Low Emission Levels Research Articles

Financial innovation and environmental quality: Fresh empirical evidence from the EU Countries.

Evidence shows that the European Union (EU) is a leader in using financial innovation to overcome environmental challenges and ensure sustainable development. This study explores the heterogeneous effects of financial innovations on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) due to their destructive effects in the context of the EU, by employing the novel Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MM-QR). The study also evaluates the environmental Kuznets hypothesis during the period of 2000-2020. We used four proxies for financial innovation; the ratio of the aggregate money supply to narrow money (M3/M1), the ratio of broad to narrow money (M2/M1), the percentage change in domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP) and a composite index of these indices using the Principal Component Analysis technique. The findings indicate that raising three financial innovation proxies can effectively raise environmental quality. It should be noted that while M3/M1 has a stronger and negative effect on CO2 emissions in low quantiles, M2/M1 has a stronger and negative effect on CO2 emissions in high quantiles. Therefore, it is recommended that a larger amount of M2 and M3 resources be directed towards green projects for financing in countries with both high and low levels of CO2 emissions, respectively.

An Extensive Review of the Configurations, Modeling, Storage Technologies, Design Parameters, Sizing Methodologies, Energy Management, System Control, and Sensitivity Analysis Aspects of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

Energy demand is growing exponentially due to industrialization and population growth, and existing conventional energy systems (CES) cannot meet it totally due to the limited availability of power supply. Furthermore, CES has a substantial environmental impact. In comparison to CES, hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are a suitable combination of renewable and non-renewable energy systems that consider the system’s benefits, allowing for lower system implementation and maintenance costs, lower emissions levels, and improved overall system reliability, and so forth. Therefore, this article offers an extensive review of the research conducted on numerous aspects that must be considered while developing and implementing an HRES. The numerous aspects of HRES considered are configuration, modeling, storage technologies, design parameters, sizing methodologies, energy management, control, and sensitivity analysis. This research assists the designer in choosing the best HRES configuration, appropriate energy management and HRES control. In addition, the selection of various design parameters, and sensitivity parameters for performance evaluation of HRES. Further the selection of mode of operation (off-grid or grid-connected modes) of HRES depending on the location’s requirements.

The X-ray activity of F stars with hot Jupiters: KELT-24 versus WASP-18

X-rays emitted by the coronae of solar-type stars are a feature present in up to late-A types during the main sequence phase. F stars, either with or without hot Jupiters, are usually X-ray emitters. The very low level of X-ray emission of the F5 star WASP-18 despite its relatively young age and spectral type is thus quite peculiar. In this paper we compare the X-ray activity of KELT-24 to that of WASP-18. KELT-24 is an F5 star nearly coeval to the Hyades stars that hosts a 5 MJup in a 5.6-day period orbit. The properties of the KELT-24 system are similar to, although less extreme than, those of WASP-18. We observed KELT-24 with XMM-Newton for a total of 43 ks in order to test if the X-ray activity of this star is depressed by the interaction with its massive hot Jupiter, as is the case of WASP-18. KELT-24 is detected in combined EPIC images with a high significance level. Its average coronal spectrum is well described by a cool component at 0.36 keV and a hotter component at 0.98 keV. We detected a flare with a duration of about 2 ks, during which the coronal temperature reached 3.5 keV. The unabsorbed quiescent flux in 0.3–8.0 keV is ∼1.33 × 10−13 erg s−1 cm−2, corresponding to a luminosity of 1.5 × 1029 erg s−1 at the distance of the star. The luminosity is well within the range of the typical X-ray luminosity of F stars in Hyades, which are coeval. We conclude that the activity of KELT-24 appears normal, as expected, and is not affected by any star–planet interaction. From the analysis of TESS light curves, we infer a distribution of optical flares for KELT-24 and WASP-18. Small optical flickering similar to flares is recognized in WASP-18 but at lower levels of energy and amplitude than in KELT-24. We discuss the causes of the low activity of WASP-18. Either WASP-18b could hamper the formation of a corona bright in X-rays in its host star through some form of tidal interaction, or the star has entered a minimum of activity similar to the solar Maunder minimum. This latter hypothesis would make WASP-18 among the few candidates showing such a quench of stellar activity.

