Low Fiber Intake Research Articles

Male hypogonadism in overweight and obesity

Obesity-related gonadal dysfunction in males has been defined recently as male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH). Affected individuals present with signs and symptoms related to the sex hormone imbalance but also with a burden of metabolic risk factors and occasionally compromised fertility. In pathophysiological terms, excess body fat is associated with leptin and insulin resistance. Accelerated synthesis of leptin and hyperinsulinemia downregulate the expression of kisspeptin receptors and, consequently, the action of kisspeptin. This critical neuropeptide is known to control gonadotropin secretion. In obese males, enhanced activity of the aromatase enzyme is associated with an increase in the conversion of circulating testosterone to estrogen, further promoting a state of hypogonadism. In addition, high fat and low fiber intake alter the intestinal microbiome and the dysfunction of the gut-brain axis. Weight loss appears to be the key to readjusting the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. It can be achieved with lifestyle measures in combination with weight loss medications or bariatric surgery. The degree of weight loss appears to resolve the symptoms related to hypogonadism and improve fertility chances. However, the role of hormone replacement is also important, as testosterone replacement has been shown to reduce fat mass and increase the amount of lean body mass while also contributing to weight loss and the regulation of body mass index and waist circumference. This narrative review analyzes the evidence on developing obesity-related endocrinopathies and the available management options. Further research is required to estimate the cut-off of body mass index associated with a higher risk for hypogonadism.

Habitual Dietary Fibre Intake and Lifestyle Characteristics in Relation to Functional Constipation Among Adults in Malaysia

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommend consuming at least 25 g of dietary fibre daily. Adults with low fibre intake have an increased constipation risk. However, little research has been done on the habitual dietary fibre intake and lifestyle characteristics of functional constipation in Malaysian adults. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the dietary fibre intake, lifestyle characteristics, and functional constipation of adults in Malaysia, as well as the association between habitual dietary fibre intake, lifestyle characteristics, and functional constipation. About 318 adults between the ages of 18 and 59 participated and were asked to complete an online questionnaire consisting of three major parts. The components are as follows: i) the assessment of dietary fibre intake by using a semi-quantitative dietary fibre food frequency questionnaire; ii) the assessment of lifestyle factors; and iii) the determination of functional constipation via the Wexner Constipation Scoring System. SPSS 25 was used to analyse the data at a significance level of 0.05. The results indicated that the majority of adults consumed dietary fibre in amounts less than 25 g per day (84.6%). About 97.5% of adults have a healthy lifestyle, and only 2.8% of adults in this study faced constipation. There was no significant association between habitual dietary fibre intake and lifestyle characteristics (p=0.614) or between habitual dietary fibre intake and functional constipation among adults in Malaysia (p=0.147). Continued efforts are needed to increase dietary fibre intake among the adult population.

Chronic Low or High Nutrient Intake and Myokine Levels.

Inadequate nutrient availability has been demonstrated to be one of the main factors related to endocrine and metabolic dysfunction. We investigated the role of inadequate nutrient intakes in the myokine levels of runners. Sixty-one amateur runners participated in this study. The myokine levels were determined using the Human Magnetic Bead Panel from plasma samples collected before and after the marathon. Dietary intake was determined using a prospective method of three food records. The runners with lower carbohydrate and calcium intakes had higher percentages of fat mass (p < 0.01). The runners with a sucrose intake comprising above 10% of their energy intake and an adequate sodium intake had higher levels of BDNF (p = 0.027 and p = 0.031). After the race and in the recovery period, the runners with adequate carbohydrate intakes (g/kg) (>5 g/kg/day) had higher levels of myostatin and musclin (p < 0.05). The runners with less than 45% of carbohydrate of EI had lower levels of IL-15 (p = 0.015) and BNDF (p = 0.013). The runners with higher cholesterol intakes had lower levels of irisin (p = 0.011) and apelin (p = 0.020), and those with a low fiber intake had lower levels of irisin (p = 0.005) and BDNF (p = 0.049). The inadequate intake influenced myokine levels, which promoted cardiometabolic tissue repair and adaptations to exercise.

