Low-density Lipoprotein Concentrations Research Articles

Contribution of Elevated Glucose and Oxidized LDL to Macrophage Inflammation: A Role for PRAS40/Akt-Dependent Shedding of Soluble CD14.

Atherosclerosis, a process in which macrophages play a key role, is accelerated in diabetes. Elevated concentrations of serum-oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) represent a common feature of both conditions. The main goal of this study was to determine the contribution of oxLDL to the inflammatory response of macrophages exposed to diabetic-mimicking conditions. THP1 cells and peripheral blood monocytes purified from non-diabetic healthy donors were cultured under normal (5 mM) or high glucose (HG) (15 mM) with oxLDL. Then, foam cell formation, expression of CD80, HLADR, CD23, CD206, and CD163, as well as toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and co-receptors CD36 and CD14 (both at the cell surface and soluble (sCD14)), and inflammatory mediators' production were measured by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, or ELISA. Additionally, serum sCD14 was determined in subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis with and without diabetes by ELISA. Our results showed that oxLDL-mediated intracellular lipid accumulation via CD36 increased under HG and that HG + oxLDL enhanced TNF, IL1B, and IL8, and decreased IL10. Moreover, TLR4 was upregulated in macrophages under HG and monocytes of subjects with diabetes and atherosclerosis. Interestingly, HG-oxLDL upregulated CD14 gene expression, although its total cellular protein abundance remained unaltered. sCD14 shedding via PRAS40/Akt-dependent mechanisms, with pro-inflammatory activity, was significantly increased in cultured macrophages and plasma from subjects with diabetes and subclinical atherosclerosis or hypercholesterolemia. Our data support an enhanced synergistic pro-inflammatory effect induced by HG and oxLDL in cultured human macrophages, possibly explained by increased sCD14 shedding.

The Effect of Different Zinc Sources on Biochemical Parameters, Intestinal Morphology, Carcass Characteristics and Performance in Finishing Lambs.

To investigate the effect of different sources of zinc supplements on blood serum parameters, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and intestinal morphology, 18 male Zandi lambs (with initial body weight of 31 ± 1.2kg and 120 ± 8days old) were divided into three groups, six animals each in a completely random design. Experimental treatments include (1) control treatment of basal diet without zinc supplementation, (2) basal diet with 40mg/kg of zinc supplementation from zinc sulfate source, and (3) basal diet with 40mg/kg of zinc supplementation with origin it was organic (Zn-peptide). All lambs were kept in individual pens with cemented floor and provision of individual feeding and watering. Mean daily weight gain increased with zinc supplementation (P < 0.05), but feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by zinc supplementation in the diet. Zinc supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of the dry matter (P < 0.05), but the digestibility of dietary fat, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were not affected by zinc supplementation. In this experiment, the addition of organic and inorganic supplements to the diet of fattening lambs had no significant effect on serum triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and glucose concentrations, and carcass traits. The concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme in the zinc sulfate group was significantly higher than the control and organic zinc groups (P < 0.05). Concentrations of blood urea nitrogen were lower in zinc fed lambs, compared to control (P ≤ 0.05). The villi width in the duodenum was higher in the zinc supplementation treatments (P < 0.05). Also, in the ileum section, the height of the villi in the treatment of zinc sulfate supplement was higher, compared to the complement and control (P < 0.05). The results of this study showed that Zn supplementation, regardless of its source, improved growth performance in fattening lambs. However, no effect was observed on feed intake and efficiency, carcass traits, and blood parameters.

Effects of high-grain diet feeding on fatty acid profiles in milk, blood, muscle, and adipose tissue, and transcriptional expression of lipid-related genes in muscle and adipose tissue of dairy cows

BackgroundHigh-grain (HG) diets affect lipid metabolism in the liver and mammary tissue of dairy cows, but its effects on muscle and adipose tissue have not been wide evaluated. Thus, the aim of this study is to clarify this issue.MethodsTwelve Holstein cows were randomly divided into two groups: conventional diet group (CON, n = 6) and the HG diet group (n = 6). On day 7 of week 4, rumen fluid was sampled to measure pH, milk was sampled to measure components, and blood was sampled to measure biochemical parameters and fatty acid composition. After the experiment, cows were slaughtered to collect muscle and adipose tissue for fatty acid composition and transcriptome analysis.ResultsHG feeding decreased the ruminal pH, milk’s fat content and long-chain fatty acid proportion (P < 0.05) and increased the proportion of short- and medium-chain fatty acids in the milk (P < 0.05) as compared with CON diets. The concentrations of blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the HG cows were lower than those in CON cows (P < 0.05). In muscle tissue, HG feeding tended to increase the triacylglycerol (TG) concentration (P < 0.10). Transcriptome analysis revealed changes in the biosynthesis of the unsaturated fatty acids pathway, the regulation of lipolysis in the adipocytes pathway, and the PPAR signalling pathway. In adipose tissue, HG feeding increased the concentration of TG and decreased the concentration of C18:1 cis9 (P < 0.05). At the transcriptome level, the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, linoleic acid metabolism pathway, and PPAR signalling pathway were activated.ConclusionHG feeding leads to subacute rumen acidosis and a decreased milk fat content. The fatty acid profiles in the milk and plasma of dairy cows were changed by HG feeding. In muscle and adipose tissue, HG feeding increased TG concentration and up-regulated the expression of genes related to adipogenesis, while down-regulated the expression of genes related to lipid transport. These results complement our knowledge of the fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue in dairy cows and expand our understanding of the mechanisms by which HG diets affect lipid metabolism in muscle and adipose tissue.

