Low Humidity Conditions Research Articles

Effect of air humidity on the pulse-jet cleaning performance of cartridge filter for collecting hygroscopic adhesive dusts

Pulse-jet cartridge filters are widely used in industrial dust removal. However, the accumulation of highly sticky dust can cause irreversible blockage of cartridges. This is primarily due to the humidity of the air on the cleaning performance of the filter cartridge. Therefore, this article proposed a new method to solve it by changing the injection air source (nitrogen, compressed air after suction dryer treatment and compressed air after cold dryer treatment), the influence of humidity on system strength and dust residues was assessed. We define absolute humidity above 10 g m−3 as a high humidity condition and vice versa as a low humidity condition. The conclusions are that the injection effect only considers the water content of the injection air source: nitrogen > compressed air after suction dryer treatment > compressed air after cold dryer treatment. In low humidity conditions, the injection air source is the main influence factor, plus the water content of the injection air source, the greater the resistance of the system and the dust residues. In high humidity conditions, the humidity of the air is the most important influence. When the gas-solid concentration and filtration wind speed are constant, the system strength and dust residues increase with the increase in humidity. This study provides new ideas and reliable data sources for the industrial collection of adhesive dust.

Prediction model of asphalt emulsion evaporation rate based on CFD simulation and genetic programming-based symbolic regression

The evaporation rate of asphalt emulsion is critical to the strength development of asphalt emulsion materials. Its value is dependent on environmental factors, i.e. relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed. However, the quantitative relation of evaporation rate with these environmental factors are unclear. To quantificationally study the effect of environmental factors on the water evaporation rate of asphalt emulsion, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation model of water evaporation is firstly proposed and validated by experiment. Then, wide range of environmental factors are studied in the CFD simulation model, and genetic programming-based symbolic regression is used to train the simulation results of CFD samples. Finally, a relatively accurate prediction equation of the evaporation rate of asphalt emulsion versus environmental factor is proposed, and the sensitivity of the water evaporation rate under the three environmental factors is analyzed. Results show that the evaporation rate can be accurately simulated by CFD. All the three environmental factors can greatly affect the evaporation rate of asphalt emulsion, while their effect on the sensitivity of the water evaporation rate is ranked as: temperature > relative humidity > wind speed. To ensure an acceptable curing period, asphalt emulsion-based materials should be avoided to be paved in the conditions of low temperature and high relative humidity.

Capture Fluorocarbon and Chlorofluorocarbon from Air Using DUT-67 for Safety and Semi-Quantitative Analysis.

Fluoro- and chlorofluorocabons (FC/CFCs) are important refrigerants, solvents, and fluoropolymers in industry while being toxic and carrying high global warming potential. Detection and reclamation of FC/CFCs based on adsorption technology with highly selective adsorbents is important to labor safety and environmental protection. Herein, the study reports an integrated method to combine capture, separation, enrichment, and analysis of representative FC/CFCs (chlorodifluoromethane(R22) and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a)) by using the highly stable and porous Zr-MOF, DUT-67. Gas adsorption and breakthrough experiments demonstrate that DUT-67 has high R22/R134a uptake (124/116 cm3 g-1) and excellent R22/R134a/CO2 separation performance (IAST selectivities of R22/CO2 and R134a/CO2 ranging from 51.4 to 33.3, and 31.1 to 25.8), even in rather low concentration and humid conditions. A semi-quantitative analysis protocol is set up to analyze the low concentrations of R22/R134a based on the high selective R22/R134a adsorption ability, fast adsorption kinetics, water-resistant utility, facile regeneration, and excellent recyclability of DUT-67. In situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction, theoretical calculations, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra have been employed to understand the adsorption mechanism. This work may provide a potential adsorbent for purge and trap technique under room temperature, thus promoting the application of MOFs for VOCs sampling and quantitative analysis.

Effects of Rumen-Protected L-Tryptophan Supplementation on Productivity, Physiological Indicators, Blood Profiles, and Heat Shock Protein Gene Expression in Lactating Holstein Cows under Heat Stress Conditions.