Dietary intakes differ between LGBTQ + and non-LGBTQ + college students

Objective: To compare dietary intakes between LGBTQ + and non-LGBTQ + college students. Participants: Participants were LGBTQ+ (n = 92) and non-LGBTQ+ (n = 491) college students. Methods: The 26-item Dietary Screener Questionnaire assessed intakes of added sugars, fiber, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, dairy, and calcium. Percentage of participants meeting Dietary Guidelines for Americans were also computed. Multivariate ANCOVA assessed differences in dietary intake. Chi-square analyses assessed differences in proportions of LGBTQ + and non-LGBTQ + students meeting recommendations. Results: LGBTQ + students reported lower intakes of fiber, whole grains, fruit, and fruits and vegetables both including and excluding French fries (all p < 0.05). Fewer LGBTQ + students met recommendations for fruit (5.7%) compared to their non-LGBTQ + counterparts (14.2%; p = .03). Conclusions: LGBTQ + students report poorer indices of diet quality compared to non-LGBTQ + students. Health promotion programming efforts to improve these outcomes may need to be tailored differently for students who identify as LGBTQ+.

Therapeutic applications of recent advancements in insight regarding mechanisms of development of Anorexia Nervosa: implications in the management and development of biomarkers for early detection besides avoidance of neonatal malformations-A Short C

Earlier we have reviewed regarding how patients of AN who present with primary/secondary hypothalamic amenorrhoea were markedly recalcitrant to any forms oftreatment besides deficiency in reward appreciation .Furthermore we concentrated on the pathophysiology of obesity along with its association with type2 diabetes mellitus( T2DM), besides non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)along with other co-morbidities, like Heart Failure, adiposity ,Metabolic Syndrome role of Gut Microbiot/besides role of pro as well as prebiotics, with Faecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) for their treatment. Here we have focused on the latest research carried out in an eating disorder called Anorexia Nervosa (AN) which we had earlier reviewed in association with hypothalamic amenorrhea as a psychiatric condition correlated with extreme anorexia, besides excessive exercise occasionally that usually brought young girls to us with amenorrhea. It had been an understood condition that was markedly resistant to any treatment. Extensive research carried out recently has revealed its association with other psychiatric conditions like depression, anxiety as well as PTSD along with altered nutrition profile with lower fiber intake thus correlated with lower CRP, whereas that with high saturated Fatty Acids (FA) with greater CRP as seen with Mediterranean diet that we commonly advocate for obese patients. Here we further detail how these advancement aid in treating such patients with the knowledge that the pathophysiology behind the development of these disorders lies in the alterations in various proinflammatory cytokines besides chemokines in AN, thus the association of inflammation besides neuroinflammation explaining the coexistence of psychiatric disorders in AN. These insights aid in planning innovative treatments for such disorders besides ensuring a smooth marriage, pregnancy and child birth. FMT might aid in treating patients that are markedly resistant to any treatment.

Correlation of Fiber Intake to Non-Fasting Blood Glucose among Overweight Women

Fiber roles as a vital key in maintaining blood glucose in people with diabetes mellitus. It prevents the breaking of carbohydrates into monosaccharides and may help control blood glucose levels. In addition, fiber will make us feel full longer, so we can eat less and prevent overeating. Women have a higher risk of developing hyperglycemia than men. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between fiber intake and non-fasting blood glucose among Overweight Women. This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach, conducted at the Telaga Biru Health Center, Gorontalo District, in 2019. The population was women with BMI &gt; 25, and about 115 people were involved as the sample. The data collected was including a 24-hour recall to determine the fiber intake and blood glucose level measured by random blood glucose test using Accu blood glucose check device. Then, data were analyzed through the Chi-square Test at a significance level of p &lt; 0.05 through SPSS for windows. Among the overweight women at Telaga Biru Public Health Center, Gorontalo, 93.9% of respondents had a low fiber intake, and 23.5% were categorized as hyperglycemic. The average daily fiber intake among respondents was 15.82 g/day, and the maximum intake was 38.90 g/day. Meanwhile, the average blood glucose level of the respondents was 126.67 mg/dL, with the minimum and maximum values were 61 mg/dL and 381.0 mg/dL. Daily fiber intake did not correlate significantly to non-fasting blood glucose levels with p-value= 0.554 (α= 0.05). Fiber intake is not significantly correlated to non-fasting high blood glucose levels within overweight women

