Low Energy Density Research Articles

Skin wound healing in diabetic rat model using low-dose photodynamic therapy.

Chronic wound is one of the major challenges in medicine and imposes a heavy financial burden on the healthcare of different countries. Diabetic foot ulcers as one of the important examples for chronic wounds can lead to lower limb amputation, disability, and death in diabetics. In this regard, novel technology with low side effects got attention in recent years. Low-dose photodynamic therapy (LDPDT) is one of the noninvasive techniques that can be considered for wound healing in diabetic wounds. In this experiment, we aim to study the effect of LDPDT on diabetic rats' wound healing and compare it to healthy rats. In this in vitro experimental study, 32 male rats were used. Rats in both normal and diabetic (streptozotocin injection) groups after being wounded (two wounds [0.8×0.8cm]) on the back of each rat were randomly divided into four groups, including the control group (without treatment), radiation-only (660nm-1 J/cm2 ) group, 5-ALA-only (1µg/mL) group, and LDPDT-recipient group. The procedure has been done for 2days, and at the end of Days 3, 7, 14, and 21, the wound sample was sent to the histopathology laboratory, and the wound size and tissue indices in these groups were evaluated by histology and microscopy techniques. The impact of low concentrations of 5-ALA and low irradiation energy density in both normal and diabetic rats were positive, which accelerated the wound-healing process as seen in the histology study. In diabetic rats treated with only radiation and LDPDT, the process of epithelial regeneration, collagen production, reduction of mast cells, and production of follicles was more as compared to the normal group. The results suggest that LDPDT can have a positive impact on the diabetic rat model wound healing.

Moderate electric field driven ultrahigh energy density in BiFeO3–BaTiO3–based ceramics with improved relaxor behavior and breakdown strength

Dielectric ceramic–based capacitors have triggered growing concerns because of their potential applications in next–generation pulsed power electronic devices. However, the low energy density seriously hampers their further development, and the high energy density (>6 J/cm3) is generally realized under a giant external electric field (>500 kV/cm). Herein, an ultrahigh recoverable energy density of 8.5 J/cm3 and a high efficiency of 87 % under a moderate electric field of 470 kV/cm is obtained in the Sr(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3 modified BiFeO3–BaTiO3 ceramics via the improved dielectric relaxation and electric breakdown strength (Eb). And the promoted band gap and reduced grain size play a key role in enhancing Eb. Moreover, the sample with the optimal composition also exhibits superb thermal reliability at a wide temperature range, and outstanding frequency and cycling stability under 350 kV/cm. This work not only provides a hopeful alternative for advanced energy storage capacitors, but also demonstrates an effective way to explore high–performance dielectric materials.

Synthesis and application of NiLa-layered double hydroxides on nickel-coated carbon nanotubes with Co-ZIF-67 composite in supercapacitors

Owing to the global climate emergency, there is considerable interest in new energy generation and storage solutions. Supercapacitors have many desirable properties of particular interest for energy storage. However, they have low energy densities, which must be improved. Materials based on zeolite imidazole skeletons (ZIFs) have uniform pores, large specific surface areas, and simple structures. Moreover, Co-ZIF-67 has high electrical conductivity, which makes it a promising candidate for energy storage applications. In this study, a Co-ZIF-67 precursor with a regular cubic structure is synthesized. This precursor is combined with Ni-coated carbon nanotubes (Ni-CNTs) and NiLa-layered double hydroxides (NiLa-LDHs). Thus, by controlling the hydrothermal reaction time, an electrode material with a nanosheet structure is applied to the CNTs. Electrochemical analysis shows that the resulting Co-ZIF-67/Ni-CNT@NiLa-LDH composite has a specific capacitance of 1710 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The composite is combined with activated carbon (AC) to produce a Co-ZIF-67/Ni-CNT@NiLa-LDH//AC asymmetric supercapacitor, which exhibits outstanding capacitive performance (150.1 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1), a wide operating voltage window (1.7 V), and outstanding stability.

