Low Input Current Ripple Research Articles

High-Efficient High-Voltage-Gain Capacitor Clamped DC–DC Converters and Their Construction Method

Due to the low output voltage of photovoltaic cells and fuel cells, a high-voltage-gain dc-dc converter is indispensable in the renewable energy power generation systems. In this article, a series of high-voltage-gain capacitor clamped dc-dc converters is constructed based on interleaved boost structures by considering the requirement of low input current ripple in fuel cell application. Furthermore, the construction method of capacitor clamped dc-dc converters is summarized according to the construction processes of these converters. Finally, the capacitor clamped dc-dc converter with the voltage gain of 3/(1-D) is analyzed in detail. Then, a 250-W prototype is built to validate the theoretical analysis and the construction method.

Renewable Energy Powered Plugged-In Hybrid Vehicle Charging System for Sustainable Transportation

Energy transformation by power electronic converters is not feasible without the efficient use of renewable energy. The article tries to extend the use of renewable energy to PHEV battery charging. In PHEV, the battery is one of the major sources of stored energy. The converter used for charging these batteries is of crucial concern. The paper addresses various challenges in designing a DC to DC converter for battery charging in DC bus. An optimized converter is designed to work with renewable energy sources to accomplish a high boost ratio, low input current ripple, low output voltage ripple, high power efficiency, and high power density. A combination of two interleaved boost converters is effectively used with the overlap time switching to achieve a high voltage boost ratio in forming the DC bus. Transformer isolation is used to increase reliability and boost ratio further. The secondary side employs a series-connected voltage doubler. The converter boosts an input voltage of 24 V to a range of 300–400 V. Simulation results have been obtained for a 300 W system. Simulation results are validated by a prototype implementation for a 250 W system. The converter is studied and analyzed for steady-state and transient state characteristics and the power efficiency obtained is 92.9%.

Analysis of Four Phase Interleaved Boost Converter

This paper deals with analysis of the four phase interleaved DC-DC converter for higher power application. The interleaved topology is widely used due to its advantage as lower input current ripple which means volume reduction of the input capacitor. The current ripple equation of an input current for the boost operation mode and the ripple current in the individual phase of the interleaved converter using uncoupled inductor are shown. The theoretical equations are supplemented by the simulation results using the Spice simulator and by measurement on the interleaved converter.

A DC–DC boost converter with high voltage gain integrating three‐winding coupled inductor with low input current ripple

A DC–DC boost converter with high voltage gain integrating three‐winding coupled inductor with low input current ripple

High Voltage Gain Three Coupled Winding DC-DC Interleaved Boost Converter with Arduino Microcontroller for the PV Panel Control

In many applications, high-step converters are widely used, including powered vehicles, Photovoltaic (PV) systems, continuous power supplies, Gas lighting and fuel cell systems. The most important requirements in the energy conversion process are reliability, quality, maintenance and size reduction. This paper presents an Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) to raise voltage gain with three coupled winding. This converter consists of three pairs of coupled inductors to collect energy in parallel and release energy to the series load, which provides a much higher output load voltage than the traditional DC-DC boost converter. To validate the performance, an investigation was introduced by means of steady state analysis and operation. The operation modes and mathematical analysis are presented. Arduino UNO microcontroller was used to implement Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) gate drive based on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The DC-DC IBC with High Voltage Gain (HVG) produces low voltage stress across switches, low input and output current ripple, and also improves the efficiency. These features made this converter suitable for applications where a high voltage gain is demanded. This converter was tested using Matlab/Simulink to validate the performance in terms of input and output ripples. The results supported the mathematical analysis. The cancelation of the ripple in input and output voltages has significantly detected. The ripple amplitude is reducing in DC-DC HVG IBC comparing with traditional DC-DC boost converter, and the ripple frequency is doubled. This tends to reduce the output filter losses, and size. Also improves the efficiency of the converter.