Diet and Disease Activity in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: SpondyloArthritis and NUTrition Study (SANUT).

Axial Spondyloarthritis (axSpA) patients with inflamed intestines have higher SpA activity. Diets that modulate microbiota may influence inflammation and SpA activity. Today, data concerning the impact of diet on SpA activity are scarce. SANUT was a single-center, noninterventional, cohort study that assessed dietetic profiles associated with SpA activity in axSpA. Demographic, clinical, SpA-related, quality of life (QoL), fatigue, physical activity, and dietary data were collected. SpA activity was assessed by Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) and by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). We assessed whether high SpA activity was associated with nutriment consumption. Between 12 February 2018 and 12 February 2020, 278 patients participated. High SpA activity, as measured by ASDAS and BASDAI, was significantly associated with higher body mass index and waist circumference, negative HLA-B27, lower QoL, higher fatigue, and higher digestive-symptom scores. Furthermore, high SpA activity, as measured by BASDAI, was associated with female sex, smoking status, patients who were not actively employed, reduced physical activity, and high intake of ultra-transformed foods, while high SpA activity, as measured by ASDAS, was associated with low intake of omega-3 PUFAs and fiber. Therefore, low intakes of omega-3 PUFAs and fiber, and high intake of ultra-transformed foods, are associated with high SpA activity.

Hypertension, dietary fiber intake, and cognitive function in older adults [from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data (2011–2014)

Dietary fiber was associated with hypertension (HYP) and cognitive function, but it was unknown whether the effect of HYP on cognitive function in older adults was modified by dietary fiber intake. We recruited 2,478 participants from the 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), with cognitive performance measured by Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD), the Animal Fluency test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Multivariate General linear model was used to estimate the interaction between dietary fiber intake and HYP status in association with low cognitive performance. Among 2,478 participants, 36% was Controlled HYP, 25% was Low uncontrolled HYP, 11% was High uncontrolled HYP, and 86% was low dietary fiber intake. The association between HYP status and DSST impairment differed by dietary fiber intake for those with high uncontrolled HYP compared to those without HYP. Among participants with low dietary fiber intake, those with uncontrolled HYP had higher risk of DSST impairment compared to those without HYP [HYP ≥ 90/140: OR (95% CI), 1.68 (1.15-2.45); HYP ≥ 100/160: OR (95%CI), 2.05 (1.29-3.23)]; however, there was no association between HYP status and DSST impairment among participants with high dietary fiber intake. Moreover, the interaction of HYP status and dietary fiber intake on DSST was close to statistical significance (P for interaction = 0.057). Uncontrolled HYP was associated with poorer cognitive performance in older adults with low, but not high dietary fiber intake. Sufficient dietary fiber intake might be as a new nutrition strategy for the prevention of cognitive impairment in older adults with uncontrolled HYP.

Association of dietary fiber, liquid intake and lifestyle characteristics with gastrointestinal symptoms and pregnancy outcome.