Enhanced synergistic redox activity of SrCoS/PANI for hybrid energy storage and oxygen evolution reaction

Supercapacitors (SCs) and secondary batteries (SBs) are commonly utilized for energy storage, although each has some limitations: low energy density (Ed) and power density (Pd), respectively. To address these issues, a hybrid supercapacitor is a new emerging technique known as supercapattery, which combines both of these devices to optimum the Ed and Pd in a single setting. The hydrothermal method was adopted to synthesize a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and non-toxic SrCoS/PANI, a composite material for optimum results of supercapattery. Crystallinity and morphology study of synthesized nanocomposites strontium cobalt sulfide with Polyaniline (SrCoS/PANI) were examined using SEM and XRD techniques. Initially, the performance was tested using a three-electrode setup of nanocomposites (SrCoS/PANI) in 1 M KOH electrolyte. The effectiveness of a SrCoS/PANI-activated carbon two-electrode supercapattery was examined through cyclic CV, GCD, and EIS techniques. In the two electrodes setup, the device performs admirably with an astonishing specific capacity of 139.4 C g−1, a high Ed of 29.56 Wh kg−1, and a high Pd of 800 W kg−1 at 1.0 A g−1. The cyclic stability was tested by putting the device through 5000 charging and discharging cycles, which maintained 91.65% of its Specific capacity (Qs). A hybrid nanocomposite (SrCoS/PANI) device was accomplished, with exceptional electrochemical capabilities at a low price making them a fascinating active material with potential applications in supercapattery technology. The electrocatalytic performance of the synthesized nanostructure (NSs) was studied comprehensively with regard to an oxygen evolution reaction (OER).

Interface-engineering-enhanced energy storage performance of (Na0.8K0.2)0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15/Bi4LaTi3.5Mg0.5O15 multilayer film capacitors

Dielectric capacitors are vital components in advanced electrical power systems due to their high power density. However, how to improve their comparatively low energy density is still a major challenge. In this work, we designed a dielectric capacitor with a multilayer structure by inserting different numbers of ferroelectric (Na0.8K0.2)0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 (NKBT) layers into relaxor ferroelectric Bi4LaTi3.5Mg0.5O15 (BLTM). Through the regulation of interface engineering, that is, the joint effects of electrical field amplifying, interlayer coupling, and block layer at the interface, enhancing the energy storage density and breakdown field in (NKBT/BLTM)N capacitors. A giant energy density (Wrec) of 81.2 J/cm3 and a high breakdown electric field of 4074 kV/cm are achieved in capacitors with N = 4. Consequently, interface engineering can be promoted as a universal route to optimize the energy storage performance of dielectric capacitors.

Heat treatment protocol for additively manufactured nitinol shape memory alloys in biomedical applications

Additive manufacturing (AM) is getting significant attention in realizing customizable nitinol (NiTi) devices for biomedical applications. However, due to the change in composition and constituent phases occurring during printing and the microstructural inhomogeneity in the printed parts, obtaining a desired set of phase transformation behaviors and superelastic properties is a major challenge. In this work, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was used to fabricate NiTi at a very low laser energy density (35 J/mm3) on a titanium base plate while keeping these behaviors and properties within desirable ranges without any structural defects such as crack and delamination. Our measurements showed that the as-printed NiTi exhibited distinct one-step phase transformation with the austenite finish (Af) temperature of 2.1 °C. To increase the Af temperature to 30.2 °C (within the recommended range of Af temperature for biomedical applications), a heat treatment protocol was developed, which includes a solution cycle (at 900 °C for 1 h) followed by an aging cycle (at 450 °C for 30 min). The heat treatment protocol enabled us to attain the homogenized microstructure while creating ultrafine metastable Ni-rich precipitate, Ni4Ti3, which facilitated the desirable phase transformation behavior with the increased Af temperature. The heat-treated sample showed narrower and sharper two-step martensitic phase transformation with the formation of intermediate R-phase. The presence of both Ni4Ti3 and the R-phase was confirmed by the transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. In the superelasticity test at the body temperature, these samples, starting from the 2nd cycle, demonstrated a recovery ratio of more than 90% and a recoverable strain of more than 6.5%. After 10th cycles, the stable recoverable strain was 6.52% with a recovery ratio of 96%, which is the highest superelasticity reported for the LPBF processed NiTi to the best of our knowledge. After the initial deformation process, we expect these NiTi samples to attain near full superelasticity during service. The micro-hardness study also showed that the hardness of the heat-treated samples is less affected by the cyclic loading. Therefore, this paper presents a viable heat treatment protocol, which provides an important processing roadmap in making NiTi implants by AM while maintaining excellent functional properties of NiTi for biomedical applications.