In this study, we examined the effects of rumen-protected L-tryptophan supplementation on the productivity and physiological metabolic indicators in lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions. The study involved eight early lactating Holstein cows (days in milk = 40 ± 9 days; milk yield 30 ± 1.5 kg/day; parity 1.09 ± 0.05, p < 0.05), four cows per experiment, with environmentally controlled chambers. In each experiment, two distinct heat stress conditions were created: a low-temperature and low-humidity (LTLH) condition at 25 °C with 35-50% humidity and a high-temperature and high-humidity (HTHH) condition at 31 °C with 80-95% humidity. During the adaptation phase, the cows were subjected to LTLH and HTHH conditions for 3 days. This was followed by a 4-day heat stress phase and then by a 7-day phase of heat stress, which were complemented by supplementation with rumen-protected L-tryptophan (ACT). The findings revealed that supplementation with ACT increased dry matter intake as well as milk yield and protein and decreased water intake, heart rate, and rectal temperature in the HTHH group (p < 0.05). For plateletcrit (PCT, p = 0.0600), the eosinophil percentage (EOS, p = 0.0880) showed a tendency to be lower, while the monocyte (MONO) and large unstained cells (LUC) amounts were increased in both groups (p < 0.05). Albumin and glucose levels were lower in the HTHH group (p < 0.05). The gene expressions of heat shock proteins 70 and 90 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were higher in the ACT group (HTHH, p < 0.05). These results suggest that ACT supplementation improved productivity, physiological indicators, blood characteristics, and gene expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of early lactating Holstein cows under heat-stress conditions. In particular, ACT supplementation objectively relieved stress in these animals, suggesting that L-tryptophan has potential as a viable solution for combating heat-stress-induced effects on the cattle in dairy farming.

Optimizing design of catalyst layer structure with carbon-supported platinum weight ratio mixing method for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

The design of catalyst structure of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) functions a crucial role in water and reactants transport. In this work, catalyst layer is designed to mixing strategy of commercial Pt/C catalysts with various weight ratios (20 wt%, 40 wt%, and 20 + 40 wt%). Our mixing strategy demonstrates beneficial effects for optimized catalyst structure, leading to improved electrochemical performance and durability. Mix weight ratio Pt/C (as we abbreviated 20 + 40 wt% to Mix wt%) confirmed the optimized morphology through physical characterization and verified through electrochemical characterization under varying relative humidity (RH) conditions. Remarkably, Mix wt% Pt/C showed the highest electrochemical performance at 40–120 % RH, with a maximum power density elevation of ∼42 % and charge transfer resistance improvement of ∼40 % under low humidity conditions. This enhancement can be attributed to the improved mass transport resulting from increased pore size and reduced distortion in transport pathways. Additionally, we performed a 5,000 cycle accelerated stress test (AST), demonstrating enhanced durability in Mix wt% Pt/C. Our strategy provides a reproducible and simplified process to achieve higher fuel efficiency. Moreover, we anticipate that this offers the potential to enhance both performance and durability in commercial PEMFC applications.

The impact of sucrose and 6-benzylaminopurine on shoot propagation and vitrification in Aroniamelanocarpa (black chokeberry)

Vitrification is one of the most significant issues encountered in plant tissue culture applications. It diminishes the quality of in vitro plants, causing their leaves and stems to appear watery and translucent, and it may impede the success of the acclimatization step. In this respect, this study investigates the impact of sucrose and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations on shoot regeneration and vitrification development in Aronia melanocarpa, known for its high antioxidant content and health benefits. Initially, the presence of BAP, in combination with varying sucrose concentrations, leads to a substantial increase in shoot number, and the largest number (7 shoots per nodal explant) was observed in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 3% sucrose and 5.0 mg/L BAP. Furthermore, sucrose concentration plays a crucial role in shoot growth, with higher concentrations promoting more extensive shoot development. However, when 3% sucrose was combined with higher BAP (from 1.0- to 5.0 mg/L), an increased incidence of vitrification was observed over time. Interestingly, lower sucrose concentrations (1% or 2%) combined with 0.5 mg/L or 2.5 mg/L BAP initially delayed vitrification but eventually led to its occurrence. Microscopic analysis of leaf samples with varying levels of vitrification indicates significant differences in the density of stomata, further confirming the detrimental impact of vitrification on cellular structures and physiological processes. The recovery of vitrified plants was evaluated using different growth media combinations. The absence of BAP in the medium led to higher recovery percentages (min 96%) without necrosis, while the addition of 0.5 mg/L BAP promoted shoot growth but potentially inhibited root development. It has been found that media with 1 mg/L BAP and either 10 g/L or 20 g/L sucrose, as well as media with 30 g/L sucrose and 0.5 mg/L BAP, are the most suitable for efficient shoot regeneration with minimal vitrification risk. However, increasing BAP levels for faster shoot regeneration also raises the risk of vitrification. During acclimatization, vitrified plants exhibited stunted shoot growth, shorter and narrower leaves, reduced root numbers and lengths, and decreased survival rates, particularly under lower humidity conditions. The cultivation period required for the recovery of the crop was determined to be 6 weeks under greenhouse conditions for a sustainable plant propagation.

