Low Utilization Efficiency Research Articles

High‐Performance Self‐Powered PEC Photodetectors Based on 2D BiVO4/MXene Schottky Junction

AbstractAs an emerging field, self‐powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) photodetectors have gradually attracted extensive attention thanks to the unique working characteristics of low preparation cost, strong tunability of device performance, and environmental friendliness. However, short absorption wavelength range, low efficiency of visible light utilization, and low responsivity remain challenges for performance improvements. Here, the PEC photodetectors based on the 2D BiVO4/MXene Schottky junction structure, which shows excellent performance with high photocurrent density (≈3.90 mA cm−2 at 0 VSCE under AM 1.5 G, 150 mW cm−2), good responsivity (790.2 mA W−1 under 447 nm), fast response time (tr/tf = 8/14 ms), and long‐term stability (keep 17 000 s and 22 000 cycles) are fabricated. These can be attributed to the built‐in electric field at the BiVO4/MXene Schottky junction interface, which accelerates the transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes, and inhibits interfacial charge recombination. Additionally, the MXene nanosheets improve the absorption of visible‐light‐induced photons on the valence band of BiVO4. These excellent properties show that this work provides a scientific experimental reference for the further development of PEC photodetectors.

Highly Selective CO2 Electroreduction to Multi‐Carbon Alcohols via Amine Modified Copper Nanoparticles at Acidic Conditions

AbstractElectroreduction of CO2 into multi‐carbon (C2+) products (e.g. C2+ alcohols) offers a promising way for CO2 utilization. Use of strong alkaline electrolytes is favorable to producing C2+ products. However, CO2 can react with hydroxide to form carbonate/bicarbonate, which results in low carbon utilization efficiency and poor stability. Using acidic electrolyte is an efficient way to solve the problems, but it is a challenge to achieve high selectivity of C2+ products. Here we report that the amine modified copper nanoparticles exhibit high selectivity of C2+ products and carbon utilization at acidic condition. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) of C2+ products reach up to 81.8 % at acidic media (pH=2) with a total current density of 410 mA cm−2 over n‐butylamine modified Cu. Especially the FE of C2+ alcohols is 52.6 %, which is higher than those reported for CO2 electroreduction at acidic condition. In addition, the single‐pass carbon efficiency towards C2+ production reach up to 60 %. Detailed studies demonstrate that the amine molecule on the surface of Cu cannot only enhance the formation, adsorption and coverage of *CO, but also provide a hydrophobic environment, which result in the high selectivity of C2+ alcohols at acidic condition.

Highly Selective CO2 Electroreduction to Multi-Carbon Alcohols via Amine Modified Copper Nanoparticles at Acidic Conditions.

Electroreduction of CO2 into multi-carbon (C2+) products (e.g. C2+ alcohols) offers a promising way for CO2 utilization. Use of strong alkaline electrolytes is favorable to producing C2+ products. However, CO2 can react with hydroxide to form carbonate/bicarbonate, which results in low carbon utilization efficiency and poor stability. Using acidic electrolyte is an efficient way to solve the problems, but it is a challenge to achieve high selectivity of C2+ products. Here we report that the amine modified copper nanoparticles exhibit high selectivity of C2+ products and carbon utilization at acidic condition. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) of C2+ products reach up to 81.8 % at acidic media (pH=2) with a total current density of 410 mA cm-2 over n-butylamine modified Cu. Especially the FE of C2+ alcohols is 52.6 %, which is higher than those reported for CO2 electroreduction at acidic condition. In addition, the single-pass carbon efficiency towards C2+ production reach up to 60 %. Detailed studies demonstrate that the amine molecule on the surface of Cu cannot only enhance the formation, adsorption and coverage of *CO, but also provide a hydrophobic environment, which result in the high selectivity of C2+ alcohols at acidic condition.

Rape straw biochar-assisted preparation of flower-like BiOCl with enriched oxygen vacancies for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction and pollutants degradation

