Low Incident Research Articles

Study of neutron capture reaction-induced displacement damage cross section and KERMA factor

Radiative neutron capture reaction is generally the main reaction inducing atomic displacements and nuclear heating for low incident neutron energy, even though its contribution to total displacement damage is quite limited in general. The multiple photon emission without identifying the correlations between photons leads the calculated recoil energy to be uncertain. The present work recommends a formula for computing the average recoil energy by assuming the isotropic photon emissions, while the upper limit has been implemented in some codes. The recommended method is identical to the one used in NJOY if the photon distributions are in MF12-MF15, whereas the photon yield is not included in NJOY when photon yields are included in MF6. The presently recommended method for KERMA factor calculation is numerically validated against Tripoli-4 neutron-photon coupling Monte Carlo simulations. Due to the negligible contribution of neutron kick, the correction of the kinematic KERMA factor is quasi-identical to that of photon kick by the yield Y (or Y2 for upper limit). This conclusion is however not applicable for displacement damage calculation if the maximum photon kick is close to the threshold displacement energy. In such a case, detailed consideration of photon emission cascades rather than approximate analytical formulae should be included for accurate calculation of neutron capture reaction-induced damage cross section.

Rough-surface effect on sputtering of Cr bombarded by low-energy He plasma

• Microscopic cones grow on a Cr surface during He plasma exposure. • Angular distribution of sputtered atoms becomes more over-cosine-like (narrower). • Sputtering yield is significantly reduced. • GITR coupled with SDTrimSP simulations reproduce the experimental findings. The formation of microscopic cone-like structures on a Cr surface is observed under He plasma exposure at a low incident ion energy of ∼106 eV in the PISCES-A linear plasma device. 2D emission profiles of the Cr I line intensity, measured with a hyperspectral imaging camera, are compared with those modeled using the GITR Monte Carlo impurity transport code coupled with the SDTrimSP binary collision code. With the growth of cones, the experimental 2D emission profile becomes axially elongated and the emission intensity significantly drops, and these observations are successfully reproduced in the simulation. The simulation reveals that the deposition of sputtered Cr atoms onto the neighboring cones results in a more over-cosine-like angular distribution, i.e., a narrower distribution with more particles ejected in the surface normal direction, of sputtered Cr atoms with a significant reduction of the sputtering yield.

Spatial Clustering of County-Level COVID-19 Rates in the U.S.

Despite the widespread prevalence of cases associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, little is known about the spatial clustering of COVID-19 in the United States. Data on COVID-19 cases were used to identify U.S. counties that have both high and low COVID-19 incident proportions and clusters. Our results suggest that there are a variety of sociodemographic variables that are associated with the severity of COVID-19 county-level incident proportions. As the pandemic evolved, communities of color were disproportionately impacted. Subsequently, it shifted from communities of color and metropolitan areas to rural areas in the U.S. Our final period showed limited differences in county characteristics, suggesting that COVID-19 infections were more widespread. The findings might address the systemic barriers and health disparities that may result in high incident proportions of COVID-19 clusters.

Power-Dependent Photoluminescence Efficiency in Manganese-Doped 2D Hybrid Perovskite Nanoplatelets.

Substitutional metal doping is a powerful strategy for manipulating the emission spectra and excited state dynamics of semiconductor nanomaterials. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of colloidal manganese (Mn2+)-doped organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite nanoplatelets (chemical formula: L2[APb1-xMnxBr3]n-1Pb1-xMnxBr4; L, butylammonium; A, methylammonium or formamidinium; n (= 1 or 2), number of Pb1-xMnxBr64- octahedral layers in thickness) via a ligand-assisted reprecipitation method. Substitutional doping of manganese for lead introduces bright (approaching 100% efficiency) and long-lived (>500 μs) midgap Mn2+ atomic states, and the doped nanoplatelets exhibit dual emission from both the band edge and the dopant state. Photoluminescence quantum yields and band-edge-to-Mn intensity ratios exhibit strong excitation power dependence, even at a very low incident intensity (<100 μW/cm2). Surprisingly, we find that the saturation of long-lived Mn2+ dopant sites cannot explain our observation. Instead, we propose an alternative mechanism involving the cross-relaxation of long-lived Mn-site excitations by freely diffusing band-edge excitons. We formulate a kinetic model based on this cross-relaxation mechanism that quantitatively reproduces all of the experimental observations and validate the model using time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy. Finally, we extract a concentration-normalized microscopic rate constant for band edge-to-dopant excitation transfer that is ∼10× faster in methylammonium-containing nanoplatelets than in formamidinium-containing nanoplatelets. This work provides fundamental insight into the interaction of mobile band edge excitons with localized dopant sites in 2D semiconductors and expands the toolbox for manipulating light emission in perovskite nanomaterials.

