of clinical conditions, and character. The patients of the first group were prescribed combination with NLI and ozone therapy (MAH) in addition to drugs. For ozone therapy used Ozomed smartline ozone generator by Hansler Medical, Germany. The total dose of ozone to be given at each session will vary according to the general condition of the patient. Intervals from daily to weekly and twice a week. Ten to twelve treatments are considered as one course of treatment. Also, as cycles to be given once or more times per year. It may vary from less than 1000 µg to 3000 µg. This procedure is in line with the Madrid Declaration (ISCO3/QAU/01/03). The ozone concentration in the O2-O3 gas mixture were between 20 µg/ml to 35 µg/ml. The volume of blood to use varies between 50 mL and 100 ml. For NLI therapy we used Semiconductor laser Therapeutic apparatus Model W-001 by Fithope, China. The laser watch with nasal laser irradiation with 650nm (5mW) of lights. Used this equipment same day with Ozone therapy for about 30-40 minutes each time. If AH was higher used the laser therapy longer time. 
 The second group of patients continued receiving drugs alone. 3 months later, average daily blood pressure (BP), systolic BP and diastolic BP were compared in both groups. Three months after both groups demonstrated a significant decrease in SBP and DBP, but these indicators remained higher than normal and did not reach the target level. Three months after the inclusion of MAH+NLI in the comprehensive treatment, the first group demonstrated a significant decrease in BP (systolic and diastolic), not only in comparison with the initial data, but also with the data observed three months after PT. After 6 months SBP and DBP in the first group were significantly lower compared with those of patients in the second group. The inclusion of MAH+NLI in addition to multicomponent antihypertensive drugs is a promising treatment option for severe AH. 
 
 Discussion: Drug therapy is not sufficient for the elimination of cellular-tissue and microcirculatory disorders in case of severe AH, it should be advisable to include MAH+NLI into the multicomponent treatment, and positive changes in the indicators of the 1st group of patients after the inclusion of MAH+NLI are suggestive of it. 
 The oxygen-ozone therapy and LLLT seem to have no adverse events or side effects. Moreover, it is very cost-effective, as standard treatment costs can be reduced by 25% also.

Punctural Physiotherapy in Complex Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients with Large Joints Lower Extremities Pathology: a Narrative Review

AIM. To analyze of recently reported domestic and foreign studies on the influence of РhP on the results of rehabilitation of elderly patients after total endoprosthetics operations. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The review examines issues related to the pathogenetic aspects of punctural effects on the body, the peculiarities of using low-intensity physical factors of electromagnetic nature as a therapeutic stimulus when exposed to acupuncture points based on the results of clinical and experimental studies on cell cultures and animals published in Faberlink, Pubmed. The mechanisms of the influence of low-intensity laser, optical and extremely high frequency radiation on the adaptive reactions of the body are discussed. The results of experimental studies on the choice of optimal modes and parameters of low-intensity electromagnetic radiationof extremely high frequency are considered for the purpose of application in complex rehabilitation programs. The results of reflexodiagnosticsin the process of restoring vegetative disorders of the body as predictors of adaptive potential in the process of predicting the direction and volume of rehabilitation load, as well as the outcomes of rehabilitation treatment are evaluated. CONCLUSION. Further studies on the mechanisms of action and rehabilitation potential of low-intensity EMR in different ranges are needed to expand the clinical application of PhP techniques.

HIGH-INTENSITY LASER THERAPY TO TREAT NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN POST-HERPETIC NEURALGIA

Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is chronic neuropathic pain that is felt for at least 3 months or more at the site of the rash due to herpes zoster infection. Epidemiological studies get a prevalence of 0.49 cases of PHN per 1000 people per year. The clinical manifestation of PHN is chronic pain on the skin lesions due to herpes zoster infection. The therapy that is commonly used as the first line is the provision of pharmacotherapy such as gabapentin or pregabalin. An 83-year-old male patient with a diagnosis of PHN that had been felt for 5 years. He has been taking drugs for 5 years but the pain has not improved. The patient is given high-intensity laser therapy. After 5 treatments with an interval of 1-2 weeks, pain was significantly reduced from an 8/10 scale to 4/10. The frequency of occurrence of severe pain is also reduced from 5 times per day to only 1 time per day. The use of high-intensity laser therapy is not commonly used as a therapy for PHN. Based on its mechanism of action, the use of high-intensity laser therapy is worth considering because of its effectiveness in treating pain in a shorter time than low-intensity laser therapy.