Utilizing photocatalytic technology to transform CO2 into high added value chemical products has represented an effective strategy for alleviating the climate problems that have arisen due to excessive CO2 emissions. As a typical bismuth-based photocatalyst, BiOCl has garnered widespread attention due to its unique layered structure and low toxicity. However, the low light utilization efficiency and the rapid recombination of e−/h+ pairs severely hinder the practical application of BiOCl. Introducing oxygen vacancies (OVs) into BiOCl has been demonstrated to be one of the effective strategies for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of BiOCl. However, introduction of OVs through a mild and cost-effective approach remains a significant challenge. In this work, we developed a strategy for introducing OVs on BiOCl, which indues the growth of BiOCl into flower-like spherical structures and introduction of abundant OVs through addition of rape straw biochar (RC) under hydrothermal conditions. The synergistic interaction of RC and OVs endows with BiOCl more active sites as well as higher photogenerated carriers (e−/h+) separation efficiency. When the mass ratio of RC to BiOCl is 0.5 % (RC-0.5), the sample demonstrates the best performance, conversion of CO2 to CO on the sample is 4.0 μmol g−1 h−1, which is 3.08 times higher than that on the reference BiOCl. Additionally, versatility of the photocatalysts was further evaluated through photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The degradation rate constant of RhB and PFOA on the RC-0.5 sample is 0.0642 min−1 and 0.00566 min−1, respectively, which is 2.26 times and 0.43 times higher than that on the reference BiOCl. Total organic carbon (TOC) experiments demonstrate that RhB can be effectively mineralized into CO2, H2O and small molecules on the photocatalyst. The main reactive species involved in the photocatalytic degradation process were investigated through active free radical trapping experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). This work provides a viable strategy for the development of high-performance BiOCl photocatalysts for environmental applications.

Flexible Hybrid Membrane with Synergistic Exciton Dynamics for Excessive 280 h of Durably Piezo-Photocatalytic H2O-to-H2 Conversion.

Solar-driven H2O-to-H2 conversion is a feasible artificial photoconversion technology for clean energy production. However, low photon utilization efficiency has become a major obstacle limiting the practical application of this technology. Herein, a metal atomic replacement (Sb→Ni) is conducted to disintegrate bulk Sb2S3 nanorods and synchronously grow the NiS nanolayers, and a flower-like Sb2S3-NiS nanocomposite with high BET specific surface area and synergistic exciton dynamics is constructed for simulated solar (SSL)-driven H2O-to-H2 conversion. The optimal Sb2S3-NiS nanocomposite is compounded with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to prepare a flexible PVDF/Sb2S3-NiS (PSN) hybrid membrane with stable structure and excellent recyclability via an electrospinning method. Due to the synergistically interacted organic-inorganic interface and high porosity, it is conducive to the exposure of effective active sites, exciton conduction and mass transfer and exchange, thereby an outstanding alkaline (Ph=13.0) H2O-to-H2 conversion activity with a 0.06% of solar-to-hydrogen efficiency and over 280 h (70 cycles) of durable recycling is achieved under the collaborative drives of SSL and weak ultrasound (40 Hz). This study raises a state-of-the-art membrane material for solar-driven panel reaction technology.

Multi-Stage Rolling Grid Expansion Planning for Distribution Networks Considering Conditional Value at Risk

Existing single-stage planning and multi-stage non-rolling planning methods for distribution networks have problems such as low equipment utilization efficiency and poor investment benefits. In order to solve the above problems, this paper firstly proposes a multi-stage rolling planning method for distribution networks based on analyzing the limitations of the existing planning methods, which divides the planning cycle of the distribution network into multiple planning stages, and makes rolling amendments to the planning scheme of each stage according to the latest information during the planning cycle. Then, a multi-stage rolling planning model of distribution network taking into account conditional value at risk is established with the objective of minimizing the total investment and operation cost of the distribution network. On the one hand, the users’ electricity bill is taken into account in the objective function, and the necessity of this part of the benefits is demonstrated. On the other hand, the conditional value at risk is used to quantify the uncertainty of the operation cost in the process of the expansion planning of the distribution network, which reduces the operation cost risk of the distribution network. Next, this paper uses the rainflow counting method to characterize the capacity decay characteristics of energy storage in the distribution network, and proposes an iterative solution framework that considers energy storage capacity decay to solve the proposed model. Finally, the proposed method is applied to an 18-node distribution network planning case. This confirms that the multi-stage rolling planning method could improve the investment benefits and reduce the investment cost by approximately 27.27%. Besides, it will increase the total cost by approximately 2750 USD in the case if the users’ electricity bill is not taken into account. And the maximum capacity of energy storage may decay to 87.6% of the initial capacity or even lower during operation, which may cause the line current to exceed the limit if it is not taken into account.

Biochar-based fertilizers from co-pyrolysis of algae and hazelnut shell with triple superphosphate: Physicochemical properties and slow release performance.