Calibration and Performance of the REgolith X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) Aboard NASA’s OSIRIS-REx Mission to Bennu

The REgolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) instrument on board NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission to the asteroid Bennu is a Class-D student collaboration experiment designed to detect fluoresced X-rays from the asteroid’s surface to measure elemental abundances. In July and November 2019 REXIS collected ∼615 hours of integrated exposure time of Bennu’s sun-illuminated surface from terminator orbits. As reported in Hoak et al. (Results from the REgolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) at Bennu, 2021) the REXIS data do not contain a clear signal of X-ray fluorescence from the asteroid, in part due to the low incident solar X-ray flux during periods of observation. To support the evaluation of the upper limits on the detectable X-ray signal that may provide insights for the properties of Bennu’s regolith, we present an overview of the REXIS instrument, its operation, and details of its in-flight calibration on astrophysical X-ray sources. This calibration includes the serendipitous detection of the transient X-ray binary MAXI J0637-430 during Bennu observations, demonstrating the operational success of REXIS at the asteroid. We convey some lessons learned for future X-ray spectroscopy imaging investigations of asteroid surfaces.

Effect of Sputter Deposition on the Adhesion and Failure Behavior between Cu Film and Glassy Calcium Aluminosilicate: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Understanding the physical vapor deposition (PVD) process of metallic coatings on an inorganic substrate is essential for the packaging and semiconductor industry. In this work, we investigate a Copper (Cu) film deposition on a glassy Calcium Aluminosilicate (CAS) by PVD and its dependence on the incident energy. Molecular dynamics simulation is adopted to mimic the deposition process, and pure Cu film is grown on top of CAS surface forming intermixing region (IR) of Cu oxide. In the initial stage of deposition, incident Cu atoms are diffused into CAS bulk and aggregated at the surface which leads to the formation of IR. When the high incident energy, 2 eV, is applied, 20% more Cu atoms are observed at the interface compared to the low incident energy, 0.2 eV, due to enhanced lateral diffusion. As the Cu film grows, the amorphous thin Cu layer of 1 nm is temporarily formed on top of CAS, and crystallization with face-centered cubic from amorphous structure follows regardless of incident energy, and surface roughness is observed to be low for high incident energy cases. Deformation and failure behavior of Cu-CAS bilayer by pulling is investigated by steered molecular dynamics technique. The adhesive failure mode is observed, which implies the bilayer experiences a failure at the interface, and a 7% higher adhesion force is predicted for the high incident energy case. To find an origin of adhesion enhancement, the distribution of Cu atoms on the fractured CAS surface is analyzed, and it turns out that 6.3% more Cu atoms remain on the surface, which can be regarded as a source for the high adhesion force. Our findings hopefully give the insight to understand deposition and failure mechanisms between heterogeneous materials and are also helping to further improve Cu adhesion in sputter experiments.

Interfacial Photogating Effect for Hybrid Graphene-Based Photodetectors

Ultrafast and high-sensitive photodetectors operating from the deep-ultraviolet to near-infrared region at room temperature are essential for many applications such as analytical chemistry, optical positioning, biomedical imaging, and remote sensing. Toward high-performance photodetectors, hybrid colloid quantum dots/graphene photodetectors based on the photogating mechanism have been intensively studied. An ultrahigh sensitivity has been obtained in the range from 105 to 109 A/W but the major challenge of these configurations is the slow operating speed on the millisecond to second time scale. Manipulating the transferring of carriers at the interface of semiconductor nanostructures and graphene is an essential key to optimize the interfacial photogating effect. Here, we grow an absorber layer directly on graphene by e-beam evaporation to obtain a fast photoresponse time of the detectors. Thus, the gap between the high responsivity and fast response time can be bridged. The photodetectors indicate a high photoresponsivity of ∼2.5 × 106 A/W at low incident intensity on the order of femto-watts, a specific detectivity of ∼8.5 × 1011 Jones, and a fast response process of ∼20 ns together with a slow component of ∼850 ns (response time of <1 μs) under a drain-to-source bias of 100 mV. The study has provided a method to obtain high-performance photodetectors based on graphene with high responsivity and fast response time.