ObjectivesHeartburn and constipation are common gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy. High fiber and liquid intake have beneficial effects on these symptoms in non- pregnant population. Our aim was to evaluate the association of dietary fiber, fluid intake and lifestyle characteristics with constipation, heartburn, and pregnancy outcome.Study designTwo hundred pregnant women were enrolled in this prospective cohort study during the 1st trimester of pregnancy. Participants completed a self- administered questionnaire concerning bowel symptoms, dietary fiber, liquid intake, and lifestyle characteristics before pregnancy, during pregnancy and post-partum. After exclusions 173 pregnant women participated the study and 173, 173, 136, 109 and 91 completed pre-pregnancy, and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester, and post-partum questionnaires, respectively. Data on deliveries and perinatal outcome (n = 173) were collected from hospital records. In trajectory analysis, the women were clustered in groups based on the intake of fiber and liquids. Generalized linear mixed models and logistic regression analyses were used to find associations of fiber and fluid intake with constipation, heartburn and pregnancy outcome.Results and conclusionsHeartburn increased significantly during pregnancy and the highest prevalence (33%) was during the third trimester. A combination of low fiber and low fluid intake increased the risk of constipation during pregnancy (OR 5.9, 95% CI 2.00–17.4). Low fiber intake increased the risk of combined adverse outcome (cesarean section, premature delivery and/or small for gestational age; OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.2–9.6). Sufficient fiber and liquid intake may be protective against pregnancy-associated constipation and may be associated with improved pregnancy outcome.

S1379 Prevalence and Epidemiological Characteristics of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the U.S. Population

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous multisystem disorder that affects one-quarter of the global adult population and causes substantial social and economic implications. They may present as isolated hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver cancer, end-stage liver disease, and death. There is limited literature describing the national prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of NAFLD in the US population. The primary outcome of the study was to evaluate the concurrent prevalence and lifestyle diseases among NAFLD. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study using the NHANES database from 2015-to 2018 was conducted. The datasets were downloaded from the NHANES web site and combined using SAS software (Version 9.4). Proper weighting procedures for weighting multiple years of NHANES data were employed for this study. We included participants that aged ≥18 years and had completed data from the NHANES questionnaires. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and epidemiology of NAFLD and the association of NAFLD with lifestyle disorders Results: Of the total 255,968 sample size, the total number of people identified with NAFLD was 717 (0.26%). NAFLD was more prevalent in older (median: 62 years), males, Mexican American and other Hispanics, and in those with median household income >$100,000. People with NAFLD had a higher prevalence odds of having Diabetes Mellitus (OR: 10.40, 95% CI: 10.37-10.42 p < 0.001), cancer (OR: 2. 10, 955 CI: 2.09-2.10, p < 0.001), depression (OR: 2.528, 95% CI: 2.52-2.53 p < 0.001), hypersomnia (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.34-1.36 p < 0.001), obesity (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.08-1.08, p < 0.001), low dietary fibre intake (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.18-1.19), a sedentary lifestyle (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.46-1.472, p < 0.001) Conclusion: People with NAFLD had a higher association of having lifestyle disorders including diabetes, obesity, depression, hypersomnia, low dietary fibre intake, and a sedentary lifestyle. Cancer was also found to be higher among people with NAFLD. Our study summarises the epidemiological characteristics of NAFLD in the US population. Early identification and risk mitigation strategies with active lifestyle might reduce the burden of NAFLD associated disorders.

S1011 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Commonly but Inconsistently Change Diet for Flares