Phosphorus (P) is a vital nutrient for plant growth and food production. Excessive amounts of P fertilizers to a greater extent of crop P offtake are inevitably applied due to low utilization efficiency, causing environmental pollution. This study aimed to evaluate biochar-based fertilizers (BBFs) produced by co-pyrolyzing algae (A) and hazelnut shell (H) biomasses with triple superphosphate (TSP) at a ratio of 4:1 (w/w). The potential of the slow-release performance of BBFs was studied during kinetics experiments. The co-pyrolysis of biomasses with TSP yielded BBFs with significantly different properties, including electrical conductivity, pH, elemental ratios, functional groups, specific surface area and pore size characteristics. Phosphorus release from all biochars and BBFs followed the Elovich model, except for TSP and H+TSP. Kinetic studies revealed prolonged P-release times and slower release rates for BBFs compared to conventional TSP. So that, TSP released 100% of the total P, whereas H+TSP and A+TSP biochars released only 3.14% and 5.14% of the total P, respectively, during a 240-hour experiment. The slow-release performance of BBFs suggests their potential as promising alternatives to conventional phosphate fertilizers. BBFs have the potential to enhance P utilization efficiency, increase crop yield and mitigate the environmental impact of P fertilizer runoff.

Location and Size Planning of Charging Parking Lots Based on EV Charging Demand Prediction and Fuzzy Bi-Objective Optimization

The market share of electric vehicles (EVs) is growing rapidly. However, given the huge demand for parking and charging of electric vehicles, supporting facilities generally have problems such as insufficient quantity, low utilization efficiency, and mismatch between supply and demand. In this study, based on the actual EV operation data, we propose a driver travel-charging demand prediction method and a fuzzy bi-objective optimization method for location and size planning of charging parking lots (CPLs) based on existing parking facilities, aiming to reduce the charging waiting time of EV users while ensuring the maximal profit of CPL operators. First, the Monte Carlo method is used to construct a driver travel-charging behavior chain and a user spatiotemporal activity transfer model. Then, a user charging decision-making method based on fuzzy logic inference is proposed, which uses the fuzzy membership degree of influencing factors to calculate the charging probability of users at each road node. The travel and charging behavior of large-scale users are then simulated to predict the spatiotemporal distribution of charging demand. Finally, taking the predicted charging demand distribution as an input and the number of CPLs and charging parking spaces as constraints, a bi-objective optimization model for simultaneous location and size planning of CPLs is constructed, and solved using the fuzzy genetic algorithm. The results from a case study indicate that the planning scheme generated from the proposed methods not only reduces the travelling and waiting time of EV users for charging in most of the time, but also controls the upper limit of the number of charging piles to save construction costs and increase the total profit. The research results can provide theoretical support and decision-making reference for the planning of electric vehicle charging facilities and the intelligent management of charging parking lots.

Study on Oxygen Balance Regulation of TKX‐50 Based on Emulsion Method

AbstractDuring the process of external work, the energy of the negative oxygen balanced 5,5′‐Bi‐tetrazolium‐1,1′dioxyhydroxylammonium salt (TKX‐50) is not fully released, resulting in low energy utilization efficiency and the generation of harmful gases that pollute the environment. Based on this, in order to adjust the oxygen balance of TKX‐50, nano TKX‐50/AP composites with positive, zero and negative oxygen balance were prepared by emulsion method. The morphology of nano TKX‐50/AP composite was similar to that of hedgehog‐like spherical‐like particles, with many dense pores formed on the surface, and the average particle size was about 30 μm. During the composite process, part of TKX‐50 reacted with AP to form 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′dioxidamide (ABTOX). The first thermal decomposition peak temperature of zero‐oxygen balance TKX‐50/AP composite was 236.0°C, which was slightly reduced compared with that of TKX‐50. The second thermal decomposition peak temperature was 275.1°C, which was 22.2°C higher than that of TKX‐50. The heat release of zero‐oxygen balance TKX‐50/AP composite reached 2206 J g−1, which increased by 35.9% compared to TKX‐50, and the energy utilization efficiency was also greatly improved. The drop height of 50% explosion probability (H50) of zero‐oxygen balance TKX‐50/AP composite was 63.5 cm, and the explosion probability of friction sensitivity was 72%. Compared with TKX‐50, it increased by 15.1 cm and decreased by 28%, respectively. The results showed that the mechanical safety performance of TKX‐50 had been improved.