Simulation Research of Potential Contrast Agents for X-Ray Fluorescence CT with Photon Counting Detectors

XFCT is a novel method for the early cancer detection. Increasing concentration of contrast agents and incident X-rays’ energy were used to improve detecting accuracy, which greatly increased the prevalence of contrast-induced nephropathy. Therefore, this research explores the adaptive contrast agents and uses Geant4 to simulate the imaging conditions of Pt, Bi, Gd, Ru, and Au for searching the lowest detectable concentration based on the fast multi-pinhole collimated XFCT (fmpc-XFCT) imaging system and low incident energy. Several imaging parameters including pinhole radius (0.7, 0.8, and 1 mm) were adjusted, and the optimized EM-TV algorithm was used to reconstruct XFCT images. It is found that Bi element is superior to other metal elements in terms of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and fluorescence efficiency, and the lowest concentration that can be detected is 0.12% with optimal parameters.

Surface damage formation during atomic layer etching of silicon with chlorine adsorption

As semiconductor device structures continue to approach the nanometer size range, new challenges in the fabrication of such devices have arisen. For example, the need for high-aspect-ratio, highly selective, controllable, and isotropic or anisotropic etching at the nanometer scale are some of them. Recently, atomic layer etching (ALE) has attracted much attention as an alternative to the conventional reactive ion etching (RIE) to address these issues. In comparison with RIE, ALE offers highly uniform etching over a large area with a precise etched depth and little damage to the underlying material surface. However, the extent of the surface damage formation in ALE processes has not been extensively reported yet. In this study, molecular dynamics simulation is used to examine the surface damages and reaction mechanisms during plasma-assisted (PA-) ALE of silicon (Si) with chlorine (Cl) radical adsorption and low-energy Ar+ ion irradiation for desorption. Several ALE cycles have been simulated and reproducible etched depths per cycle have been obtained. Based on the depth profiles, a damaged surface layer with a thickness of about 1.5 nm is found to be caused by the ALE process even at a very low ion incident energy of 20 eV in the simulation. The thickness of a damaged-layer on the etched surface slightly increases with the ion incident energy for the energy range examined in this study (20–60 eV), and Cl atoms deposited on the surface in the ALE adsorption step are transported deeper in the damaged-layer by the ion bombardment. Our simulation results indicate that a certain damage formation cannot be avoided on the “as-etched” surface of a PA-ALE process and, if the damaged-layer inadvertently affects the device performance, further action to mitigate the damage needs to be taken.

POS0535 QUERY ALGORITHMS AND MACHINE LEARNING METHODS AS TOOLS TO IDENTIFY COMORBIDITIES IN LARGE-SCALE FREE-TEXT BASED FIELDS: A CASE-REPORT