Reduction of glycemic risks in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis after physiotherapy

BACKGROUND: The article is devoted to the actual task of reducing inflammatory complications after dental manipulations in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is noted that worldwide there is a steady trend of increasing the incidence of diabetes mellitus and predicting an increase in the number of patients to 250 million people by 2025. The prevalence, severity of dental complications and inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues in patients with diabetes is extremely high, which determines the relevance and scientific and practical significance of the study.
 AIM: to evaluate the score, index dental indicators, cytokine plasma indicators before/after the use of physiotherapy methods in complex dental treatment.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 121 patients (58 men and 63 women) with diabetes mellitus with an underlying disease duration of up to 5 years who were diagnosed with diabetes periodontal-periodontal inflammatory diseases. Starting and ending points: point, index dental indicators, glycemic profile and immunological cytokine plasma indicators before/after the application of physiotherapy methods before/after the application of physiotherapy methods in complex dental treatment, including a transcanal method of drug electrophoresis with a copper-calcium preparation and laser exposure to NILI (low-intensity laser radiation; l=810 nm). Analysis of statistical data was carried out in Microsoft Office Excel (2017) programs. The differences were considered significant at р 0.05.
 RESULTS: It has been established that the use of complex physiotherapy in patients with diabetes reduces glycemic risks and increases antioxidant reserves.
 CONCLUSION: The use of complex physiotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus reduces the risks of inflammatory complications in periodontal-periodontal tissues, which is confirmed by clinical efficacy in relation to cellular immunity and hygiene index.

Efficacy of low-intensity laser therapy in rhinosurgery patients

The efficiency indicators of low-intensity laser therapy in patients with a combination of deviated septum and vasomotor rhinitis in the postoperative period were studied. The analysis was carried out in the groups with favorable and unfavorable courses. The features of the use of low-intensity laser radiation for faster restoration of nasal functions and improvement of the postoperative course were established.

Features of laser therapy of venous trophic ulcers of the lower extremities in outpatient surgery

Introduction. Trophic ulcers of venous etiology are a severe complication of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities. At the same time, in most cases, ulcerative defects do not heal for a long time and are prone to recurrence, which leads to a significant deterioration in the quality of life of patients.Aim. To clarify the features of the effect of low-intensity laser radiation to determine the optimal conditions for conservative treatment of venous ulcerative defects.Materials and methods. A randomized prospective clinical trial was performed in which 126 patients with chronic venous insufficiency were monitored. During the conservative treatment of 44 patients of the comparison group, phlebotropic drugs, compression therapy, wound coverings and ointment dressings were used in the conservative treatment of trophic ulcers. In 82 patients of the main group, lowintensity laser radiation was used along with the methods described above.Results. Laser therapy in the complex treatment of venous trophic ulcers helps to reduce the number of microbial bodies vegetating on the surface of ulcerative defects, but does not significantly affect the sensitivity of microflora to antibacterial drugs. Low-intensity laser radiation certainly contributed to a significant and earlier increase in the number of neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages on the surface of trophic ulcers, as well as activation of phagocytic activity of cells.Conclusion. Low-intensity laser radiation improves the results of conservative treatment of venous trophic ulcers, does not adversely affect the sensitivity of the isolated microflora to antibiotics and does not have a “direct” bactericidal effect.

Investigation of the Langdon effect on the nonlinear evolution of SRS from the early-stage inflation to the late-stage development of secondary instabilities

In a laser-irradiated plasma, the Langdon effect can result in a super-Gaussian electron energy distribution function (EEDF), imposing significant influences on stimulated backward Raman scattering (SRS). In this work, the influence of a super-Gaussian EEDF on the nonlinear evolution of SRS is investigated by the three wave coupling model simulation and Vlasov–Maxwell simulation for plasma parameters covering a wide range of kλ De from 0.19 to 0.48 at both high and low intensity laser drives. In the early stage of SRS evolution, it is found that besides the kinetic effects due to electron trapping (2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 100702), the Langdon effect can also significantly widen the parameter range for the absolute growth of SRS, and the time for the absolute SRS to reach saturation is greatly shortened by the Langdon effect within certain parameter regions. In the late stage of SRS, when secondary instabilities such as decay of the electron plasma wave to beam acoustic modes, rescattering, and Langmuir decay instability become important, the Langdon effect can influence the reflectivity of SRS by affecting secondary instabilities. The comprehension of the Langdon effect on nonlinear evolution and saturation of SRS would contribute to a better understanding and prediction of SRS in inertial confinement fusion.