NiS2-MoS2@MXene heterostructures for enhancing polysulfide adsorption and conversion of Li[sbnd]S battery

Lithium‑sulfur (LiS) batteries attract great interests due to their low cost and high energy density. However, the slow electrochemical reaction and shuttle effect hinder the commercial applications of LiS batteries. Herein, NMM (NiS2-MoS2@MXene) heterostructures containing a large number of defects were successfully prepared to provide more active sites for polysulfide catalysis and adsorption. The resulted battery exhibited exceptional electrochemical performance with the use of 20 wt% (NMM-20) conductive agent MXene. The battery assembled with NMM-20 has an excellent reversible capacity of 767.3 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles at 0.5C and the NMM-20 also showed excellent rate performance. Importantly, a favorable areal capacity of 5 mAh cm−2 was obtained under a high sulfur load of 7 mg cm−2. This work extends the preparation of heterogeneous materials and provides insight into the optimal addition amounts of conductive agents in heterostructures.

Enhanced electrocatalytic conversion of tellurium with MnO hollow nanospheres modified hierarchical n-doped carbon nanosheets in high-performance aqueous Zn-Te battery

Rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are increasingly recognized as an alternative to conventional energy storage systems due to their environmentally safe nature, abundant zinc resources, and high theoretical capacity. However, the intercalation or surface redox mechanisms limit the development of AZBs cathode materials due to low specific capacity and energy density. The tellurium-based (Te) materials with conversion mechanisms are promising cathode materials for AZBs. Nevertheless, the slow kinetics are detrimental to the increase in specific capacity and energy density for Zn-Te battery. Therefore, a hierarchical structure of manganese oxide (MnO) hollow nanospheres loaded on nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (MnO@NC) was rationally designed and used as Te hosts (Te/MnO@NC) for Zn-Te battery. This hierarchical structure facilitates the loading of more Te species. Meanwhile, the MnO hollow nanospheres can expose more active sites, which can promote the kinetics of Te redox reactions thereby lowering the reaction energy barrier. The Te/MnO@NC cathode exhibits high specific capacity and high energy density (429 mAh g−1 and 407 Wh Kg−1 at 0.1 A g−1). Additionally, the conversion mechanism was investigated by systematic characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study presents a new design platform for developing AZBs with high specific capacity and energy density.

Methanol compared to other fuels for on-board hydrogen production in thermally balanced membrane reactors with internal recycle

New processes for hydrogen production from various sources are required, which will enable decentralized hydrogen utilization. Hydrogen is a challenging energy carrier due to its low volumetric energy density, requiring compression or liquefaction, which are costly steps, reducing the overall energy transformation cycle efficiency. Thus, a hydrogen supply route based on distributed on-demand production is more attractive compared to the traditional centralized production route. In this work we analyze the use of methanol as a hydrogen carrier to be converted to hydrogen in a conceptual autothermal scaled-down system for on-board pure hydrogen production. This system integrates two concentric reactors, membrane separation and heat exchange. The required heat is supplied by catalytic combustion of the reforming effluents which are recycled internally. The temperature profile is controlled by distribution of the combustion feed. A validated mathematical model shows that the thermal efficiency of the hydrogen production process from methanol will be much higher (e.g. 45 % vs 15 % in one case, 60 % vs 30 % in another case) compared to the efficiency obtained when feeding other fuels (methane, ethanol or glycerol). In all cases full conversion of the fuel is obtained. The reason for such a significant intensification is the lack of methane formation in the reforming reactor. This leads to higher driving force for hydrogen transport through the membranes and enables lower operating temperatures, reducing heat losses to the surroundings (which are the main source for efficiency loss). The lack of methane formation is due to the Cu-based catalyst used for methanol reforming, as opposed to the Ni-based catalyst used for reforming of other fuels.

Switchable Charge Storage Mechanism via in Situ Activation of MXene Enables High Capacitance and Stability in Aqueous Electrolytes.