Background: Inflammatory rheumatic conditions (IRC) are associated with comorbidity, two most important being cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and infections [1, 2]. A crucial initial step when proceeding with studying CVD and infections in these patients is identification of events. The large scale EHR datasets enable studies to assess low incident and clinically important events, but requires both accurate as well as efficient data extraction. Studying Electronic Health Records (EHR) using query-based algorithms (QBA) and machine learning algorithms (MLA) offers a valuable tool to screen large-scale collections for rare events, thus replacing resource intensive manual chart review. Objectives: To explore the (comparative) usefulness of QBA and MLA to identify CVD and infection events in EHR free-text data in patients with chronic IRC. Methods: To independently develop and validate the algorithms we used two EHR databases, i.e. a training set with psoriatic arthritis patients (N=977, dataset A, Golden Standard) and a validation set of rheumatoid arthritis patients (N=1098, dataset B). Using both QBA and MLA, we aimed to identify (yes/no and timing) CVD and infections. We assessed the performances of the algorithms by calculating the specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and the negative predictive value (NPV), respectively. Results: In the final performance analysis on dataset B, both QBA and MLA showed a high performance in identifying CVD (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV for QBA ((95% CI)= 0.69 (0.66-0.72), 0.99 (0.96-1.02), 0.84 (0.81-0.87), 0.98 (0.95-1.01)) and for MLA (sensitivity = 0.69 (0.66-0.72), 0.98 (0.95-1.01), 0.68 (0.65-0.71), 0.98 (0.95-1.01), respectively) Infections showed similar performance (QBA sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV is 0.64 (0.61-0.67), 0.96 (0.93-0.99), 0.66 (0.63-0.69), 0.96 (0.93-.0.99) and for MLA = 0.61 (0.58-0.64), 0.93 (0.90-0.96), 0.49 (0.46-0.52), 0.96 (0.93-0.99), respectively). For infections the specificity was slightly higher for QBA relative to MLA. Conclusion: We found a consistent high performance of both the QBA and MLA algorithms for the identification of CVD and infections in our free text EHR of patients with chronic IRC (Table 1). The performance of QBA highly depends on the domain knowledge of the builders, which might allow it to outperform a Gold Standard. MLA is efficient as it does not require any domain knowledge, but its performance is restricted by the quality of the Gold Standard.

Performance analysis of a passive tubular skylight using rectilinear parabolic-profile integrated with plane reflectors and wedge prism

A tubular skylight (TS) is an effective system for transporting natural sunlight into the building interiors. However, the passive nature of the system may not account for the changing orientation of the sun and the conventional daylight collector designs like transparent dome are less effective under low altitude sun. This paper focuses on the performance evaluation of specifically designed TS having rectilinear parabolic-profile reflectors integrated with plane surface reflectors and wedge-shaped prism for daylight collection. The designed configuration redirects the low altitude incident rays efficiently into a vertical mirror light pipe having a rectangular cross-section and aims at giving desired levels of lighting throughout the sunny day. Numerical analysis of the same was carried out for various sky conditions. Experimental results for the proposed TS design show improved lighting levels during the low-altitude sun and reduced but consistent lighting during the mid-day. Average illuminance of ~ 400 lx was observed on the floor of the experiment room for the most part of the day. Along with capturing beam sunlight a significant amount of diffuse daylight capturing ability under clear sky conditions is observed using the proposed TS. The average illuminance value obtained on the work plane during winter solstice through the most optimized configured TS was more than twice the lighting value achieved by a conventional daylight-collecting transparent dome and almost twice the lighting value achieved by a TS with a prismatic dome collector. Under overcast sky conditions, the performance of the proposed configuration of TS is at par.

Parasitism on Riparian Dragonflies (Odonata) at Biology Education and Research Forest, Universitas Andalas

Parasitism on dragonflies (Odonata) may become the least attention in most entomological studies in Indonesia, since it possesses much indirect effect to human being. The odonata parasitism is caused by the infestation of water mite larvae onto the body of adult dragonflies. In this paper we discuss the result of odonatological survey we did at two tributaries in Biology Education and Research Forest (BERF), Universitas Andalas. The survey had been conducted between August to November 2019. We recorded 17 dragonfly species bound to these tributaries, 12 Zygopterans and 5 Anispterans. Water mite infestation was observed to happen on four Zygopteran species and one Anisoptera. The highest prevalence was shown by Orthetrum testaceum (100%), followed by Euphaea variegata (16.67%), Prodasineura verticalis (14.29%), Euphaea modigliani (3.57%) and Heliocypha angusta angusta (0.85%). In overall, the prevalence on community level reached 3.29%. The parasitism case observed in the tributaries of BERF can be classified as low incident, each infested odonate only contained a single water mite except for O. testaceum with two water mites. We presume that habitat condition may contribute to the rate of dragonfly parasitism, where a good habitat help lowering the parasitism incident.