Bubble dynamics and atomization in evaporating polymeric droplets

We investigate the interaction of an aqueous polymeric droplet with a tuneable continuous laser in an acoustically levitated environment. The effect of laser irradiation intensity and polymeric concentration on various spatio-temporal parameters is unearthed using high-speed shadowgraphy and theoretical scaling analysis. We observe four temporal phases: droplet evaporation, vapour bubble growth followed by membrane inflation, bubble/membrane rupture through hole nucleation and droplet breakup. During the initial droplet evaporation phase, concentration build-up at the droplet surface beyond a critical limit leads to the formation of a skin layer. It is revealed that, at a given location inside the droplet, hot spots occur, and the maximum temperature at the hot spots scales linearly with irradiation intensity until a bubble nucleates. The low-intensity laser interaction leads to symmetric membrane inflation that eventually forms holes at droplet poles and cracks on the shell surface. On the contrary, high intensity causes early bubble nucleation followed by asymmetric membrane inflation that eventually ruptures through multiple hole formation. Furthermore, the growth and rupture of the membrane is followed by a catastrophic breakup of the droplet. Two dominant atomization modes are reported at significantly high irradiation intensities: stable sheet collapse and unstable sheet breakup. The evolution of droplets into a stable/unstable sheet follows universally observed ligament and hole dynamics. A regime map is shown to describe the influence of polymer concentration and irradiation intensity on the strength and mode of droplet atomization.

Влияние терапевтического лазера синего спектра на зрительные функции и внутриглазное давление в норме и при субклиническом увеите

Purpose. To study the frequency of occurrence of sluggish inflammation (BB) according to scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), identifying markers of BB using, incl., SLO; to investigate the effect of laser radiation (488 nm) blue diagnostic laser in scanning mode in healthy individuals, and low-energy blue therapeutic laser (450 nm) – on visual functions and the level of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with BB and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Material and methods. The study included 394 patients who underwent laser scanning ophthalmoscopy; a group of 11 patients with a combination of sluggish uveitis and primary open-angle glaucoma (a 450 nm blue therapeutic laser session was performed) and 5 healthy individuals underwent standard ophthalmological examination, laser scanning ophthalmoscopy, computer threshold perimetry, autorefractometry and non-contact tonometry. Results. The presence of sluggish inflammation was determined according to the SLO data in 43 % of patients in this sample. Markers of sluggish inflammation were determined according to the data of the SLO and computer perimetry. In the group of patients with BB and POAG, significant improvements were noted: MD improvement by 67.7 %, IOP reduction by 10 %. With the selected modes of exposure to diagnostic blue laser (488 nm) in healthy individuals and low-intensity blue laser (450 nm) in the group of patients with BB and POAG, there was no negative effect on the field of vision (with «white on white» perimetry and blue-yellow perimetry) and IOP. Conclusions. 1. Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy can be effectively used for screening of sluggish inflammation with sufficient transparency of optical media. The frequency of occurrence of explosives in our sample was 43 %. 2. With the selected modes of exposure to blue-spectrum lasers, there was no negative effect on the field of vision and IOP both in the group of patients with a combination of BB and POAG (therapeutic laser 450 nm) and in the group of healthy individuals (diagnostic laser 488 nm) with a single exposure. 3. It is advisable to study the course effects of low-energy laser radiation in the blue spectrum in groups with explosives to determine the optimal accumulated dose.

The use of laser therapy in the non-surgical treatment of peri-implant lesions: literature review

Photodynamic therapy using low-intensity laser has been used in implant dentistry as a complementary approach in the decontamination of the region, stimulating bone repair and exerting a bactericidal effect. In this context, the aim of the present study is to assess the importance of using laser therapy in the non-surgical treatment of peri-implant lesions. This is a literature review article, developed through a literature review in the Pubmed/Medline and Scielo databases. Studies published between 2006 and 2020, which showed availability of the full text and clarity in the methodological details used, were selected. According to the consulted literature, it can be concluded that the control of bacterial plaque is one of the main etiological factors of peri-implant diseases and that the treatment of peri-implantitis should be done according to the stage at which the disease presents. The use of low-intensity laser therapy is considered an additive to the treatment of peri-implantitis because it causes a bactericidal effect on aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms after surgical debridement.