High Step-Up DC–DC Converter With Zero Voltage Switching and Low Input Current Ripple

A high step-up dc-dc converter is proposed in this article. With magnetic-coupling-based voltage multiplier technique, the proposed converter achieves high voltage gain and low switch voltage stress. Also, due to a boost inductor at the input, continuous input current is obtained, which is beneficial for battery, fuel cell, and photovoltaic applications. Moreover, zero voltage switching of the mosfets is achieved, leading to low switching losses. Furthermore, zero dc bias of the coupled inductor is realized, resulting in small magnetic size and low core losses. The operation principles, performance analysis, and design considerations of the proposed converter are discussed. A prototype with 40-V input and 400-V output has been developed to verify the theoretical analysis.

Interleaved Landsman Converter Fed EV Battery Charger with Power Factor Correction

In this paper, an electric vehicle (EV) battery charger with interleaved Landsman converter (ILC) followed by a flyback converter, is designed and evaluated for improved power quality (PQ) charging of battery. A built-in wave-shaping is obtained at the charger front-end due to improved PQ characteristics of ILC. This PFC converter consists of two Landsman converter cells, which are designed in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) to share the input and output currents. The current sharing at input results into lower input current ripple as well as peak current stress through the switch, is reduced. This, further improves the input current harmonics profile. Moreover, the reduced output voltage ripple gives reduced rms current in the output capacitor. A phase shift PWM scheme (PSPWM) is used for ILC and the duty cycle for the switches is selected below 50%. This allows the ripple cancellation at line and load sides. The interleaving at PFC stage as well as DCM based design ensures a low cost charging solution as compared to the conventional Landsman converter (CLC) based chargers in this power range. However, the flyback converter provides the current control during the charging of the battery in constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) regions. The harmonics spectrum of mains current follows the recommended PQ regulations over a range of varying line voltages and loadings.

Extended State Observer Based Flatness Control for Fuel Cell Output Series Interleaved Boost Converter

Output series interleaved boost converter (OS-IBC) has become a promising candidate for fuel cell application, due to the features of high voltage gain and low input current ripple. To achieve a satisfactory control performance for the OS-IBC, a robust dual loop control strategy is designed in this article. The designed controller comprises an inner loop dedicated to inductor current tracking and an outer loop aimed at output voltage regulation, both of which are based on flatness control. Furthermore, the extended state observers (ESO) are integrated into this control algorithm for online estimating the uncertain input voltage and output current of the equivalent converter. With this ESO, the parasitic circuit parameters are considered into the estimations, and meanwhile, the input source voltage sensor and load current sensor can be omitted. The feasibility and robustness of the designed controller have been successfully validated by simulation and experimental results obtained using a 240-W prototype converter and a dSPACE control platform.

A Family of High Step-Up Cascade DC–DC Converters With Clamped Circuits

In this article, a novel passive lossless clamped circuit composed of two capacitors and one diode is proposed. One of the two capacitors is used to construct a flowing path for the energy of leakage inductor and the other is used to store the leakage energy. Compared with a classical passive lossless clamped circuit, the novel circuit structure is more flexible and versatile, and the number of the extra capacitor and diode is consistent to the classical circuit for recycling the energy. Moreover, an idea of using more capacitors in series instead of a single output capacitor to reduce voltage stress and volume is presented. In order to extend their application scope and demonstrate their practical value, the novel clamped circuits and the idea are integrated into a family of cascade dc-dc converters based on the popular boosting cell, such as voltage-lift cell, symmetric voltage multiplier cell and asymmetric voltage multiplier cell. As a representative, a novel cascade converter, which integrates the novel passive lossless clamped circuit and the idea is analyzed in detail. The proposed converter has a high voltage gain and low ripple input current. The voltage stresses of an output diode and output capacitor can be effectively reduced. Its output capacitor adopts a 20-uF polypropylene (CBB) capacitor rated at 250 V to replace the higher rated electrolytic capacitor. A prototype circuit in the laboratory is established to verify its performances.