Influence of wood species and additives on emission behavior of wood pellets in a residential pellet stove and a boiler

Wood pellets on the German pellet market mainly consist of spruce wood, but other wood species are increasingly used during pellet production. Moreover, additives such as starch or kaolin can be added to improve fuel quality and combustion behavior. Consequently, wood pellets vary in their physical and chemical properties and this variation might affect combustion behavior in stoves and boilers. In this study, eight different wood species were used for pellet production at the Technology and Support Centre (TFZ). Three types of starch and one type of kaolin were added to spruce wood without bark, using two additivation levels (starch: 0.5 w-% and 1.8 w-%, kaolin: 0.17 and 0.34 w-%). All pellet assortments were analyzed according to international standards for solid biofuels and additional methods. Fuels were combusted in a 6-kW pellet stove and a 15-kW pellet boiler. Selection of wood species had a significant impact on CO emissions for the pellet stove ranging between 85 and 4189 mg/m3 and on TPM emissions ranging between 23 and 263 mg/m3. Similar combustion behavior was observed for the pellet boiler but on a lower emission level. Kaolin reduced CO and TPM emissions as well as slag formation when the additivation level was set according to stoichiometric calculations. When kaolin was overdosed, it had a negative impact on TPM emissions mainly in the pellet boiler, probably due to entrainment. Regarding particles from incomplete combustion, a negative impact of overdosed kaolin was observed. Overall, at the current state of the art, the pellet stove showed larger sensitivity towards variable pellet qualities compared to the automatic pellet boiler. This calls for further improvements in fuel design and stove technology.

Low carbon and efficiency oriented day-ahead joint electrical energy and ancillary services market clearing model for generation-side in China

China's market-oriented reform of electricity transaction and carbon neutrality target will bring new challenges to thermal power generators. Under the joint clearing mechanism of the energy and ancillary services markets, this paper proposed a bi-level model to characterize the individual-oriented behavior of the power generation company and the system-oriented collaborative decision-making behavior of generation companies. The bi-level optimization model is converted to a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints and further transformed into mixed-integer linear programming models which can be solved directly by using linearization techniques. We evaluated the impact of generation companies' behavior decisions in a regional power system under different levels of renewable energy penetration and deep-peaking compensation prices. Compared with the individual-oriented mechanism, a lower emission level, a lower average daily clearing price and higher unit efficiency would be achieved under system-oriented mechanism, even if there will be some loss of profit. The system-oriented decision-making behavior that will bring environmental benefits deserves more attempts. Therefore, for a power generation group with multiple generating units, the adoption of system-oriented decision is more conducive to realize the low-carbon transformation, which is an alternative way to promote the low-carbon transition of the power system in China.

A Review on the Effects of Nanolubricant Addition into Lube Oil on the Performance of Spark Ignition Engines

Every year there is a rise in energy demand due to the rapid development in industrializationand automotive sector, demand and depletion of fossil fuels, fuel price instabilities, diminished energysecurity, uncertainty in oil supply to the consuming nations, fuel import costs, increased harmfulenvironmental effects due to various pollutants are the main driving forces to search for new alternativefuels that are renewable, eco–friendly and harmless in nowadays. Most researchers have focused ondeveloping a wide range of renewable energies including oxygenated fuels, biofuels, fuel cell, and solarenergy technologies to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and control the emission of greenhouse gasesto emit the atmosphere. The novel application in transportation and power generation sectors has showndevelopment in the past decades to ensure a low emission level, energy savings, and high performance andefficiency. A new research area grows rapidly which is called nanotechnologies are considered nowadaysone of the most recommended choices to solve the problem of the production and use of energy.Nanotechnology can be used to improve the efficiency and performance of both of conventional andrenewable resources and also fuels. Nanofuels consist of a nano–sized metal particle having size rangingfrom 1 to 100 nm is mixed inside the base fluid by means of ultrasonication process. The nano fuel additivehas a higher surface to volume ratio and act as a catalyst that results in enhanced characteristics of fuelsand oils which leads to enhanced performance and combustion characteristics of internal combustionengines. This review study investigates the effects of nanolubricant addition into lube oil on theperformance of spark ignition engines.