Intravascular laser irradiation of blood in the treatment of fibromylagia: integrative literature review

Background: Low-Intensity Laser Therapy (LLLT), applied to trigger points, can be used as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of Fibromyalgia. However, in Brazil, the application of intravascular technique applied transdermally on the radial artery has been widespread as a promising modality of treatment. But as far as we know, its effects are still not fully understood in the treatment of this pathology. Objective: To investigate the scientific evidence for the use of intravascular laser blood irradiation (ILIB) in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Method: this is an integrative literature review (PROSPERO registration CRD42021236744) to identify clinical studies that demonstrate the effect of ILIB on fibromyalgia, without time or language restrictions. Searches were performed and published in 4 databases (PubMed, PeDRO, EMBASE, and Scielo), by 2 independent reviewers, using the descriptors “fibromyalgia” associated with “laser” or “low-level light therapy” or “laser irradiation” ” or “photobiomodulation” or “phototherapy” or “blood irradiation” or “modified ILIB” or “intradermal ILIB”. Results: 3,050 articles were identified. Of these, only 62 met the eligibility criteria, and 32 were duplicates. Thus, 30 studies were rich, but none of them correspond to a clinical study using ILIB in fibromyalgia. However, two secondary sources and four secondary cases were found, with low methodological rigor, but which presented positive positive results, as well as antioxidant and circulatory systemic effects. No substantiated evidence of completion of IB clinical trials in fibromyalgia was identified for their clinical substantiation.

Comprehensive treatment of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis using laser technologies

Background. The frequency of autoimmune thyroiditis reaches up to 40% among all thyroid gland diseases and ranks second among endocrinological diseases.
 Aim. Carrying out a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of laser photodynamic therapy and traditional conservative treatment in diffuse form of autoimmune thyroiditis.
 Material and methods. The work is based on the examination and treatment data of 235 patients hospitalized in the Scientific Center of Surgery named after M.A. Topchubashov for the period from 2008 to 2021. Patients were divided into two groups based on the applied methods of treatment. Patients of the main group (106 people, 45.1%) received sessions of laser photodynamic therapy in combination with intravenous laser blood irradiation with low-intensity laser radiation. Patients in the control group (129 people, 54.9%) received a course of conservative therapy in combination with sessions of intravenous laser blood irradiation with low-intensity laser radiation. To test the statistical significance of differences in the concentrations of thyroid hormones, pituitary gland and antibodies to thyroid tissues in the blood serum of patients before and on the 15th day after treatment, Pearson's 2 test was used. In each group, the mean values of the analyzed clinical parameters, their mean error (m), 95% confidence interval, and the significance of intergroup differences were calculated according to Pearson's 2, MannWhitney U, and Student's t criteria. Differences were considered statistically significant at p 0.050.
 Results. In the main group on the 5th day of treatment, normalization of the main indicators of the inflammatory response occurred in 26 (24.5%) patients, in the control group in 16 (12.4%) patients (2=5.9, p=0.010). In patients of the main group, the levels of antibodies to thyroperoxidase on the 15th day after treatment, compared with their values before treatment, decreased by 5.65 times (t=8.4, p 0.001), the content of thyroid-stimulating hormone decreased by 2.18 times (t=6.9, p 0.001), free thyroxine increased 2 times (t=3.4, p 0.01), free triiodothyronine increased 1.71 times (t=1.4, p 0.05). The average values of antibodies to thyroperoxidase in the main group after treatment were within the normal range (31.575.75 IU/ml).
 Conclusion. The use of laser photodynamic therapy provides the best results in the treatment of patients with diffuse autoimmune thyroiditis.