Photocarrier behavior and photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis performance of amorphous/crystalline SrTiO3/BiVO4 layered heterostructures

BiVO4 (BVO), as a visible light responsive semiconductor material, has been widely employed in the field of photocatalysis. However, monoclinic BVO is afflicted by a high recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers and poor charge transport capability, resulting in low charge utilization efficiency. Constructing heterostructures for interface modification of BVO is an effective strategy to improve photocatalytic performance. Herein, amorphous/crystalline SrTiO3/BiVO4 (STO/BVO) layered film nanoheterostructures have been successfully fabricated on the (001) yttrium stabilized zirconia substrate by magnetron sputtering. Under 440 nm monochromatic light irradiation, the H2O2 production rate of the composite film is increased by 1.2 times compared to pure BVO. The type II heterostructure composed of STO and BVO accomplishes selective interface hole transport from BVO to STO, promoting the separation of space charges. Additionally, the interaction between amorphous/crystalline interfaces effectively suppresses the photocorrosion of BVO and strengthens the stability of the film, which is of great significance for studying charge transport behavior and photocatalytic mechanisms.

Spatiotemporally modulated full-polarized light emission for multiplexed optical encryption

Spatiotemporal control of full freedoms of polarized light emission is crucial in multiplexed optical computing, encryption and communication. Although recent advancements have been made in active emission or passive conversion of polarized light through solution-processed nanomaterials or metasurfaces, these design paths usually encounter limitations, such as small polarization degrees, low light utilization efficiency, limited polarization states, and lack of spatiotemporal control. Here, we addressed these challenges by integrating the spatiotemporal modulation of the LED device, the precise control and efficient polarization emission through nanomaterial assembly, and the programmable patterning/positioning using 3D printing. We achieved an extremely high degree of polarization for both linearly and circularly polarized emission from ultrathin inorganic nanowires and quantum nanorods thanks to the shear-force-induced alignment effect during the protruding of printing filaments. Real-time polarization modulation covering the entire Poincaré sphere can be conveniently obtained through the programming of the on-off state of each LED pixel. Further, the output polarization states can be encoded by an ordered chiral plasmonic film. Our device provides an excellent platform for multiplexing spatiotemporal polarization information, enabling visible light communication with an exceptionally elevated level of physical layer security and multifunctional encrypted displays that can encode both 2D and 3D information.

Performance analysis of a pilot gasification system of biomass with stepwise intake of air-steam considering waste heat utilization

Although the fixed-bed gasifier is widely used because of their simple structure, easy operation, and strong adaptability to biomass type, its economy is weakened by their low bioenergy conversion ability and heat utilization efficiency. Therefore, a novel biomass gasifier with stepwise intake of air–steam is proposed, which also innovatively integrates the concept of multi-stage utilization of waste heat generated during the gasification process into its design. And a pilot system comprising the novel biomass gasifier with a biomass consumption of 30 kg/h has been built. A series of continuous air-steam gasification experiments on pine wood particles shown that, the high-temperature steam in the reduction zone enhanced the ring opening of aromatic hydrocarbons, decarboxylation, dehydroxylation, and the conversion of long-chain to short-chain hydrocarbons, thus increasing the yield of small-molecule gases. The steam reforming reaction played an active role in increasing the hydrogen content, the gasification gas's production and low calorific value. And the relationship among the reaction rates on the surface of char should be VC + H2O＞VC+2H2O＞VC + CO2＞VC+2H2. The minimum input temperature of steam was 350 °C, otherwise more char would be consumed in the oxidation zone to provide heat. The proposed steam-air gasification system achieved optimal performance with an air-to-steam mass ratio (A/S) of approximately 8, a steam temperature of 400 °C, and an air-to-biomass mass ratio (A/B) of 1.2. The average gas production could reach 2.67 m3/kg, with the average low calorific value of 5.1 MJ/m3. The average hydrogen content could reach 20 %, with the average H2/CO ratio of 2. The average effective gasification efficiency could reach 69.72 %. Compared with air gasification, the proposed air-steam gasification was equivalent to the use of 1 kWh of electricity to produce 2.4 kWh of electricity. Combining market research, the price of steam produced by the proposed system was approximately 70 CNY/t less than when using natural gas. This study aims to provide a technical reference for improving the performance of biomass gasification in practical applications.