The role and place of land management in the strategy of social and economic development of the Russian Federation aimed at low greenhouse gas emissions

Recently, a lot of work has been done at the federal level to launch and implement the adopted strategy for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation with a low level of greenhouse gas emissions (hereinafter referred to as “Strategy 2050”). Today we can state that the necessary regulatory and legal framework has been created. The next step is to analyze and, possibly, revise the role and place of the established scientific and technical disciplines for the implementation of the strategy. The article analyzes this role in relation to one of the oldest scientific and technical disciplines – land management. The historical stages of the formation of the discipline and its place at the present stage in urban planning are considered in this paper. Using specific examples, the article shows that strict adherence to the principles of urban planning is not always able to ensure the sustainable development of territories in accordance with the Strategy 2050. Hence, the importance of land management based on new principles taking into account ESG factors is increasing. Such a new direction is designated by the authors as a “carbon land management”. The article gives the suggestions for the theoretical and practical implementation of this new scientific and technical direction.

Experimental investigation on flame stability and emissions of lean premixed methane–air combustion in a developed divergent porous burner

Flame stability and pollutant emissions are issues of the greatest concern for low-calorific-value gas combustion. Although the conventional straight porous burner is conducive to improving the flame stability, it still cannot meet the industrial demand. To improve the flame stability and reduce the pollutant emissions during fuel-lean combustion, a divergent double-layer porous burner was creatively proposed in this study. The influences of the inlet velocity and equivalence ratio on the flame stability, temperature distributions, the emissions were experimentally investigated in detail. The results showed that the flame front gradually moved downstream, the preheating zone length increased as the inlet velocity increased. Compared with the traditional straight porous burner, the divergent porous burner extended the blowout limit by 300%. Since the burner was operated under fuel-lean conditions (the equivalence ratio range was 0.45–0.6), the CO emissions were relatively high when the inlet velocity was less than 0.4 m/s. When the inlet speed was equal to or greater than 0.4 m/s, the maximum CO emissions concentration was 132 ppm. The burner showed superior performances in terms of NO emissions, with emissions concentrations of less than 20 ppm under all test conditions. In summary, the great advantage of the divergent porous burner lies in extending the flame stability limit. For clean combustion it is recommended that the burner be operated at a higher velocity (greater than or equal to 0.4 m/s) to obtain lower CO and NO emission levels.

Investigation of the use of wet ethanol in an HCCI engine using water injection and direct exhaust heat recovery

Wet ethanol is a renewable fuel that has great potential to reduce the energy cost of ethanol production and improve the life-cycle carbon footprint of ethanol. The use of wet ethanol in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode can achieve high efficiency with low emission levels. In this context, this study investigates the effects of water-in-ethanol concentration on the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of an HCCI engine using water injection and recirculation of all exhaust gasses from a diesel cylinder. Water injection was used to solve the problem that there is no direct method to adjust HCCI combustion. Results showed that water–ethanol blends with higher water content had lower heat release rates and combustion temperatures, which increased the combustion duration. The indicated efficiency deteriorated for ethanol–water blends with high water concentrations. However, the highest indicated efficiency was 39.3% for the blend with 20% water by vol. at 6.0 bar. CO and organic gas emissions tended to increase with late combustion and for blends with higher water content, reaching values of 78.0 and 68.2 g/kWh at 4.0 bar, respectively. On the other hand, the NOX emissions were low, reaching a maximum value of 0.93 g/kWh in the HCCI combustion.