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF TREATMENT OF TROPHIC ULCERS IN THE LOWER EXTREMITIES RESULTED FROM CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY

The prevalence of varicose veins of the lower extremities and trophic ulcers, and as a consequence, deterioration of the quality of life, high rate of disability pose this problem as one of the social and healthcare challenges. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the low-intensity laser radiation in the integrated treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities. Clinical and histomorphological studies were performed on 75 patients, 21 men and 54 women, aged from 15 to 75 years, who took the course of treatment for small and medium stage II ulcers on the lower extremities at the Educational and Surgical Clinic of the Azerbaijan Medical University and the Central Hospital of the Gazakh district. Criteria for inclusion in the study: both sexes, the presence of ulcerative necrotic lesions of the lower extremities. Exclusion criteria: heart failure, systemic diseases, cancerous diseases, hormone therapy, pregnancy. To conduct a comparative analysis, patients were randomly divided into three groups (25 individuals in each group): the main group, the comparison group and the control group. Venocoryl ointment, low-intensity laser radiation and endovenous laser ablation were used in the treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities of small and medium sizes in the main group. The control group received regional treatment including standard retro-specific methods and endovenous laser ablation. The comparison group received endovenous laser ablation and Venocoryl ointment. When using Venocoryl ointment, low-intensity laser radiation and endovenous laser ablation in the treatment of trophic ulcers with leg varicose veins, a more pronounced decrease in pain sensations, faster relief of the inflammatory process and activation of reparative processes were observed on the 7th and 14th days after the beginning of the therapy compared to the control group and the comparison group. The use of Venocoryl ointment, low-intensity laser radiation and endovenous laser ablation reduces pain in the main group after 7 and 14 days compared with the control group.

Effect of laser radiation and sodium fluoride on the reactivity of prepared teeth

BACKGROUND: The use of esthetic restorations (metalceramic and metal-free) provides for the preparation of teeth within the enamel and surface or middle layers of the dentin, which entails an increase in the reactivity of teeth. One of the promising directions for increasing the resistance of the prepared teeth in the orthopedic treatment of patients using esthetic dental restorations is the combined and consistent use of fluorides and low-intensity laser radiation.
 AIM: To examine the effect of low-intensity laser radiation and sodium fluoride on the reactivity of dissected vital teeth.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 2% aqueous solution of sodium fluoride was administered by electrophoresis with a portable device Desensitron-II. For laser exposure, a dental laser device Optodan was used in the first (anti-inflammatory) mode of operation. The research material was the results of orthopedic treatment of 120 patients aged 2039 years (57 men and 63 women). To assess the initial state of teeth reactivity and the effect of the therapeutic measures, the sensitivity of the teeth to temperature (thermoreactivity of the teeth), mechanical (sliding tangent test), and electrical (electrodontometry) influences was investigated.
 RESULTS: In the third group, the studied indicators before fixation demonstrated the maximum improvement in indicators relative to the data obtained in other groups.
 CONCLUSIONS: The combined sequential effect of low-intensity laser radiation and sodium fluoride reduces the reactivity of the prepared teeth while significantly improving the indicators of electrical excitability of the pulp and increasing the pain threshold in relation to temperature and mechanical stimuli.

Photoactivated Nanohybrid for Dual-Nuclei MR/US/PA Multimodal-Guided Photothermal Therapy.

Nanohybrids have gained immense popularity for the diagnosis and chemotherapy of lung cancer for their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and targeting ability. However, most of them suffer from limited imaging information, low tumor-to-background ratios, and multidrug resistance, limiting their potential clinical application. Herein, we engineered a photoresponsive nanohybrid by assembling polypyrrole@bovine serum albumin (PPy@BSA) encapsulating perfluoropentane (PFP)/129Xe for selective magnetic resonance (MR)/ultrasonic (US)/photoacoustic (PA) trimodal imaging and photothermal therapy of lung cancer, overcoming these drawbacks of single imaging modality and chemotherapy. The nanohybrid exhibited superior US, PA, and MR multimodal imaging performance for lung cancer detection. The high sensitivity of the nanohybrid to near-infrared light (NIR) resulted in a rapid increase in temperature in a low-intensity laser state, which initiated the phase transition of liquid PFP into the gas. The ultrasound signal inside the tumor, which is almost zero initially, is dramatically increased. Beyond this, it led to the complete depression of 19F/129Xe Hyper-CEST (chemical exchange saturation transfer) MRI during laser irradiation, which can precisely locate lung cancer. In vitro and in vivo results of the nanohybrid exhibited a successful therapeutic effect on lung cancer. Under the guidance of imaging results, a sound effect of photothermal therapy (PTT) for lung cancer was achieved. We expect this nanohybrid and photosensitive behavior will be helpful as fundamental tools to decipher lung cancer in an earlier stage through trimodality imaging methods.