D-band center modulated water molecule adsorption and activation towards highly photocatalytic toluene mineralization

Photocatalysis is a promising strategy for deep purification of low-concentration toluene, driving by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) with potent oxidation capacity. Unfortunately, •OH evolution from H2O activation is a thermodynamically unfavorable process and suffers from the low utilization efficiency of photoexcited holes. Herein, a novel strategy to tailor the d-band center of perovskite BaSnO3 via heteroatom Zn substitution is proposed, aiming at optimizing the H2O adsorption configuration and efficiently activating H2O to yield •OH. The upshifted d‐band center mediated by the incorporation of Zn improves the adsorption capacity of H2O molecule, and directly determines the H2O adsorption configuration. Meanwhile, the dual transport channels of electron-hole accelerate O-H band fracture and lower the energy barrier for hole transfer to OH, allowing for efficient H2O activation. The optimized catalyst shows a 3-fold activity in toluene mineralization compared to commercial TiO2. This work sheds substantial light on H2O activation and environmental catalyst design.

Redevelopment of Underutilized Land in Cities Based on the Perspective of Relevant Stakeholders

As urbanization continues to advance, the issue of redevelopment of low utility land in cities has gradually become the focus of widespread attention. The existence of low utility land leads to irrational allocation of urban resources, low land utilization efficiency, and brings challenges to sustainable urban development. This paper comprehensively analyzes the main causes of low utility land in cities and analyzes them from the perspectives of stakeholders at different levels, and at the same time, it proposes a series of solutions tailored to the local conditions by comparing the problems in urban redevelopment in Guangzhou and London, because different cities have different policies, laws or development pattern which may infect the management of low utility land differently. Meanwhile, this paper also explores the solution to the problem of inefficient land use through effective urban planning, policy adjustment and cooperation among stakeholders to promote sustainable urban development. Finally, this paper gives some problems and challenges that need further attention in the future.

Natural variation in ZmGRF10 regulates tolerance to phosphate deficiency in maize by modulating phosphorus remobilization

Phosphorus is a limiting factor in agriculture due to restricted availability in soil and low utilization efficiency of crops. The identification of superior haplotypes of key genes responsible for low-phosphate (Pi) tolerance and their natural variation is important for molecular breeding. In this study, we conducted genome-wide association studies on low-phosphate tolerance coefficients using 152 maize inbred lines, and identified a significant association between SNPs on chromosome 7 and a low-phosphate tolerance coefficient. ZmGRF10 was identified as a candidate gene involved in adaptation of maize to Pi starvation. Expression of ZmGRF10 is induced by Pi starvation. A mutation in ZmGRF10 alleviated Pi starvation stress. RNA-seq analyses revealed significant upregulation of genes encoding various phosphatases in the zmgrf10-1 mutant, suggesting that ZmGRF10 negatively regulates expression of these genes, thereby affecting low-Pi tolerance by suppressing phosphorus remobilization. A superior haplotype with variations in the promoter region exhibited lower transcription activity of ZmGRF10. Our study unveiled a novel gene contributing to tolerance to low-Pi availability with potential to benefit molecular breeding for high Pi utilization.

Thermodynamic performances of a power-to-X system based on solar concentrating photovoltaic/thermal hydrogen production

100% renewable power-to-X (fuel, power, and heat products) systems have great application potential for the achievement goal of carbon neutrality. However, the extensive chain of the power-to-X system could result in low energy utilization efficiency. A novel composite-parabolic-concentrating photovoltaic/thermal-collector-based power-to-X system utilizing 100% solar energy is proposed, which integrates proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells and proton exchange membrane fuel cells to provide heat, electricity, and hydrogen. Thermodynamic models for each subsystem are established, and energy and exergy efficiencies are assessed in the thermodynamic laws. Three operation modes are analyzed to adapt to the variations of solar radiation and a residential building is used as an application scenario to evaluate its thermodynamic and economic performances in dynamic variations of solar radiations and energy demands. The effects of key operating parameters, such as solar radiation intensity, photovoltaic coverage ratio, current density, and operating temperature, on the performances are investigated. The maximum exergy destruction of the concentrator photovoltaic/thermal collector is 93.20% at the rated operating conditions, and the system exergy and energy efficiencies are 9.11% and 48.97%, respectively. The economic results demonstrate that the levelized costs of solar power, hydrogen, and fuel cell power are 0.2936 $/kWh, 21.70 $/kg, and 2.1520 $/kWh, respectively.

Research on the Optimization and Application of New Energy Technologies in Clean Coal Conversion

With the continuous growth of global energy demand and increasingly severe environmental issues, clean coal technology has garnered significant attention as a crucial means to mitigate the negative environmental impacts of coal utilization. However, traditional clean coal conversion technologies often suffer from low energy utilization efficiency and insufficient environmental pollution control. In recent years, the application of new energy technologies in the clean coal conversion process has shown tremendous potential, significantly optimizing energy conversion efficiency, reducing emissions, and enhancing economic benefits. This paper systematically explores the application of solar energy, wind energy, and biomass energy in clean coal conversion, analyzes the mechanisms and methods through which new energy technologies optimize the clean coal conversion process, and proposes future research directions and policy recommendations.

