Abstract
XFCT is a novel method for the early cancer detection. Increasing concentration of contrast agents and incident X-raysโ energy were used to improve detecting accuracy, which greatly increased the prevalence of contrast-induced nephropathy. Therefore, this research explores the adaptive contrast agents and uses Geant4 to simulate the imaging conditions of Pt, Bi, Gd, Ru, and Au for searching the lowest detectable concentration based on the fast multi-pinhole collimated XFCT (fmpc-XFCT) imaging system and low incident energy. Several imaging parameters including pinhole radius (0.7, 0.8, and 1 mm) were adjusted, and the optimized EM-TV algorithm was used to reconstruct XFCT images. It is found that Bi element is superior to other metal elements in terms of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and fluorescence efficiency, and the lowest concentration that can be detected is 0.12% with optimal parameters.
Highlights
X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) is a novel method to detect early-stage cancer, combining X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) with X-ray fluorescence technology (XRF) [1,2,3]
XFCT can be seen as a stimulated emission tomography, in which a sample is irradiated with X-rays more energetic than the K-shell or L-shell energy of the target elements of interest
The process of incident X-rays with an initial intensity of I0 is divided into three steps: the attenuation process of incident f(ฮฑ, s, t) represents the process of incident X-ray reaching the point Q and g(ฮฑ, s, t) represents the process of fluorescent X-ray radiated from the point Q reaching the detector. a and s denote the angle and the translation offset of the incident X-ray, respectively. uph is the photoelectric linear attenuation coefficient of contrast agents. ฯ is the angle at the point Q viewed by the detector
Summary
X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) is a novel method to detect early-stage cancer, combining X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) with X-ray fluorescence technology (XRF) [1,2,3]. XFCT can be seen as a stimulated emission tomography, which can determine the spatial distribution of the contrast agents [4]. The development of XFCT is mainly limited by the high radiation dose and low detection sensitivity when used for an in vivo image. Increasing the concentration of contrast agent and incident X-raysโ energy was to solve this problem, which greatly increased the prevalence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). The preventive measures for CIN include hydration therapy, selecting hypotonic or isotonic contrast agents, reducing the dose of contrast agents, and supplying speed [5]. The essential measure is to reduce the concentration of the contrast agents
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