Introduction: Of growing interest for patients and physicians is understanding the impact of diet on IBD symptoms. Changing diet may alter environmental exposure, modulate the microbiome, and improve gut barrier permeability. Despite ongoing research, the optimal dietary changes during times of flares remain uncertain. We aimed to better understand the current dietary intake of our IBD patients and the relationship between diet changes and disease activity. Methods: A prospective, multi-center, cross-sectional study of eating habits and preferences was performed in a cohort of IBD patients at two academic gastroenterology practices. The Automated Self-Administered 24-hour diet recall tool and Fat and Fiber Behavior Questionnaire were used to estimate daily nutrient intake. Healthy Eating Index-2015(HEI), a measure of diet quality used to assess how well a set of foods aligns with key recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans scored 0-100 like a school grade, was calculated. Disease activity was assessed using the Harvey Bradshaw Index (Crohn’s disease) and Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (UC). Results: In this prelim analysis, 28 patients (18 Crohn’s, 8 UC, 2 IBDU) completed all study surveys. The overall cohort consumed an avg daily diet with a HEI of 53.5 (an “F”), 2023 kcal, 19% protein, 36% fat, 46% carbohydrates with 20g of fiber, 0.7 cup equivalents of fruit, 2.1 cup equivalents of vegeTables, 9.8g added sugars. On questioning, a majority of patients (92%) reported that they change their diets during flares (Figure). To better understand these changes, we compared nutrient intake between patents with active versus inactive disease based on activity indices. We found no significant differences between the groups in regard to intake though there was a modest trend towards lower vegeTable intake and lower fiber intake in those with more disease activity (Table). Conclusion: Based on the average HEI, our cohort is eating a diet that fails to meet key dietary guidelines, although not dissimilar to the average American, mean score 57. Interestingly, while a majority report they change their diet with flare symptoms, we did not find significant differences between dietary components in those with and without active disease. We speculate that patients make varied changes in diet during flares that are not able to be detected between the groups as a whole. High quality evidence to guide recommendations for dietary changes during flares is needed.Figure 1.: A majority of patients report that they change their diet for flare-ups of their IBD. Table 1. - Analysis of diet intake between patients with active and inactive disease (based on HBI or SCCAI) Dietary Component Inactive disease (n=21) Active disease (n=7) p-value Healthy Eating Index – 2015 Score 53.5 ± 16.0 53.4 ± 19.3 .99 Self-reported diet changes with flare (Likert scale 1-5, 1=no change, 5=a lot of change) 3.4 ± 1.5 4 ± 1.4 .38 Total Calories (kcal) 2126 ± 1062 1715 ± 764 .47 FATS Total Fat (g) 88.0 ± 59.2 72.5 ± 44.0 .64 Monounsaturated fat (g) 31.6 ± 22.4 24.5 ± 14.2 .60 Polyunsaturated fat (g) 22.3 ± 15.3 21.9 ± 16.1 .64 Saturated fat (g) 26.0 ± 20.9 20.7 ± 12.7 .76 Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) (g) 0.035 ± .029 .144 ± .224 .89 CARBOHYDRATES (g) 237.5 ± 117.1 196.2 ± 89.0 .27 Added sugar (tsp. eq.) 9.6 ± 9.6 10.5 ± 11.4 .92 FIBER Total fiber (g) 22.4 ± 15.5 12.6 ± 5.1 .16 Total fruit (cup eq.) .65 ± .93 .83 ± .61 .48 Total veggie (cup eq.) 2.4 ± 1.8 1.3 ± 1.0 .14 TOTAL PROTEIN (g) 99.2 ± 56.7 73.5 ± 33.0 .32 Red meat intake* 3.6 ± 0.7 3.9 ± 0.7 .56 PROCESSING Processed meats* 4.1 ± 0.9 3.9 ± 0.7 .45 Fast Foods* 3.9 ± 0.9 3.6 ± 0.5 .38 * Data from Fat and Fiber Behavior Questionnaire (FFBQ), scored 1-5, lower = higher consumption

Ayurveda implications of Nutraceuticals: understating roles in preventive medicine

Dietary risks factors have raised attention worldwide for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The recent report form data in the 2019, showed that around 7.9 million deaths and 187.7 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) are linked to dietary risk factors and NCDs [1] . this is an awakening alarm to the health community in food sciences, pharmaceuticals and preventive medicine towards adapting a natural food based lifestyle. These NCDs are mainly due eating junk food, and low intake of dietary fruits or fibers leading to nutritive deficient states and, later diseases [2] . The term nutraceutical (coined by 1989 Dr. Stephen de-Felice) is derived form a combination of two words namely ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutical’. It is defined as any substance that is a food or a part of food that provides medicinal or health benefits including the prevention and/or treatment of a disease. The food products that provide health benefits and aid in reducing the risk of chronic diseases apart from nutrition may be inclusive under this term [3-5] . There is a paradigm shift in choice of daily food, and related practices towards nutraceuticals, owing to factors such as low risk, potential value and, the therapeutic effects they seem to offer. The nutraceutical market is growing tremendously worldwide and is valued at 74.7 billion in 2020, from its previous value of 36.6 billion dollars in 2016 [6] . Given the importance of nutraceuticals, the changing trends in perception of people and, the growing industrial/ markets, it’s imperative to discuss the basic type of dietary supplements with medicinal values (general nutraceuticals) with implications of Ayurveda. The current review is aimed to discuss the basic herbal nutraceuticals, their value in health and disease states.