The study of dynamic characteristics on a novel air source heat pump coupled with liquid-storage gas-liquid separator under non frosting and refrigeration conditions

Air source heat pump is widely used for heating as it has high efficiency and environmentally friendly advantages, but there is frosting issue in low temperature and high humidity conditions. In order to improve the performance of air source heat pump (ASHP) when its evaporator is subject to frosting, a novel ASHP system coupled with liquid-storage gas-liquid separator was proposed in previous work, which was conducted at a constant temperature. However, the environment temperature is variable during the actual operation, the influence mechanism of the temperature change on the dynamic characteristics of the system and operation characteristics is still unclear. Therefore, experimental method is employed in this work, the aim is to investigate the dynamic performance of the novel ASHP in heating and refrigeration modes in actual environment, including suction/exhaust pressure, suction/exhaust temperature, inlet/outlet water temperature, the coefficient of performance (COP) etc. to improve the adaptability of the heat pump unit. The results indicate that the COP is 2.78–3.49 when the ambient temperature is 6.5–12.5 °C under the heating condition. Also, in refrigeration mode, the COP of the system is 3.28–3.04 under the ambient temperature of 22∼38 °C. This study shows that the novel ASHP has a good dynamic performance during heating/cooling operation in the actual environment. Also, some suggestions for improvement are put forward to solve the existing problems in this work.

New modifications of PBAT by a small amount of oxalic acid: Fast crystallization and enhanced degradation in all natural environments

Biodegradable plastics are often mistakenly thought to be capable of degrading in any environment, but their slow degradation rate in the natural environment is still unsatisfactory. We synthetized a novel series of poly(butylene oxalate-co-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBOAT) with unchanged melting point (135 °C), high elastic modulus (140 - 219 MPa) and elongation at break (478 - 769%). Fast isothermal crystallization with a semi-crystallization time < 20 s was demonstrated by the PBOAT. In N2 and air atmospheres, the PBOAT maintained the Td,5% higher than 329 °C. They also had good thermal stability at melt processing temperature for more than 20 min. PBOAT exhibited faster hydrolysis and seawater degradation, even under natural soil burial without light, but still kept stable under low humidity conditions during the storage and the shelf-life. Moreover, the hydrolysis mechanisms were clarified based on Fukui function analysis and DFT calculation, indicating that the hydrolysis of PBOAT would be more straightforward. The mechanism of soil burial is also elucidated through detailed characterization of the structure changes. The PBOAT offered a fresh approach to the development of high-performing, naturally degradable materials.

Effects of sub-distribution zone structure of bipolar plate on the mass transport of large-area proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Sub-distribution zone of the flow field plays an important role in distributing gas reactants and removing liquid products in large-active area proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. This study evaluates the effects of sub-distribution zone of PEM fuel cells with the active area of 300 cm2 based on a three-plus-one-dimensional (3D+1D) model. A new structural design of sub-distribution zone, namely, mixed structure distribution zone (MSDZ) is proposed and compared with the classic dot matrix distribution zone (DMDZ) and forced shunt distribution zone (FSDZ) design regarding pressure drop, gas distribution uniformity and cell performance. It is found that FSDZ and MSDZ design distribution uniformities are improved by 90.4 % and 55.5 %, compared to DMDZ design. The cell with the MSDZ design reaches an optimal value of 0.647 V, attributed to the reduction in mass transport voltage loss. Subsequently, based on structure characteristics of FSDZ and MSDZ designs, the effects of the rib/channel width ratio in sub-distribution zone are explored. It is found that primary shunt affects the overall distribution and secondary shunt regulates the localization. Finally, the cell performance of the three types of sub-distribution zones is compared under different humidification conditions. Results show that the cell with MSDZ design demonstrates a power density increased by 4.0 % (0.05 W cm−2) and 7.6 % (0.09 W cm−2) compared with that with DMDZ design at high and low humidification conditions, respectively.

