Airborne transmission efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters is not influenced by environmental conditions

Abstract

Several human respiratory viruses display a clear seasonal pattern with a higher incidence in the winter season in temperate regions. We previously determined that SARS-CoV-2 is more stable at low-temperature and low-humidity conditions compared to warmer temperature and higher-humidity. To determine if this translates into differential airborne transmission rates in vivo, we performed airborne transmission experiments in the Syrian hamster model under three different environmental conditions (10 °C, 45% relative humidity (RH), 22 °C, 45% RH, and 27 °C, 65% RH). We compared the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Lineage A with the more transmissible Delta Variant of Concern (VOC). Airborne transmission was evaluated using SARS-CoV-2 infected donor animals at 24 h post inoculation. Sentinels were placed at a 90 cm distance in a transmission set-up and exposed for 1-h to infected donor animals. While environmental conditions moderately impacted lung RNA titers, the shedding kinetics of the donors were not affected by the environmental conditions and did not differ significantly between variants on day 1. Overall, the highest transmission efficiency was observed at 22 °C, 40%RH for Delta (62.5%, based on seroconversion), and ranged between 37.5 and 50% for all other conditions. However, these differences were not significant. To elucidate this further, we performed aerosol stability comparisons and found that infectious virus remained stable during a 1-h time window across all conditions. Our data suggest that even when environmental conditions affect the stability of SARS-CoV-2, this may not directly be translatable to measurable impacts on transmission in an experimental setting when exposure time is restricted.