Deep Neural Network for Predicting Changing Market Demands in the Energy Sector for a Sustainable Economy

Increasing access to power, enhancing clean cooking fuels, decreasing wasteful energy subsidies, and limiting fatal air pollution are just a few of the sustainable development goals that all revolve around energy (E). Energy-specific sustainable development objectives were a turning point in the global shift towards a more sustainable and just system. By understanding energy resources, markets, regulations, and scientific studies, the country can progress more quickly towards a sustainable economy (SE). Investment in renewable energy industries is hampered by institutional obstacles such as market-controlled procedures and inconsistent supporting policies. Power plant building is currently incompatible with existing transmission and distribution networks, posing significant risks to investors. Deep neural networks (DNN) are specifically investigated in this article for energy demand forecasting at the individual building level. Other relevant information is supplied into fully connected layers along with the convolutional output. A single customer’s power usage data were used and analyzed for the final fuel and electricity consumption by various energy sources and consumer groups to test the DNN-SE technique. The energy intensity and labor productivity indexes for several economic sectors are displayed. A wide range of economic activities are examined to determine their impact on environmental pollution indicators, greenhouse gas emissions, and other air pollutants. A more effective and comprehensive energy efficiency strategy should be implemented to lower emission levels at lower prices. Research-based conclusions must be enhanced to help policymaking. The results of the experiment using the proposed method show that it is possible to predict 98.1%, grow at 96.8%, meet 98.5% of electricity demand, use 97.6% of power, and have a renewable energy ratio of 96.2%.

Supply chain leakage of greenhouse gas emissions and supplier innovation

Climate change is a major global risk and a key driver for greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Yet, firms’ internal emissions reduction may create a leakage leading to higher emissions in the supply chain. The related literature suggests that the pollution‐haven hypothesis explains such emissions leakage. In contrast, we explore an alternative reason for supply chain leakage, which is related to optimization of supply chain activities and supply chain innovation. Based on panel data from Bloomberg Environmental, Social, and Governance and Bloomberg Supply Chain, we estimate our models at a dyadic (i.e., firm and supplier) level using two‐way cluster‐robust standard error, treating various sources of endogeneity. We find empirical evidence of a supply chain leakage effect—a higher level of a supplier's emissions is associated with a lower level of a firm's internal emissions. More importantly, the supplier's innovation can be a major reason behind the leakage; the supply chain leakage effect is stronger when a supplier is more innovative. Furthermore, the role of innovation is strengthened when a supplier invests in eco‐innovation and has technological capabilities similar to those of the focal firm. Our findings suggest that supply chain leakage may not be completely driven by the pollution‐haven effect, but instead is associated with supply chain optimization and innovation that may be beneficial in the long run.

Convergence of CO2 emissions in the selected world countries

Nowadays, the topic of CO2 emissions has been a subject of intensive debate. There is a significant policy push toward reducing emissions that cause air pollution and other environmental concerns. The aim of this paper is to analyze the CO2 emissions as well as economic growth along with renewable energy use and the level of urbanization in the selected World countries in the period of 1995-2018. In general, almost all of the Northern part of the World was characterized by a high level of CO2 emissions, while the majority of African territory was the least polluted. The empirical result shows that the growth rate of air pollution is much higher in countries that initially had a low level of CO2 emissions, so the convergence process occurred. Conditioning convergence with the renewable energy use and the urbanization level indicates that its speed is higher. Club convergence analysis has proved that well-developed regions in terms of GDP per capita are able to improve the ecological situation despite further economic growth.