Tuning microstructure and enhancing mechanical properties of Co-Ni-V-Al medium entropy alloy thin films via deposition power

Recently, medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) combining high hardness with excellent ductility have attracted numerous attentions. Here we synthesize a series of Co-Ni-V-Al MEA thin films by magnetron sputtering at room temperature with deposition power from 60 W to 300 W. The film microstructure, morphology, and mechanical properties depended remarkably on atomic fluence, proportional to deposition power. With increasing atomic fluence, the amorphous phase fraction experienced a process of first decreasing and then increasing, and fully amorphous structure was obtained at 300 W. Surface diffusion is dominated in low incident atomic energy range, while deposition rate effect is dominant over surface diffusion effect in high incident atomic energy range, resulting in the crossover in phase selection. The nanocolumn size increased with atomic fluence from 60 W-films to 150 W-films, accompanied by roughness rise, and remained constant with further increasing atomic fluence, along with roughness drop caused by fully amorphous structure. Excellent mechanical properties including higher hardness, tensile fracture strength, lateral Young’s modulus, better scratch-resistance, lower coefficient of friction, were observed for higher incident atomic energy films. In low atomic fluence range from 60 W-films to 150 W-films, the improved mechanical response mainly come from the reduced fraction of interfacial region between adjacent nanocolumns. Further increasing atomic fluence, it is the bombardment-induced dense nanocolumn boundaries, rather than enhanced adatom diffusion at high atomic fluence, that cause further improved mechanical response. Our current work could pave a way for a controlled synthesis of high-performance MEA thin films via tuning deposition power.

A Self-Gating RF Energy Harvester for Wireless Power Transfer With High-PAPR Incident Waveform

In this article, we propose a self-gating radio frequency (RF) energy harvester (RFEH) for reaching a high-power harvesting efficiency (PHE) at a low incident RF power level with a high peak-to-average power ratio (high-PAPR) waveform. It includes a power switch between a cross-coupled rectifier and its supplied load to cut off the reverse leakage current in between the short power bursts. The power switch is dynamically controlled based on an indication of the ability of the RFEH to effectively charge the load at the instantaneous incident power level. This is achieved by comparing the load voltage with the open-circuit voltage of a replica rectifier. A comparator with optional proteresis (reversed hysteresis) is proposed for compensating its logic delay at the start and at the end of the short RF power bursts. As a result, the power switch is accurately turned on only during the power bursts. The self-gating RFEH was prototyped for 2.45-GHz wireless power transfer (WPT). It includes a cross-coupled rectifier with the proposed self-gating circuit fabricated in a 65-nm process, a discrete balun, a parasitic-aware-sized π matching network, and an off-the-shelf power management unit (PMU) with maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Measurement results show sensitivity as low as -26.7 dBm with a peak PHE of 32.3% at -14.1-dBm incident power. Compared with the state-of-the-art works, the proposed design significantly improves the RFEH performance at the target low average incident power.

Comparison of Results from Recent NNSA and CEA Measurements of the 239Pu(n, f) Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum

The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)/DP French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)/DAM agreement on cooperation on fundamental science is a U.S.-French collaborative effort to combine intellectual and experimental resources and further the relevant nuclear science. Recently, both the NNSA and CEA experimental teams performed high-statistics measurements of the 239Pu(n, f) prompt fission neutron spectrum (PFNS) at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, both of which were recently published in the journal Physical Review C. These separate measurements used the same experimental area and a common neutron detector array, but differ in many aspects, including background assessments, data acquisition systems and philosophies, fission detectors, and PFNS extraction techniques. Hence, some aspects of the experimental methods and associated uncertainties are highly correlated while others are independent. The results from both measurements broke new ground for PFNS measurements given their higher accuracy and more detailed study of corrections necessary for the measured quantity compared to existing literature measurements, and both will significantly impact PFNS nuclear data evaluations for the foreseeable future. The focus of this work is to document a comparison of the results from these distinct measurements in terms of the acquired data, the PFNS results, and the measured average PFNS energies. While systematic differences between the PFNS results are present on the 1–3% level, the acquired data relative to each respective measurement at low incident neutron energies are in remarkable agreement, as are the conclusions regarding the magnitude and position of features in the PFNS relating to second-chance fission, third-chance fission, and pre-equilibrium neutron emission.