High Voltage Gain Quasi-Switched Boost Inverters With Low Input Current Ripple

Two high voltage gain quasi-switched boost inverters (HG-qSBIs) are introduced in this paper. The proposed HG-qSBIs has the following characteristics: 1) continuous input current with low ripple; 2) reduced voltage stress on the capacitor, switch, and diodes; 3) shoot-through immunity; 4) achieved high voltage gain with single-stage conversion; and 5) improve the output voltage capability with using high modulation index. A novel pulse-width modulationcontrol technique is proposed for the introduced HG-qSBI. Operating principle, circuit analysis, and passive component design guideline of the HG-qSBI are addressed. Comparison analysis between the introduced HG-qSBI and other Z-source-based high voltage gain inverters is presented. A prototype is made to test the introduced HG-qSBI. Simulation and experimental verifications are shown to prove the accuracy of the theoretical analysis.

A High Boost Active Switched Quasi-Z-Source Inverter With Low Input Current Ripple

This paper deals with a new single-stage high boost quasi-Z-source inverter based on the active switched Z-impedance network. The proposed inverter provides higher voltage boost factor, draws continuous input current, and shares the same ground between the input source and the bridge inverter. Compared with the traditional enhanced boost (quasi-)Z-source inverters (EB-ZSI/EB-qZSI), for two less inductors, one less capacitor, and one additional active switch used at the impedance network, the output voltage boost factor of the proposed inverter is twice as much as the EB-ZSI and EB-qZSI, which implies that it can use a very higher modulation index to provide improved quality output waveforms. Besides, for obtaining the same dc-ac output voltage gain, the proposed method has lower active switching voltage stress, lower passive component voltage ratings, and lower shoot-through current stress with lower input current ripple. The operation theory analysis, power loss calculation, simulation results, and performance comparison with other high boost impedance source inverters are presented. To verify the operating theory of the proposed inverter, a laboratory prototype based on the TMS320F28335 DSP was constructed and tested with 60 V dc input and ac 110 Vrms phase output. Finally, both simulations and the experimental results confirmed that the proposed inverter has high boost voltage inversion capability.

High step‐up isolated dc–dc converter with single input and double output and soft‐switching performance for renewable energy applications

A single-input double-output dc–dc isolated high step-up dc–dc converter with soft-switching feature is presented in this study. The concept is to utilise quadrupler technique to reach high voltage gain without large duty cycle. Additionally, soft-switching operation for all power switches and diodes is realised to reduce overall power losses and increase power conversion efficiency over a broad range. Furthermore, the leakage inductance energy of transformer is recycled to output with an active clamp circuit. Thus, the voltage stress on main switch is reduced and a low-voltage-rated metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (with low R DS on ) can be used. Moreover, low input current ripple feature is helpful to lengthen life time of renewable energy power sources. Finally, the analysis is described in detail and performance of the proposed converter has been verified through experimental results.

Decoupled Dual-PWM Control for Naturally Commutated Current-Fed Dual-Active-Bridge DC/DC Converter

The naturally commutated current-fed dual-active-bridge (CF-DAB) dc/dc converter is a suitable solution for the distributed generation system with low input current ripple and convenient current control. However, the efficiency under light load conditions is still a challenging issue with existing modulation schemes. In this article, a decoupled dual-pulse width modulation (PWM) control strategy is proposed to enhance the efficiency within a wide load range. The proposed modulation adjusts turn-on moments of secondary-side switches flexibly and charges the leakage inductor properly based on the instantaneous input current. The peak leakage inductor current, primary-side rms current, and the corresponding losses are reduced effectively compared to existing methods. Meanwhile, the proposed modulation strategy avoids the interactions between the primary-side duty cycle and the secondary-side duty cycle so as to decouple the voltage conversion ratio with leakage inductance and load conditions and simplify the control-loop design. The design process, power loss analysis, and implementation of the proposed modulation strategy are presented in detail. The impacts of deviations in parameters of input inductor and leakage inductor are also analyzed. Based on parameter estimation, a specific compensation loop without an additional current sensor is proposed to further improve the stability of the closed-loop control for the converter. The experimental results are given to verify the theoretical analysis and validity of the proposed modulation.