Fresh and Mechanical Properties of High-Performance Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Polypropylene Fibres

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of polypropylene fibres (PP) to decrease the brittleness of high-performance self-compacting concrete (HPSCC). The influence of PP fibre content on the fresh and mechanical assets of PP-fibre-reinforced HPSCC was investigated. PP fibres were applied with 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.125, 0.25% contents to the HPC blends with high cement replacement by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The impact of PP fibre fraction on fresh properties of HPSCC, counting passing capability as well as filling parameters is discussed. In addition, the mechanical properties, i.e., compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths, were evaluated after 7 and 28 days of specimens’ maturation in water. The higher content of PP fibres gradually reduced the HPSCC workability and improved the mechanical properties. The high performance of fresh and hardened ecological HPSCCs containing 46% GGBS instead of cement with 0.025–0.25% PP fibre content proves the great potential of using these composites in various applications in the construction industry. The advantages of the potential recycling of GGBS include, among others, the reduced use of cement in a durable material, reduced amount of waste in landfill and lower emission levels of greenhouse gases.

Comparative Analysis of Emission Characteristics of In-Use China II–V Gasoline, Hybrid, Diesel-Fueled Vehicles

Increasingly stringent regulations regarding vehicle emissions have contributed to the diversification of vehicle technologies, resulting in the increasing complexity of typical vehicles that make up a fleet. In order to investigate the real gas emissions of different typical vehicles, tests were conducted using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) in Beijing and emission studies were conducted on eight light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs, including light-duty gasoline passenger vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles), eight heavy-duty passenger vehicles (HDPVs), and four light-duty trucks (LDTs). The results show that the emissions of relevant pollutants from LDPV meet the emission standard limits. The emission factors of CO2, CO, NOX, and HC of China IV and China V hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are much smaller than the emission standard limits and the emission factors of other vehicles, which have better emission reduction effects. Among LDPV, heavy-duty passenger vehicles (HDPVs), and LDT, the emissions of HDPV and LDT are extremely high. Emission characteristics vary on different types of roads, with the highest emission factors generally occurring on secondary roads. The micro-trip method was used to explore the influence of speed on emission factors. HEV are less sensitive to speed changes and can still maintain a low emission level at low speeds. The average speed and emission factors of HDPV in micro-trip has a strong correlation.

Emission of Industrial Air Pollution and Mortality Due to Respiratory Diseases: A Birth Cohort Study in Poland.

Air pollution is a major risk factor for public health worldwide, but evidence linking this environmental problem with the mortality of children in Central Europe is limited. To investigate the relationship between air pollution due to the emission of industry-related particulate matter and mortality due to respiratory diseases under one year of age. A retrospective birth cohort analysis of the dataset including 2,277,585 children from all Polish counties was conducted, and the dataset was matched with 248 deaths from respiratory diseases under one year of age. Time to death during the first 365 days of life was used as a dependent variable. Harmful emission was described as total particle pollution (TPP) from industries. The survival analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model for the emission of TPP at the place of residence of the mother and child, adjusted individual characteristics, demographic factors, and socioeconomic status related to the contextual level. Infants born in areas with extremely high emission of TPP had a significantly higher risk of mortality due to respiratory diseases: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.781 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.175, 2.697], p = 0.006, compared with those born in areas with the lowest emission levels. This effect was persistent when significant factors were adjusted at individual and contextual levels (HR = 1.959 [95% CI: 1.058, 3.628], p = 0.032). The increased risk of mortality was marked between the 50th and 150th days of life, coinciding with the highest exposure to TPP. The emission of TPP from industries is associated with mortality due to respiratory diseases under one year of age. A considerable proportion of children's deaths could be prevented in Poland, especially in urban areas, if air pollution due to the emission of particle pollution is reduced.