Assessment of nutritional status, dietary intake and adherence to dietary recommendations in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents.

Currently, T1D is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that more than 1.1 million children and adolescents are living with (T1D). A few studies have evaluated the relationship between dietary intake and glycemic control (GC) in people with T1D, and in particular, children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics, lipid profile, inflammation, dietary intake and GC in comparison with international guidelines. The study included a sample of 240 children, aged 15 years old or less with T1D. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the socio-demographic status, disease characteristics, and diet of the participants. Weight, height, and WC were measured and WHtR and BMI were calculated. Biochemical measurements were determined. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-hour recalls. Saturated fat intake was five times higher than recommended. Only 8.3% of participants reached the recommended level of fiber. Overweight, obesity, TC, TG, HDL and CRP were significantly higher in children with poor GC to those with good GC. In addition, participants with poor GC had significantly low intakes of calories, carbohydrates, fiber, MUFAs, and PUFAs and high intakes of fat and SFAs. The use of Bivariate correlation analyses showed that calorie, protein, fat and fiber intake were positively correlated with weight, height, WC, and GO, whereas carbohydrate intake was negatively associated with these parameters. On the contrary, CO showed a negative correlation with calorie, protein, fat and fiber intake and a positive correlation with carbohydrate intake. The results revealed that the dietary quality was poor and adherence to dietary recommendations was low with insufficient fiber intake and excess SFA. These results suggest that GC can be improved by a healthy, balanced diet by increasing fiber intake and limiting SFA intake. Liczba pobrań: 2.

CHANGE OF BEHAVIOR AND IMPROVEMENT OF COMMUNITY SKILLS IN PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING BLOOD LIPID LEVELS DURING THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC AREA OF PALEMBANG SOCIAL HEALTH CENTER

Manifestations of lifestyle changes are physical activity, and changes in unhealthy eating patterns including a diet high in fat, carbohydrates, and low fiber intake one of the reasons for degenerative diseases, namely dyslipidemia. The cause of changes in blood lipid profiles is a diet that can be influenced by nutritional knowledge and a person's attitude. The older the age, the lower the body's metabolic function. For this reason, the target of this community service activity is the elderly. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and skills of the community through education about healthy lifestyles in an effort to prevent dyslipidemia and control blood lipid levels in members and cadres of the Teratai Elderly Integrated Healthcare Center in the Work Area of the Palembang Social Health Center. The activity was carried out at the Integrated Healthcare Center which has elderly members under the guidance of the Palembang Social Health Center. Community service activities were carried out 2 times in Nutrition Education in the form of espionage and counseling for Integrated Healthcare Center members and 1 training for Posyandu cadres. From the results of measuring cholesterol levels, 10 people (32.25%) with cholesterol levels above normal. In addition, this community service activity is expected to increase the knowledge of nutrition and health for elderly Integrated Healthcare Center members and Teratai Integrated Healthcare Center cadres about balanced nutrition and how to make fruit and vegetable smoothies in preventing dyslipidemia.