Interleaved high gain DC-DC converter for integrating solar PV source to DC bus

In this paper, a novel non-isolated DC-DC converter topology is proposed for solar photovoltaic (PV) application. The proposed converter is constructed from an interleaved boost converter (IBC) to reduce the input current ripple. Voltage gain is extended by (i) using voltage lift technique, (ii) replacing the conventional inductors of the IBC by coupled inductors (CIs) with appropriate turns ratio and (iii) connecting a voltage multiplier cell (VMC) across the secondary windings of the CIs. As the voltage gain is extended mainly at the secondary side of the CIs, the switches are subjected to low voltage stress which is only 12.63% of the output voltage. The converter yields a high voltage conversion ratio of 15.83. Experimental results obtained from a 24 V/380 V, 225 W prototype converter operating at 91.6% efficiency serves as a proof of the presented concept which has been employed to achieve high voltage conversion ratio (15.83) with low input current ripple (20%).

Interleaving‐based converter system with features of external auxiliary triggering and universal line input for driving medical laser equipment

A novel power converter system to drive medical laser equipment is proposed here, which has the major features of interleaving, external auxiliary triggering, and lighting period control. The converter system can deal with universal line input and provide instantaneous high power for medical laser equipment. This system mainly includes an interleaved-boost front end (IBFE), a lighting-period control unit (LPCU), an energy-stored capacitor bank (ESCB), an igniting and arc-sustaining circuit (IASC), external auxiliary triggering circuit (EATC), and a system controller (SC). With them, it is able to fulfil power factor correction (PFC), lower input current ripple, deal with universal line voltage, provide a larger current to xenon lamp, ignite xenon lamp at a lower voltage, and sustain lamp arc. The sustained arc will be beneficial to light the xenon lamp again. As a result, much more precise timing of laser output control can be accomplished. The operation of the converter system is discussed. In addition, a 2-kW prototype to deal with the line voltage range of 90 to 265 V ac is built and examined. Key waveforms and practical measurements have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed converter system.

Design and Analysis of a Developed Multiport High Step-Up DC–DC Converter With Reduced Device Count and Normalized Peak Inverse Voltage on the Switches/Diodes

In this paper, a developed structure is proposed for high step-up nonisolated noncoupled inductor based multiport dc–dc converters. The voltage gain per number of devices of the proposed topology is higher than that of similar topologies. This means that, by using the same number of devices, the proposed topology can generate higher gains than other structures. In other words, the proposed topology utilizes less number of devices for producing the same voltage gain, which leads to less total cost, size, weight, and complexity. Despite high voltage gain, the normalized peak inverse voltage (NPIV) on switches/diodes is low. Higher number of input ports leads to higher gains and lower NPIVs on devices. The load energy can be absorbed and stored in first input unit. Modularity, simple structure, continuous input currents, and low input current ripple are the other profits of proposed topology. Low/medium power applications are suggested for the proposed structure. Proposed topology has been explained and operational modes along with steady-state analysis have been discussed. For better verification, the proposed topology has been compared with several multiport high gain converters. Comparison results confirm the advantages of the proposed topology. Finally, the proper performance of the proposed topology has been validated by experimental results.