Airborne transmission efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters is not influenced by environmental conditions

Several human respiratory viruses display a clear seasonal pattern with a higher incidence in the winter season in temperate regions. We previously determined that SARS-CoV-2 is more stable at low-temperature and low-humidity conditions compared to warmer temperature and higher-humidity. To determine if this translates into differential airborne transmission rates in vivo, we performed airborne transmission experiments in the Syrian hamster model under three different environmental conditions (10 °C, 45% relative humidity (RH), 22 °C, 45% RH, and 27 °C, 65% RH). We compared the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Lineage A with the more transmissible Delta Variant of Concern (VOC). Airborne transmission was evaluated using SARS-CoV-2 infected donor animals at 24 h post inoculation. Sentinels were placed at a 90 cm distance in a transmission set-up and exposed for 1-h to infected donor animals. While environmental conditions moderately impacted lung RNA titers, the shedding kinetics of the donors were not affected by the environmental conditions and did not differ significantly between variants on day 1. Overall, the highest transmission efficiency was observed at 22 °C, 40%RH for Delta (62.5%, based on seroconversion), and ranged between 37.5 and 50% for all other conditions. However, these differences were not significant. To elucidate this further, we performed aerosol stability comparisons and found that infectious virus remained stable during a 1-h time window across all conditions. Our data suggest that even when environmental conditions affect the stability of SARS-CoV-2, this may not directly be translatable to measurable impacts on transmission in an experimental setting when exposure time is restricted.

Characteristics of Secondary Inorganic Ions in PM2.5 and Its Influencing Factors in Summer in Zhengzhou

Nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), and ammonium (NH4+) are important components of PM2.5, and studying their characteristics and influencing factors is essential for the continuous improvement of air quality. A series of online instruments were used to analyze the chemical components of PM2.5 in Zhengzhou in the summer of 2020. The results showed that the average ρ(PM2.5) was (28 ±13) μg·m-3, showing a daily variation characteristic of high at night and low during the day. The main concentrations of NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+ were (7.8 ±6.7), (7.2 ±3.7), and (5.5 ±3.1) μg·m-3, accounting for 22%, 21%, and 16% in PM2.5, respectively. The proportions of NO3- (27%) and SO42- (23%) in PM2.5, respectively, increased with the increase in PM2.5 and O3 concentration. In addition, the proportions of NO3- and NH4+ increased under low wind speed, high humidity, low temperature, and rainfall conditions. Moreover, the proportion of NO3- showed a daily variation characteristic of high at night and low during the day, whereas the opposite was true for SO42-. The gas-particle partitioning process of NH4NO3 was the main factor affecting the concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ in PM2.5. Low temperature, high humidity, and high aerosol water content concentrations favored the partitioning of HNO3 and NH3 to the particulate phase. High pH also favored the partitioning of gas-phase HNO3 to NO3-; however, it was not conducive to the partition of NH3 to NH4+. These trends partially explained the increase in the concentration and proportion of NO3- in PM2.5 under different scenarios.

Incorporating Au nanoparticles into metal-organic framework for low humidity sensors

Locating high active metal species into idea support surface to form spatially integrated nanostructure is essential for the adsorption and excitation process of water molecules. In this work, we proposed a spatial confinement strategy through incorporating Au nanoparticles into metal-organic framework (MOF) to realize low humidity sensing detection. We found the porous nature of MOF-303 morphology can provide confined room to induce Au species accumulation around the high active hydrophilic pocket (composed by three μ2-OH groups and two N(H)). In-situ Raman results further indicate the spatially-close Au species and hydrophilic pocket sites could synergistically promote chemical adsorption of water molecules and proton transfer processes. The as-fabricated Au@MOF-303 humidity sensor exhibits ultra-high response at low humidity condition (4345 Hz to 3.39 % RH), low humidity hysteresis (0.18 % RH), excellent repeatability and selectivity. Furthermore, the Au@MOF-303 sensor enables real-time monitoring of breathing signals attached to the surgical mask and the proximity of the fingertips.