The need for reliable renewable energy storage devices has become increasingly important. However, the performance of current electrochemical energy storage devices is limited by either low energy or power densities and short lifespans. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of multilayer Ti4N3Tx MXene in various aqueous electrolytes. We demonstrate that Ti4N3Tx can be electrochemically activated through continuous cation intercalation over a 10 day period using cyclic voltammetry. A wide operating window of 2 V is maintained throughout activation. After activation, capacitance at 2 mV s-1 increases by 300%, 140%, and 500% in 1 M H2SO4, 1 M MgSO4, and 1 M KOH, respectively, while maintaining ∼600 F g-1 at 2 mV s-1 after 50000 cycles in 1 M H2SO4. This activation process is possibly attributed to the unique morphology of the multilayered material, allowing cation intercalation to increase access to redox-active sites between layers. This work adds to the growing repository of electrochemically stable MXenes reported for aqueous energy storage applications. These findings offer a reliable option for reliable energy storage devices with potential applications in large-scale grid storage and electric vehicles.

Anaerobic Digestion of Cuttings from Grassland in Protected Landscape Areas

Orchard meadows are biodiversity hotspots, as the understory often consists of species-rich lowland hay meadows. Due to the low energy density of the grass, it is not suitable as feed, but the energetic utilisation of cuttings from orchard meadows for biogas production could facilitate the protection of these semi-natural grasslands. Here, lowland hay meadows and extensively used orchards were investigated to assess their potential for anaerobic digestion in biogas plants. Aboveground biomass was harvested weekly from three lowland hay meadows differing in conservation statuses and analysed for cell wall components (aNDF, ADF, and ADL), nutritional values (XF, XL, XP), and methane formation potential by anaerobic digestion. Further, orchard meadows were harvested twice during summer and analysed in the same way. Specific methane yield decreased linearly with cutting dates from 0.325 m3 kg−1(oDM) to 0.237 m3 kg−1(oDM). The cumulated area-related methane yields of the orchards ranged from 818 m3 ha−1 to 1036 m3 ha−1. Specific methane yields were linearly correlated with XL, aNDF, ADF, and ADL.

Tertiary‐Amine Based Network Polymer Electrolyte for Improving the Cyclic Stability of Na Metal Batteries with Large Capacity

AbstractPolymer‐based sodium metal battery (SMB) has a great development prospect due to its low cost, good safety, and high theoretical energy density. However, sodium (Na) metal electrode suffers low cyclic stability due to the naturally‐formed unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Herein, 3D network polymer, poly‐bis(3‐(2‐methylaziridin‐1‐yl) propanoate (PBMP) is synthesized, for mechanically robust gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), in which the tertiary‐amine functional group with low‐valence N prefers to react with Na metal to produce a thin and ion‐conducive SEI, realizing Na+ fast and uniform plating/stripping. The assembled Na/GPE/Na3V2(PO4)3 full battery shows an ultrahigh capacity retention of 97.8% after 2000 cycles under 2 mA cm−2, which is the top‐level of GPE‐SMB. This work provides a new strategy to construct advanced SEI by regulating functional groups of network polymer for GPE‐SMBs with high safety.

Low‐Resistance LiFePO4 Thick Film Electrode Processed with Dry Electrode Technology for High‐Energy‐Density Lithium‐Ion Batteries

LiFePO4 emerges as a viable alternative to cobalt‐containing cathodes, such as Li[Ni1–x–yMnxCoy]O2 and Li[Ni1−x−yCoxAly]O2. As Fe is abundant in nature, LiFePO4 is a low‐cost material. Moreover, stable structure of LiFePO4 imparts long service life and thermal stability. However, the practical implementation of LiFePO4 cathode in energy storage devices is impeded by its low energy density and high ionic/electrical resistance. Herein, the LiFePO4 electrode with high active material loading and low ionic/electrical resistance through the dry process is reported for the first time. The dry process not only enables the uniform distribution of the polymeric binders and conductive additives within the thick electrode but also inhibits the formation of cracks. Furthermore, the bridge‐like connection of polytetrafluoroethylene facilitates the insertion and extraction of Li ions to the LiFePO4 crystal. Hence, the dry‐processed LiFePO4 electrode with high areal capacity (7.8 mAh cm−2) exhibits excellent cycle stability over 300 cycles in full‐cell operation. In addition, it is demonstrated that the estimated energy density of prismatic cell with the dry‐processed LiFePO4 electrode is competitive with state‐of‐the‐art Li[Ni1–x–yMnxCoy]O2‐based battery.