Dietary fiber intake and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal African American women with obesity

Fiber intake may be associated with lower risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) but data from metabolically unhealthy African American women is sparse. We examined the association of dietary fiber intake and MetS among postmenopausal African American women with obesity. Baseline cross-sectional data from the Focused Intervention on Exercise to Reduce CancEr (FIERCE) trial of 213 women (mean age 58.3 years) were used. Dietary intake was assessed by Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs). Multivariate linear and logistic regressions were performed to estimate associations of MetS with fiber intake and adherence to dietary fiber intake guidelines, respectively. Mean daily fiber intake was (10.33 g/1000kcal) in women with impaired metabolic health. We observed an inverse association of total fiber intake with MetS. One unit increase in energy-adjusted fiber intake was associated with a 0.10 unit decrease in the MetS z-score (p = 0.02). Similar results were obtained for both soluble and insoluble fiber. In multivariate-adjusted analyses, participants not adherent to fiber intake recommendations were more likely to have MetS as compared to those reporting intakes in the recommended range (adjusted odds ratio 4.24, 95% CI: 1.75, 10.30). Of the MetS components, high fasting glucose and high triglycerides were all associated with lower intake of fiber. Study participants who consumed a higher amount of fiber had a better overall metabolic profile and were less likely to have MetS in our cross-sectional analysis of postmenopausal African American women with obesity and unhealthy metabolic profiles.

Effect of a ketogenic diet versus Mediterranean diet on glycated hemoglobin in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The interventional Keto-Med randomized crossover trial

BackgroundConsensus has not been reached on what constitutes an optimal diet in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially between low-carbohydrate options.ObjectivesWe compared 2 low-carbohydrate diets with 3 key similarities (incorporating nonstarchy vegetables and avoiding added sugars and refined grains) and 3 key differences (incorporating compared with avoiding legumes, fruits, and whole, intact grains) for their effects on glucose control and cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM.MethodsKeto-Med was a randomized, crossover, interventional trial. Forty participants aged ≥18 years with prediabetes or T2DM followed the well-formulated ketogenic diet (WFKD) and the Mediterranean-plus diet (Med-Plus) for 12 weeks each, in random order. The diets shared the 3 key similarities noted above. The Med-Plus incorporated legumes, fruits, and whole, intact grains, while the WFKD avoided them. The primary outcome was the percentage change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) after 12 weeks on each diet. Secondary and exploratory outcomes included percentage changes in body weight, fasting insulin, glucose, and blood lipids; average glucose from continuous glucose monitor (CGM), and nutrient intake.ResultsThe primary analysis was of 33 participants with complete data. The HbA1c values did not differ between diets at 12 weeks. Triglycerides decreased more for the WFKD [percentage changes, −16% (SEM, 4%) compared with −5% (SEM, 6%) for the Med-Plus; P = 0.02] and LDL cholesterol was higher for the WFKD [percentage changes, +10% (SEM, 4%) compared with −5% (SEM, 5%) for the Med-Plus; P = 0.01]. Weight decreased 8% (SEM, 1%) compared with 7% (SEM, 1%) and HDL cholesterol increased 11% (SEM, 2%) compared with 7% (SEM, 3%) for the WFKD compared with the Med-Plus, respectively; however, there was a significant interaction of diet × order for both. Participants had lower intakes of fiber and 3 nutrients on the WFKD compared with the Med-Plus. Twelve-week follow-up data suggest the Med-Plus is more sustainable.ConclusionsHbA1c values were not different between diet phases after 12 weeks, but improved from baseline on both diets, likely due to several shared dietary aspects. The WFKD led to a greater decrease in triglycerides, but also had potential untoward risks from elevated LDL cholesterol and lower nutrient intakes from avoiding legumes, fruits, and whole, intact grains, as well as being less sustainable. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03810378.

Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities receiving enteral nutrition: A pilot study.