Thermally evaporated vanadium-based phthalocyanine for low moisture detection in humidity sensors

Aluminium / vanadyl 3,10,17,24-tetra-tert-butyl-1,8,15,22-tetrakis(dimethylamino)− 29 H,31 H-phthalocyanine (VTP) / Aluminium, (Al/VTP/Al) has been successfully studied for capacitive humidity sensing. The metal-containing vanadium central atom in the metal phthalocyanine has contributed towards excellent capacitance response at low humidity conditions as low as 10%RH. In addition, high surface roughness revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) images has also given insight into the low hysteresis lag. The film's large surface area helped prevent the water molecules from accumulating in the VTP pores and capillaries. Grazing-incidence wide and small-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS-GISAXS) indicates some face-on crystallite orientation produced by the partially ordered film, impacting the transient performance of the sensor.

Flexible and transparent humidity sensors based on hyperbranched poly(ionic liquid)s for wearable sensing

The rapid development of wearable electronics is driving the exploration of flexible and transparent humidity sensors. However, the limited humidity response and mechanical flexibility of sensitive materials hinder the normal operation of the device. In this research, flexible humidity sensors with a fast response time (1 s) were prepared using transparent imidazolium-based hyperbranched poly(ionic liquid)s (HPIL). The sensor performance was improved by regulating the counter anions with different hydrophobicity, such as trifluoromethanesulfonimide ion (TFSI-). The HPIL-TFSI sensor featured an improved response under low humidity condition (6%∼33% RH) with good linearity, excellent bending humidity response, mechanical stability, and long-term stability over a wide humidity range from 6% to 98% RH. Moreover, accurate sensing was achieved for respiratory monitoring, non-contact sensing, and detecting moisture on patched skin. The HPIL-TFSI sensor paves the way for the production of high-performance wearable sensor platforms.

Heterointerface engineering of layered double hydroxide/MAPbBr3 heterostructures enabling tunable synapse behaviors in a two-terminal optoelectronic device.

Solution-processable semiconductor heterostructures enable scalable fabrication of high performance electronic and optoelectronic devices with tunable functions via heterointerface control. In particular, artificial optical synapses require interface manipulation for nonlinear signal processing. However, the limited combinations of materials for heterostructure construction have restricted the tunability of synaptic behaviors with simple device configurations. Herein, MAPbBr3 nanocrystals were hybridized with MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoplates through a room temperature self-assembly process. The formation of such heterostructures, which exhibited an epitaxial relationship, enabled effective hole transfer from MAPbBr3 to LDH, and greatly reduced the defect states in MAPbBr3. Importantly, the ion-conductive nature of LDH and its ability to form a charged surface layer even under low humidity conditions allowed it to attract and trap holes from MAPbBr3. This imparted tunable synaptic behaviors and short-term plasticity (STP) to long-term plasticity (LTP) transition to a two-terminal device based on the LDH-MAPbBr3 heterostructures. The further neuromorphic computing simulation under varying humidity conditions showcased their potential in learning and recognition tasks under ambient conditions. Our work presents a new type of epitaxial heterostructure comprising metal halide perovskites and layered ion-conductive materials, and provides a new way of realizing charge-trapping induced synaptic behaviors.

Examination of Nafion membrane performance with acid-base functionalized graphene oxide.

Functionalized graphene oxide (GO) as a good additive can improve the performance of proton exchange membrane (PEM) via the introduction of various functional groups. How to balance the proton conductivity and durability of membrane based on functionalized GO is a key issue. In this work, benzoic-acid-functionalized GO(BAF-GO) and 1,2,4-triazole-functionalized GO(TF-GO) are employed as doping candidates, and the co-doping effect on membrane performance is investigated by means of experiment and molecular dynamics simulation. Meanwhile, the quantum chemistry method is implemented to explore the interaction between TF-GO, membrane and BAF-GO. The results reveal that the composite membrane exhibits high durability and enhanced proton conductivity. When the doping mass ratio of BAF-GO to TF-GO is 3 : 1, the proton conductivity can be greatly improved, especially under low-humidity conditions. Excessive addition of basic groups does not enhance proton transport.