γ-Ray Irradiation Significantly Enhances Capacitive Energy Storage Performance of Polymer Dielectric Films.

Polymer dielectric capacitors are fundamental in advanced electronics and power grids but suffer from low energy density, hindering miniaturization of compact electrical systems. It is shown that high-energy and strong penetrating γ-irradiation significantly enhances capacitive energy storage performance of polymer dielectrics. γ-irradiated biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films exhibit an extraordinarily high energy density of 10.4 J cm-3 at 968 MV m-1 with an efficiency of 97.3%. In particular, an energy density of 4.06 J cm-3 with an ultrahigh efficiency of 98% is reliably maintained through 20000 charge-discharge cycles under 600 MV m-1. At 125°C, the γ-irradiated BOPP film still delivers a high discharged energy density of 5.88 J cm-3 with an efficiency of 90% at 770 MV m-1. Substantial improvements are also achieved for γ-irradiated cycloolefin copolymers at a high temperature of 150°C, verifying the strategy generalizability. Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that the excellent performance should be related to the γ-irradiation induced polar functional groups with high electron affinity in the molecular chain, which offer deep energy traps to impede charge transport. This work provides a simple and generally applicable strategy for developing high-performance polymer dielectrics.

Polybenzoxazine-Based Nitrogen-Containing Porous Carbon and Their Composites with NiCo Bimetallic Oxides for Supercapacitor Applications.

Supercapacitors (SCs) are considered as emerging energy storage devices that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries. However, due to their low energy density, their real-time usage is restricted. Hence, to enhance the energy density of SCs, we prepared hetero-atom-doped carbon along with bimetallic oxides at different calcination temperatures, viz., HC/NiCo@600, HC/NiCo@700, HC/NiCo@800 and HC/NiCo@900. The material produced at 800 °C (HC/NiCo@800) exhibits a hierarchical 3D flower-like morphology. The electrochemical measurement of the prepared materials was performed in a three-electrode system showing an enhanced specific capacitance for HC/NiCo@600 (Cs = 1515 F g-1) in 1 M KOH, at a current density of 1 A g-1, among others. An asymmetric SC device was also fabricated using HC/NiCo@800 as anode and HC as cathode (HC/NiCo@600//HC). The fabricated device had the ability to operate at a high voltage window (~1.6 V), exhibiting a specific capacitance of 142 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1; power density of 743.11 W kg-1 and energy density of 49.93 Wh kg-1. Altogether, a simple strategy of hetero-atom doping and bimetallic inclusion into the carbon framework enhances the energy density of SCs.

Ultralight Electrolyte with Protective Encapsulation Solvation Structure Enables Hybrid Sulfur-Based Primary Batteries Exceeding 660 Wh/kg.

An electrochemical couple of lithium and sulfur possesses the highest theoretical energy density (>2600 Wh/kg) at the material level. However, disappointingly, it is out of place in primary batteries due to its low accessible energy density at the cell level (≤500 Wh/kg) and poor storage performance. Herein, a low-density methyl tert-butyl ether was tailored for an ultralight electrolyte (0.837 g/mL) with a protective encapsulation solvation structure which reduced electrolyte weight (23.1%), increased the utilization of capacity (38.1%), and simultaneously forfended self-discharge. Furthermore, active fluorinated graphite partially replaced inactive carbon to construct a hybrid sulfur-based cathode to bring the potential energy density into full play. Our demonstrated pouch cell achieved an incredible energy density of 661 Wh/kg with a negligible self-discharge rate based on the above innovations. Our work is anticipated to provide a new direction to realize the practicality of lithium-sulfur primary batteries.