Impact of Emission Control Systems for Heavy Equipment and Power Plants on Global Warming

The article outlines the study on emission control systems from various diesel engines. The study was carried out for the heavy equipment and power plants operations to meet the environmental regulations. The purpose of this paper is to examine various emission control systems, how it operate at low emission level and their malfunctions. As the world strive for global warming regulations, there is a need to consider various emission control systems operating at low emission level to minimize the problems of the environment hazards. Internal combustion engines are characterized for producing exhaust emissions, mainly used in industries, transportation, power production and machinery. CAT Caterpillar ET 2019C Diagnostic Electronic Tool was used on heavy equipment and Perkins EST 2018A v1.0 Diagnostic Tool used on the power generating plants to detect various faults on emission control systems. Most of the emission produce were from the defective emission control systems thus fuel injection pump, fuel injectors, induction and exhaust manifolds design, positive crankcase ventilating systems, turbocharger and catalytic convertors. The Study was conducted in Mali-Tombouctou Region within UN Mission area and to examine various types of heavy equipment and different capacity of power plants emission control systems, under Ghana Engineer Company serving and providing engineer support for the Mission. The study recommend that the replacement of component or system used for repair be genuine service part to maintain the quality for emission control systems. All emission control system parts must be scheduled for regular inspections. Any part that fails under operation need to be replaced or repaired to reduce emission. Owners and operators normally don’t comply with and report emission issues. The study adds to the existing knowledge of emission control in our environment to reduce associated environmental health issues and global warning.

TIME PATTERN OF RADIONUCLIDE EMISSIONS AND DISCHARGES INTO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE PIVDENNOUKRAINSKA NPP SURVEILLANCE ZONE.

assessment of impact of operation of the Pivdennoukrainska Nuclear Power Plant (PUNPP) on the environment of surveillance zone (SZ) based on parameters of radiation monitoring within 2015-2021 period. socio-hygienic (analysis of the radiation monitoring parameters), analytical, statistical. The environmental radiation impact associated with emissions and discharges of radioactive substances originated in the production cycle of the PUNPP in everyday conditions was found as insignificant. The gas-aerosol atmospheric emissions of inert radioactive gases, long-lived nuclides, and 131I did not exceed the established permissible levels (PL) and amounted to a hundredth of a percent of the emission limit (EL) for the inert radioactive gases and long-lived nuclides, and a thousandth of a percent for radioactive iodine. Total atmospheric emissions of the 51Cr, 54Mn, 59Fe, 58Co, 60Co, 90Sr, 95Zr, 95Nb, 134Cs, 137Cs, and 3Н radionuclides by the PUNPP power units (actual and % of EL) did not exceed the established PL. Maximum average values of atmospheric air concentration of 137Cs in SZ forthe 2015-2021 period ranged from 2.858 μBq/m3 (PUNPP industrial site) to 1.986 μBq/m3 (Riabokoneve village, 33.5 km distance), and maximum average values of the 90Sr air concentration were from 1.310 μBq/m3 to 0.566 μBq/m3, respectively. According to radionuclide monitoring no significant change of the quality of surface water occurred upon the PUNPP discharges to the Pivdennyi Bug River. Specific activity of the 137Сs in agricultural products in the PUNPP SZ was insignificant and not exceeding the PL of the content in food products. Content of 137Cs in the samples from the PUNPP SZ did not exceed 1.0 % of the total activity. Average concentration of radionuclides in atmospheric air of the settlements in the PUNPP SZ was several orders of magnitude lower than that established by regulatory documents. The PUNPP discharges to the Pivdennyi Bug River, according to radionuclide parameters that are monitored, have not significantly changed the quality of surface water. The content of 90Sr and 137Cs was uniform in all observation radii of distance from the NPP, confirming the very low level of 90Sr and 137Cs environmental emission by the PUNPP. The content of 137Cs in agricultural products within the PUNPP SZ was significantly lower than PL.