Experimental assessment of low temperature plasma devices for bacterial aerosol inactivation in the air duct of HVAC systems.

In light of growing concerns about indoor air quality and the transmission of pathogens, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of low temperature plasma (LTP) devices in inactivating bacterial aerosols in the air duct of HVAC systems, exploring methods to enhance air purification efficiency. This research employed experimental methods to explore the deactivation effects of LTP on common bacteria such as E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, focusing on the role of air parameters such as the airflow rate, relative humidity, and temperature in influencing the device's performance. Notably, the study determined that an operational voltage of 3000 V for the LTP device, combined with conditions of low airflow, low humidity, and high temperature, significantly enhances the inactivation of bacterial aerosols, achieving an 82% inactivation rate at a negative ion concentration of 2.4 × 1011 ions per m3 and a wind speed of 3 m s-1. Despite the generation of ozone and ultraviolet light as by-products, their concentrations were found to be within safe limits for human exposure. In addition, this study identified an effective inactivation range, alongside an optimal arrangement for the airflow direction within ducts, to maximize the sterilization efficiency of the LTP device. Given these promising results, the study advocates for the integration of LTP technology into the air duct of HVAC systems of public buildings to improve air quality and reduce the risk of airborne disease transmission.

Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)-Enhanced Anode Catalyst Layer for Highly Efficient Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells under Low-Humidity Conditions

Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)-Enhanced Anode Catalyst Layer for Highly Efficient Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells under Low-Humidity Conditions

Enhanced performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells by Pt/carbon/antimony-doped tin dioxide triple-junction catalyst

A composite material comprising carbon black and Sb-doped SnO2 (ATO) is employed as a support for a Pt catalyst in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) to improve the performance of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell under low-humidity conditions. The effects of Sb-doping on the crystal, structural, and electrochemical characteristics of ATO particles are being examined. In a single cell test, the ratio of Sb in ATO is systematically optimized to improve performance. The distribution of Pt nanoparticles is uniform on carbon black and ATO carrier, forming notable triple-junction points at the interface of carbon black and ATO carrier. This structure thus induces a strong interaction between Pt and ATO, promoting the content of metallic Pt. Compared with a Pt/C catalyst, the best-performing Pt/C–ATO catalyst exhibits superior electrochemical activity, stability, and CO tolerance. The power density of MEA with the Pt/C–ATO catalyst is 15% higher than that of the MEA with the Pt/C catalyst

Development of Jatropha curcas grown under limited amounts of daily water supply

Jatropha curcas plant is known for its soil tolerance and ability to thrive in low humidity conditions; however, there is a lack of systematic reports documenting the impact of limited water availability on its growth and development. This work aimed to analyze the development of J. curcas cultivated with daily supplementation of limited amounts of water. Five daily irrigation treatments were established to simulate varying annual rainfall levels: 250, 750, 1250, 1750 mm and 2250 mm. In each treatment, we used 16 seedlings of J. curcas MAP-08. The seedlings were sown in pots containing loam soil substrate mixed with vermicompost (19: 1 weight to weight). After 60 weeks of cultivation, plants receiving irrigation of 2250 mm per year exhibited growth rates 1.28, 1.51, 1.95 and 1.95 times higher, with respective increases in stem diameter of 15.6, 22.2, 41.9% and 47.7%, as well as 1.2, 1.4, 1.8, and 1.8 more leaves compared to those receiving 1750, 1250, 750, and 250 mm. There was no statistical difference in the number of branches (3.86 branches per plant) between the plants of the treatment with irrigation of 2250, 1750 mm and 1250 mm per year or between the plants belonging to the 750 and 250 mm per year (2.90 branches per plant) treatments. The plants of treatments 1750 and 2250 were the only ones that produced flowers. Although J. curcas typically functions as a succulent deciduous bush, with its stem serving to regulate leaf water potential and acting as a shock absorber against soil water potentials, its morphological and reproductive characteristics were recorded to be negatively affected when subjected to reductions of 22, 44, 67% and 89% in water availability compared to the maximum annual level recorded in the work area (2250 mm).