Giant right ventricular myxoma presenting as right heart failure with systemic congestion: a rare case report

BackgroundMyxoma is an uncommon disease and its symptoms vary greatly depending on size, location and mobility. Right-sided myxoma, especially right ventricular myxoma, is much rarer, and the symptoms are alien and uncharacteristic. The lack of understandings poses challenges to prompt diagnosis and timely treatment.Case presentationA 44-year-old female patient was diagnosed with giant right ventricular tumor. Right heart failure and systemic congestion caused by right ventricular outflow tract obstruction were observed on this case. Surgery was performed to excise the mass which was measured at 9.5 * 5.0 cm and confirmed as myxoma pathologically.ConclusionsRight-side myxoma is easy to be unnoticed due to its low incident rate and atypical symptoms. Delay in surgical intervention might cause unrecoverable complications. More comprehensive understanding of the symptoms is expected to help improving the diagnose and treat of right-sided myxoma.

Modelling of hydrogen atoms reflection from an annealed tungsten fuzzy surfaces

Abstract Modelling of the hydrogen reflection on tungsten smooth and fuzz surfaces under the low-energy hydrogen plasma bombardment has been performed with the three-dimensional kinetic Monte Carlo code SURO-FUZZ. The relative reflection coefficient of hydrogen atoms, i.e. the ratio of reflected hydrogen atoms on the tungsten fuzz surface to that on the tungsten smooth one, is employed to illustrate the change in the hydrogen reflection on the tungsten fuzz and smooth surfaces. The simulated relative reflection coefficient of hydrogen atoms shows a large discrepancy with the measured values obtained in the hydrogen plasma bombardment experiment. The impinging hydrogen particles with a low incident energy result in a small sputtering and large residual nanostructure existing on the tungsten fuzz surface, which lead to a small change in the relative reflection coefficient of hydrogen atoms. The discrepancy between simulations and experiments motivates us to take the impacts of the annealing effect into account in SURO-FUZZ code. Implementation of annealing effect into SURO-FUZZ has been benchmarked against the experimental data. The simulated temporal evolution of the hydrogen reflection coefficient is in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.

MODELING OF DOSE RATES IN CASE OF A RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENT AT THE IFIN-HH INTERMEDIARY GRAPHITE STORAGE

The low and intermediate level activity wastes resulted from decommissioning of the VVR-S nuclear research reactor belonging to the “Horia Hulubei” National Institute for R&amp;D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), are kept in an intermediary storage facility. The storage is located on the premises of the Institute near Bucharest, Romania and includes activated graphite from the reactor thermal column. In case of a very low probability hypothetical atmospheric radiological dispersal incident such as an unexpected fire, despite all the implemented safety measures, there is a certain radiological risk for the workers and general public due to potential ingestion or inhalation or contact with the radioactive aerosols released on a certain range from the storage building. For estimating the total gamma dose intake and adequate countermeasures for workers and public members, the JRODOS (Real-time On-line Decision Support) code system for off-site emergency management after nuclear accidents was used in the paper.

Wind speed inversion and in-orbit assessment of the imaging altimeter on Tiangong-2 space station

Imaging altimeter (IALT) is a new type of radar altimeter system. In contrast to the conventional nadir-looking altimeters, such as HY-2A altimeter, Jason-1/2, and TOPEX/Poseidon, IALT observes the earth surface at low incident angles (2.5°–8°), so its swath is much wider and its spatial resolution is much higher than the previous altimeters. This paper presents a wind speed inversion method for the recently launched IALT onboard Tiangong-2 space station. Since the current calibration results of IALT do not agree well with the well-known wind geophysical model function at low incidence angles, a neural network is used to retrieve the ocean surface wind speed in this study. The wind speed inversion accuracy is evaluated by comparing with the ECMWF reanalysis wind speed, buoy wind speed, and in-situ ship measurements. The results show that the retrieved wind speed bias is about −0.21 m/s, and the root-mean-square (RMS) error is about 1.85 m/s. The wind speed accuracy of IALT meets the performance requirement.

Comparison of Fracture Delineation Methods in Anteroposterior Pelvic Radiographs

Pelvic fractures are very difficult to detect due to the visual complexity of the pelvic bone. Pelvic fracture occurs less frequently, only when there is a high energy event such as fall from a height or vehicle collision. In elder people and in osteoporosis patients even a low energy incident may cause fracture. The paper includes the comparison of three different fracture detection methods – GLCM and ANN based, Statistical curve fitting and classifier based and finally statistical curve fitting and ANN based method.