Children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMIDs) frequently and continuously receive enteral nutrition and medications and lack adequate exercise, which may lead to dysbiosis, an imbalance in the composition of the gut microbiota. However, studies on the composition of gut microbiota in children with SMIDs are limited. Therefore, we aimed to examine the characteristics of the gut microbiota in children with SMIDs. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed using fecal samples of 10 children with SMIDs, who received enteral nutrition through a gastric fistula or gastric tube (SMID group: median age, 10.0 years), and 19 healthy children (healthy control [HC] group: median age, 9.0 years). Microbial diversity, microbial composition, and abundance of butyric acid-producing bacteria were compared between the groups. Daily dietary fiber intake in the SMID group was evaluated using questionnaires. The Shannon and Simpson indices (alpha diversity indices) were significantly lower in the SMID group than those in the HC group. Beta diversity analysis identified different clusters. Compared with the HC group, Clostridiales and butyric acid-producing bacteria were less abundant and Bacteroidales were more abundant in the SMID group. Dietary fiber intake in the SMID group was approximately two-thirds of the estimated average requirement for healthy Japanese children. Children with SMIDs showed dysbiosis with alteration in the microbial diversity, which could partly be attributed to their low dietary fiber intake. Further studies, with the intervention of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, are warranted to improve dysbiosis in children with SMIDs.

The burden of colon cancer attributable to modifiable factors-The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study.

Colon cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in women in Norway, where incidence rates of colon cancer increased 3-fold between 1955 and 2014, for unknown reasons. We aimed to assess the burden of colon cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in Norwegian women using the data from the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) study. Self-reported information from 35 525 women from the NOWAC study were available. These included the following exposures: smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, intake of calcium, fibers, and red and processed meat. Colon cancer cases were identified from the Cancer Registry of Norway. A parametric piecewise constant hazards model was used to estimate the strength of exposure-cancer associations. Population attributable fractions with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated considering competing risk of death. The fraction of incident colon cancer attributable to ever smoking was 18.7% (95% CI 4.7%-30.6%), low physical activity 10.8% (95% CI -0.7% to 21.0%), alcohol consumption 14.5% (95% CI -2.8% to 28.9%), and low intake of calcium 10.0% (95% CI -7.8% to 24.8%). A small proportion of colon cancer cases was attributable to combined intake of red and processed meat over 500 g/week, overweight/obesity, and low intake of fibers. Jointly, these seven risk factors could explain 46.0% (95% CI 23.0%-62.4%) of the colon cancer incidence burden. Between 23% and 62% of the colon cancer burden among women in Norway was attributable to modifiable risk factors, indicating an important preventive potential of a healthy lifestyle.

Dietary pattern among staff members and its relation to depression, Minia University, Egypt

Background: Depression is a worldwide common mental disorder. According to the WHO reports, the total number of people with depression was more than 300 million in 2015, which was corresponding to 4·4% of the world’s population. The aim of the study is to explore the associations of dietary pattern and depressive symptoms. This cross-sectional study used data of staff members and their assistants in Minia University. Dietary pattern was obtained from three days food records and average was taken. Depressive symptoms were assessed by center of epidemiological studies for depression (CES-D) scale. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations of dietary pattern with the risk of depressive symptoms. A total of 210 individuals aged 25 years and older were included in this study. Low fiber intake was the most important factor associated with presence of depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥16); OR= 12.130, C.I.95%= 2.718- 54.139, P= 0.001. The present study demonstrated that dietary fibers might reduce the risk of depressive symptoms in adults.

Dietary pattern among staff members and its relation to depression, Minia University, Egypt

Background: Depression is a worldwide common mental disorder. According to the WHO reports, the total number of people with depression was more than 300 million in 2015, which was corresponding to 4·4% of the world’s population. The aim of the study is to explore the associations of dietary pattern and depressive symptoms. This cross-sectional study used data of staff members and their assistants in Minia University. Dietary pattern was obtained from three days food records and average was taken. Depressive symptoms were assessed by center of epidemiological studies for depression (CES-D) scale. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations of dietary pattern with the risk of depressive symptoms. A total of 210 individuals aged 25 years and older were included in this study. Low fiber intake was the most important factor associated with presence of depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥16); OR= 12.130, C.I.95%= 2.718- 54.139, P= 0.001. The present study demonstrated that dietary fibers might reduce the risk of depressive symptoms in adults.