Predictive Assessment of the Potential Electric Vehicle Market and the Effects of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Russia

In recent decades, the global adoption of alternative fuel vehicles, which may contribute to carbon emission reduction due to the use of alternative energy sources has stirred particular interest. Despite a significant body of scientific literature in Russia about electric vehicle adoption, the approaches used in papers lack quantitative estimates of the Russian market's potential. This paper aims to fill this gap as it provides a long-term electric vehicle market forecast in Russia as well as assesses the environmental effects. The following hypotheses are tested: (1) the Bass model is applicable to predict the long-term electric vehicle diffusion process in Russia; (2) the transition to electric cars will have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emission reduction. The Bass model, a widely used tool for predicting the innovation diffusion process, serves as a methodological base for the research. The long-term forecast of the Russian electric car fleet includes several scenarios. The most realistic scenario suggests that the Russian electric vehicle market is estimated to grow, reaching 5.62 million units by 2060. Furthermore, the environmental effects associated with electric vehicle adoption were identified. Two scenarios for changes in the energy generation structure were taken into consideration. The expected carbon emission reduction is estimated to reach 14.08 million tons in CO2-eq. if an accelerated transition to low-carbon energy sources is implemented, the baseline scenario suggests 12.86 million tons in CO2-eq. carbon emission reduction. The estimates of the transport diffusion in Russia as well as of environmental effects associated with this process form the theoretical value of the study. The practical significance of the study suggests developing electric vehicle demand forecasts that might be utilized while implementing measures to achieve goals stated in the Strategy of Social and Economic Development with a Low Level of Greenhouse Gas Emissions until 2050 in the Russian Federation.

Current state and directions of transformation of the world energy market

The research is devoted to the current state and directions of transformation of the world energy market. It was determined that at the current stage, the global economy is going through a very uncertain moment, when the cumulative effects of adverse shocks over the past three years, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, are manifesting in unpredictable ways. Economic growth to 2030 is projected to be slower than previously predicted, implying lower levels of activity in all sectors. This causes lower growth in energy demand, driving a significant change in global energy supply compared to previous projections. It is substantiated that the uncertainty regarding the price forecast of the world energy markets increases due to the uncertain recovery of the growth of the world's leading economies (USA, China, EU countries), as well as due to the energy transition to an economy with net zero emissions. It was determined that instability in the energy markets activates the transformation of national energy policies. This is evidenced by the increase in annual investments in clean energy (USA and China), the acceleration of the introduction of renewable energy sources and the efficiency improvement (EU and China), a significant increase in financing for technologies, including nuclear, with low levels of hydrogen and ammonia emissions (Japan, Korea). etc. It was concluded that taking into account the challenges faced by the global economy and the world energy system in particular, it is necessary to form a new paradigm of energy security in order to maintain reliability and availability while reducing emissions for the transition to net zero emissions scenario. National economies face the challenges of parallel reduction of fossil fuels and expansion of clean energy systems. Power generation systems need to be more responsive, and network infrastructure needs to be strengthened and digitized. This requires new technological solutions, which, in turn, require significant financial investments. Continued technological innovation and recycling are vital measures to reduce stress on critical mineral markets.

Recent Studies on Alternative Fuel of Dimethyl Ether

With the development of industrialization, a large number of non-renewable fuels (such as coal and crude oil) are consumed, and the harmful substances produced in the combustion process of a large number of fossil fuels have caused serious pollution to the atmosphere, and the harmful gases produced by combustion have caused disastrous damage to the ecological balance. Therefore, finding clean energy and exploring alternative fuels are very important in today's society. This paper mainly reviews the studies on the alternative fuels of dimethyl ether (DME). Firstly, the types of alternative fuels currently researched by society and their respective advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, and the preparation of dimethyl ether and its advantages and disadvantages are analyzed in detail. In addition, the physicochemical properties, combustion and emission characteristics of dimethyl ether and diesel are compared and analyzed. The conclusion is that the injection delay angle of dimethyl ether is larger than that of diesel, the ignition delay period is shorter than that of diesel, and the maximum explosion pressure, maximum pressure rise rate and combustion noise of dimethyl ether are lower than that of diesel. The diffusion combustion speed of DME is faster than that of diesel, and the combustion duration is shorter than that of diesel. At the same time, as an alternative energy, dimethyl ether engine has a significant reduction in NOx emission, a very low level of HC and CO emission, and zero soot emission. In conclusion, the DME engine has good performance and emission characteristics.