DC-DC Converter Topologies for Electric Vehicles, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging Stations: State of the Art and Future Trends

This article reviews the design and evaluation of different DC-DC converter topologies for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). The design and evaluation of these converter topologies are presented, analyzed and compared in terms of output power, component count, switching frequency, electromagnetic interference (EMI), losses, effectiveness, reliability and cost. This paper also evaluates the architecture, merits and demerits of converter topologies (AC-DC and DC-DC) for Fast Charging Stations (FCHARs). On the basis of this analysis, it has found that the Multidevice Interleaved DC-DC Bidirectional Converter (MDIBC) is the most suitable topology for high-power BEVs and PHEVs (> 10kW), thanks to its low input current ripples, low output voltage ripples, low electromagnetic interference, bidirectionality, high efficiency and high reliability. In contrast, for low-power electric vehicles (<10 kW), it is tough to recommend a single candidate that is the best in all possible aspects. However, the Sinusoidal Amplitude Converter, the Z-Source DC-DC converter and the boost DC-DC converter with resonant circuit are more suitable for low-power BEVs and PHEVs because of their soft switching, noise-free operation, low switching loss and high efficiency. Finally, this paper explores the opportunity of using wide band gap semiconductors (WBGSs) in DC-DC converters for BEVs, PHEVs and converters for FCHARs. Specifically, the future roadmap of research for WBGSs, modeling of emerging topologies and design techniques of the control system for BEV and PHEV powertrains are also presented in detail, which will certainly help researchers and solution engineers of automotive industries to select the suitable converter topology to achieve the growth of projected power density.

An Ultrahigh Step-Up Nonisolated Interleaved Converter With Low Input Current Ripple

In this paper, a new topology to achieve ultrahigh step-up voltage conversion ratio and very low input current ripple is introduced for nonisolated high-power applications by using interleaved structure combined with coupled inductors (CIs) and switched capacitors. Using voltage lift capacitors in this topology not only recycles the energy related to leakage inductance of CIs and alleviates the voltage spike across the power switches but also increases the voltage gain of the converter. Moreover, utilizing CI structure provides zero-current switching (ZCS) turn-on condition for power switches and reducing the diodes reverses recovery losses and also improves the voltage gain of the converter. Using the interleaved structure in the low-voltage side noticeably decreases the input current ripple and current stress through magnetic elements. In addition, utilizing the voltage multiplier cell structure in the high-voltage side provides a high-voltage gain. The voltage stress across the power switches is considerably lower than the output voltage. Hence, the low-voltage-rated switches can be employed. Based on the mentioned advantages, the efficiency of this implementation is improved significantly. Finally, to validate the performance of the proposed converter, a 600-W, 24-V/520-V prototype circuit is implemented.

A Family of Interleaved High Step-Up Converters With Diode–Capacitor Technique

This paper presents a family of multiphase interleaved high step-up dc-dc converters using the diode–capacitor technique, which is an extension of the previously reported current-fed Cockcroft–Walton (CW) multiplier. The multiphase configuration has the advantages of low input current ripple, high current-handling capability, and high step-up voltage gain. Also, the switches and diodes have low voltage stresses. Thus, low-voltage-rating semiconductor devices are allowed reducing the conduction loss. Moreover, automatic phase current balancing can be achieved due to the charge balance of the series capacitors. A three-phase high step-up converter in the family is analyzed and evaluated in detail. The simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis.

Power Factor Improvement in Modified Bridgeless Landsman Converter Fed EV Battery Charger

This work deals with the design and implementation of a new charger for a battery-operated electric vehicle (EV) with power factor improvement at the front end. In the proposed configuration, the conventional diode converter at the source end of existing EV battery charger is eliminated with the modified Landsman power factor correction (PFC) converter. The PFC converter is cascaded to a flyback isolated converter, which yields the EV battery control to charge it, first in constant current mode then switching to constant voltage mode. The proposed PFC converter is controlled using single sensed entity to achieve the robust regulation of dc-link voltage as well as to ensure the unity power factor operation. The proposed topology offers improved power quality, low device stress, and low input and output current ripple with low input current harmonics when compared to the conventional one. Moreover, to demonstrate the conformity of the proposed charger to an IEC 61000-3-2 standard, a prototype is built and tested to charge a 48 V EV battery of 100 Ah capacity, under transients in input voltage. The performance of the charger is found satisfactory for all the cases.