Trophic Ulcers of the Lower Extremities: Possibilities of Conservative Treatment

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low-intensity laser radiation in the complex treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities in patients with varicose veins based on objective criteria. Materials and methods. Clinical and histomorphological studies were performed on patients aged 15 to 75 years who were treated for small and medium stage II ulcers on the lower extremities at the Training and Surgical Clinic of the Azerbaijan Medical University and the Central Hospital of the Gazakh region. The criteria for inclusion in the study were men and women of the above mentioned age, and the presence of ulcerative necrotic lesions of the lower extremities. The exclusion criteria were heart failure, systemic diseases, oncological diseases, hormone therapy, and pregnancy. The patients included in the study groups were comparable in age and sex characteristics, the volume of ulcerative lesions of the lower extremities, the duration of the disease and the somatic state. In the main group, in the treatment of trophic ulcers of the lower extremities of small and medium sizes, Venocoryl ointment, low-intensity laser radiation and endovenous laser ablation using a modified ptfe-coated cylindrical light guide were used. The control group included 25 patients, in whose regional treatment only standard retro-specific methods of treatment using endovenous laser ablation were used. The comparison group included 25 patients who underwent endovenous laser ablation and were prescribed Venocoryl ointment. The experimental groups included 21 men and 54 women aged 15 to 75 years. Results and discussion. The rate of healing of trophic ulcerative wounds during the second month after the start of therapy in the main group in patients of the main group was 0.131 ± 0.008 cm2 per day, in the comparison group – 0.125 ± 0.007 cm2; in the control group – 0.072 ± 0.004 cm2 per day. When observing patients for up to 6 months, the following was noted: in the main group, after the application of the laser, it was possible to completely heal the wound defect in 21 patients (84%) in the main group, 17 patients in the comparison group (68%) and 13 patients in the control group (52%). In the course of the research, it was found that in the main group for the first month there is an active process of epithelization and a reduction, against this background, of the ulcer, and, despite the decrease in the rate of reparative processes in this group, the ulcer epithelializes much earlier and faster. Conclusion. The high rate of healing with the use of laser radiation, compared with standard treatment, was maintained throughout the study period

ОПЫТ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ДИОДНОГО ЛАЗЕРА В КОМПЛЕКСНОМ ЛЕЧЕНИИ РАННИХ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЙ ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО ВОСПАЛЕНИЯ В ТКАНЯХ ПАРОДОНТА

The article presents data on the effect of a low-intensity diode laser and applications of adhesive plates based on biogel in the treatment of initial manifestations of chronic inflammation in periodontal tissues. Materials and methods. 3 equal randomized groups of 35 patients each with manifestations of chronic inflammation in periodontal tissues were created. In accordance with the protocol of local treatment, all patients underwent a complex of professional oral hygiene and motivation to conduct individual hygiene. In the main clinical subgroups, patients additionally received laser therapy and applications of adhesive plates on the gum, or treatment according to clinical protocols of StAR, 2001. The quantitative assessment of the periodontal condition was carried out using OHI-S indices – SBI, PMA, GI, PI. 
 The aim of the study is to evaluate the change in hygienic and periodontal indices in patients with early manifestations of chronic inflammation in periodontal tissues after using laser therapy in combination with applications of adhesive plates based on biogel and methods of local treatment according to the clinical protocols of Dental Association of Russia, 2001. Results. A comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the effect of a diode laser and applications of adhesive plates based on biogel and local treatment according to the clinical protocols of Dental Association of Russia, 2001 was confirmed by dynamic observation and monitoring of changes in reversible and irreversible indices. Conclusions. The observed qualitative decrease in indices in patients against the background of laser therapy and applications of adhesive plates based on biogel from the initial indicators was 8.2, 7.3 and 3.4 times for OHI-S, 7.2, 6.8 and 1.9 times for PMA, 5.9, 3.9, 2.6 times for SBI, 6.2, 4.5, 0.98 times for GI times, for PI 6,3,1 and 0.57 times (p < 0.001). In clinical subgroups, against the background of local treatment, according to the clinical protocols of Dental Association of Russia, 2001, the decrease in the index of OHY-S from the initial indicators occurred 3.3, 4.4, 1.8 times, for the PMA index 2.3, 4.5 times, for the SBI index 3.0, 2.6 times, for the GI index on average 2.1 times, for the PI index 2.5, 1.4 times, while its increase was observed in the subgroup with clinically intact periodontal disease by 6 months of dynamic follow-up and a decrease by 1.4 times by the year of follow-up (p < 0.001).