Tuning of Ionic Liquid–Solvent Electrolytes for High-Voltage Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors: A Review

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) possess extremely high-power density and a long cycle lifespan, but they have been long constrained by a low energy density. Since the electrochemical stability of electrolytes is essential to the operating voltage of EDLCs, and thus to their energy density, the tuning of electrolyte components towards a high-voltage window has been a research focus for a long time. Organic electrolytes based on ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as the most commercially promising owing to their moderate operating voltage and excellent conductivity. Despite impressive progress, the working voltage of IL–solvent electrolytes needs to be improved to meet the growing demand. In this review, the recent progress in the tuning of IL- based organic electrolyte components for higher-voltage EDLCs is comprehensively summarized and the advantages and limitations of these innovative components are outlined. Furthermore, future trends of IL–solvent electrolytes in this field are highlighted.

Quantum Capacitance of Mo2N MXene for Supercapacitor Applications

AbstractMXenes for supercapacitor (SC) electrodes is a very promising area of research. Supercapacitors are still behind batteries when to be used as primary energy source due to their low energy densities. Hence, additional research is vital to explore materials like MXenes for SC electrodes. The electronic properties of molybdenum nitride Mo2N are studied and its quantum capacitance (QC) is calculated to explore its potential for SC electrodes. The MXene is found to be metallic in nature. The QC values for Mo2N MXene are extremely high around Fermi level. Maximum value of 746.69 µF cm−2 is achieved which is way higher than that of graphene. The value remains high for the negative bias voltage as well.

Effect of processing parameters on the defects, microstructure, and property evaluation of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy processed by laser powder bed fusion

In this study, we designed the processing windows for laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-64) alloy by using central composite design and made a detailed investigation into the influence of processing parameters on the defects. The purpose is to investigate the effect of defects on mechanical properties. It was found that insufficient energy density could lead to the formation of lack of fusion (LOF) defects and produce non-melted powders on the surface, while excessive energy density could lead to cracks that were detrimental to mechanical performance. In addition, the microstructural evaluation found that relatively low energy density could lead to shorter columnar prior-β grains, while prior-β grains in the sample processed by the high energy density extended almost the entire height of the cross-section, which could lead to the strong mechanical property anisotropy. The prior β grains are formed by heterogeneous nucleation on the partially melted material powder. As the energy input increases, all the powder powders in the molten pool can be melted so that these particles do not act as nucleation sites and the prior β grain can grow through more layers without forming new grains being able to nucleate. The prior β-grain in as-built Ti-64 samples consisted of acicular α’ martensite with myriads of lattice distortions, as a precursor to a phase transition, which lead to strong tensile strength and poor ductility. Annealing heat treatment promoted the improvement of the ductile performance of LPBF Ti-64. Overall, this study provides comprehensive views on the effects of processing parameters (laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance) on the internal (pores and LOF) and external (unmelted powder, sintering neck, and crack), defects, microstructure, and tensile property evaluation of LPBF Ti-64, which offer insights for the development of additive manufactured titanium alloys with excellent mechanical property.

10 mAh cm−2 Cathode by Roll‐to‐Roll Process for Low Cost and High Energy Density Li‐Ion Batteries

AbstractRoll‐to‐roll dry processing enables the manufacture of high energy density and low cost Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, as the thickness of the electrode fabricated by dry processing becomes greater (≥10 mAh cm−2), Li‐ion migration resistance (Rion) and charge‐transfer resistance (Rct) in the electrode dramatically increase due to long diffusion lengths for Li‐ion and electron. Therefore, it is important to reduce diffusion lengths in the electrode to achieve high energy density LIBs. The dry electrode with a high areal capacity of 10 mAh cm−2 and low resistance can be achieved by following three characteristics. First, the fibrillization behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder is controlled by adjusting the processing temperature during the fibrillization process, which enables uniform distribution of PTFE binder and carbon black (CB). Second, pore size/distribution and conducting network are engineered by multi‐dimensional conducting agents, enhancing Li‐ions and electrons transport in the electrode. Finally, the structural integrity of LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) particles is improved without fractures, which enables uniform pore distribution in the electrode by controlling the calendering step. The prepared 10 mAh cm−2 dry electrode with homogeneous microstructure shows reduced Rion and Rct due to short diffusion lengths, which improves electrochemical performances in LIBs with a high volumetric energy density of ≈710 Wh L−1.