Phosphonium Iodide Featuring Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence for Highly Efficient X‐Ray Scintillator

AbstractOrganic scintillators are praised for their abundant element reserves, facile preparation procedures, and rich structures. However, the weak X‐ray attenuation ability and low exciton utilization efficiency result in unsatisfactory scintillation performance. Herein, a new family of highly efficient organic phosphonium halide salts with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) are designed by innovatively adopting quaternary phosphonium as the electron acceptor, while dimethylamine group and halide anions (I−) serve as the electron donor. The prepared butyl(2‐[2‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]phenyl)diphenylphosphonium iodide (C4‐I) exhibits bright blue emission and an ultra‐high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 100 %. Efficient charge transfer is realized through the unique n‐π and anion‐π stacking in solid‐state C4‐I. Photophysical studies of C4‐I suggest that the incorporation of I accounts for high intersystem crossing rate (kISC) and reverse intersystem crossing rate (kRISC), suppressing the intrinsic prompt fluorescence and enabling near‐pure TADF emission at room temperature. Benefitting from the large Stokes shift, high PLQY, efficient exciton utilization, and remarkable X‐ray attenuation ability endowed by I, C4‐I delivers an outstanding light yield of 80721 photons/MeV and a low limit of detection (LoD) of 22.79 nGy ⋅ s−1. This work would provide a rational design concept and open up an appealing road for developing efficient organic scintillators with tunable emission, strong X‐ray attenuation ability, and excellent scintillator performance.

Calcined pyrite accelerates sulfur metabolic and electron transfer in driving targeted microbial fuel cell denitrification

The sulfur powder as electron donor in driving dual-chamber microbial fuel cell denitrification (S) process has the advantages in economy and pollution-free to treat nitrate-contained groundwater. However, the low efficiency of electron utilization in sulfur oxidation (ACE) is the bottleneck to this method. In this study, the addition of calcined pyrite to the S system (SCP) accelerated electron generation and intra/extracellular transfer efficiency, thereby improving ACE and denitrification performance. The highest nitrate removal rate reached to 3.55 ± 0.01 mg N/L/h in SCP system, and the ACE was 103 % higher than that in S system. More importantly, calcined pyrite enhanced the enrichment of functional bacteria (Burkholderiales, Thiomonas and Sulfurovum) and functional genes which related to sulfur metabolism and electron transfer. This study was more effective in removing nitrate from groundwater without compromising the water quality.

Greenhouse gas emissions and drivers of the global warming potential of vineyards under different irrigation and fertilizer management practices

In the context of global warming and low water and fertilizer utilization efficiency in vineyards, identifying the driving factors of global warming potential (GWP) and proper irrigation and fertilization management strategies are crucial for high grape yields and emission reduction. In this experiment, drip fertigation technology was used, including three irrigation levels (W3 (100% M, where M is the irrigation quota), W2 (75% M) and W1 (50% M)) and four fertilization levels (F3 (648 kg hm−2), F2 (486 kg hm−2), F1 (324 kg hm−2) and F0 (0 kg hm−2)). Traditional furrow irrigation and fertilization (CG) and rainfed (CK) treatments were used as control treatments. The results indicated that under the drip fertigation system, fertilization significantly increased the grape leaf chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) and leaf area index (LAI) within a fertilizer application of 0–486 kg hm−2. Irrigation primarily had a direct positive effect on the water-filled pore space (WFPS) in the 0–60 cm soil layer, and the residual soil nutrient content was mainly affected by fertilization. The vital stage for reducing greenhouse gas emissions was the fruit-inflating and fruit-rendering stages. The CG treatment not only failed to ensure high grape yield but also adversely affected the soil environment and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the vineyard. Fertilization had a direct positive effect on the grape SPAD, LAI, yield, and soil residual nutrient content. GWP was primarily directly driven by SPAD, WFPS, and soil residual nutrient content, while grape yield was primarily directly driven by fertilization and SPAD. In conclusion, the W2F2 treatment (25 % reduced irrigation and 486 kg hm−2 of fertilization) of drip fertigation in the vineyard was the preferred irrigation and fertilizer management strategy for maintaining good vine vigor and balancing grape yield and environmental benefits.