Effect of Adding Cordyceps Sinensis Extract and the Probiotic to the Diet on some Blood Traits of Broiler

From October 28, 2021, to December 8, 2021, this study was done at the University of Anbar’s Department of Animal Production inside the College of Agriculture (42 days). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of feeding broilers (aged 1–42 days) diets containing either a single dose or two doses of Cordyceps Sinensis (C.S) extract mushroom and the probiotic, as well as combinations of these ingredients, on the animals’ physiological performance and certain blood traits. In this study, 210 one-day-old (Ross 308) chicks weighing an average of 40g were split into seven treatments with three replicates each (10 chicks for each replicate). The control treatment (T1) was used as a baseline against which the effects of the experimental treatments could be measured. In treatments 2 and 3, C.S extract was added at 300 and 600 mg/kg feed, respectively. A probiotic was added to the meal at a dosage of 3 g/kg in Treatment 4 (T4) and 6 g/kg in Treatment 5 (T5). The sixth treatment (T6) added a probiotic (3 g/kg of feed) and a C.S. extract (300 mg/kg of feed). The seventh treatment (T7) involved adding 600 milligrams of C.S. extract per kilogram of feed in addition to 6 grams of probiotics per kilogram of feed. Treatments T1, T3, and T6 were shown to be statistically superior to T2 and T7 in terms of white blood cell trait (WBC), whereas Treatments T4 and T5 showed no significant differences. Treatments T3 and T7 were found to have a significantly (P≤0.05) higher heterozygous cell to lymphocyte ratio than treatments T2, T4, T5, and T6, but did not differ from the control treatment T1. Based on biochemical characteristics of the blood serum, it was found that the concentration of glucose in the blood was significantly higher in treatments T2, T4, T5, and T7 compared to treatments T1, T3, and did not differ between treatments T6 and T7 (P≤0.05). Treatments T2, T5, and T7 had a higher total protein concentration than treatments T1, T4, and T6, and did not differ significantly from treatment T3. Treatment T3 had the lowest total protein concentration. Treatments T2, T4, T5, and T7 had higher globulin concentrations than did treatments T1, T3, and T6 (P≤0.05). When comparing the effects of treatments T1, T4, T5, T6, and T7 on aspartate aminotransferase (AST), T1 and T4 showed a statistically significant (P≤0.05) reduction compared to treatments T2, T3, T5, T6, and T7. Concerning the concentration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the results showed a significant deterioration (P≤0.05) in treatments T3, T5 and T7 compared to treatments T1, T2, T4 and T6. Results reveal that treatment T3 significantly raises (P0.05) triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) compared to treatment T2, but does not significantly differ from treatments T1, T4, T5, or T6 or T7. The results revealed that treatments T3, T4, and T5 considerably improved cholesterol concentration compared to treatments T2, T6, and T7 (P≤0.05), while treatment T1 did not significantly affect cholesterol concentration (control treatment). HDL (high-density lipoprotein) levels were found to be substantially (P≤0.05) higher in T1 (control treatment) and T3 compared to T4, T5, and T6, but did not differ significantly from T2 and T7. The results showed that the concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) was substantially higher (P≤0.05) in treatments T2, T4, and T5 compared to treatments T1, T3, and T7, but did not differ significantly from treatment T6.

Effectiveness of Bacillus clausii and Bacillus megaterium on some Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in Rats That Induced Diarrhea

The current work aimed to isolate and diagnose the species of the genus Bacillus, investigate their susceptibility as prebiotics, and study their therapeutic effect in vivo in induced infection with Staphylococcus aureus in terms of their effect on blood picture parameters. These parameters include red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and lipid profile. The lipid profile includes the total cholesterol and lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) triglycerides, and protein parameters (concentrations of total protein, globulin and albumin) in male rats which were compared with control groups after 28 days. This work includes 20 male Albino Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8-9 weeks, and average weights of 148 g. They were randomly divided into five groups and four replicates per group. Two types of probiotics of the genus Bacillus were identified, Bacillus claussi and Bacillus megaterum. The results showed that the infection induced by Staphylococcus aureus caused a significant rise (P<0.05) in the white blood cells and platelets (17.37 and 650.0) IU/Liters compared to the control group, and a significant decrease in the number of red blood cells at 5.040 mm3 and hemoglobin concentration (11.300 g/dt). The findings showed that cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL concentrations rose, which were (68.07, 89.00 and 17.90) and a decrease in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (33.25) compared with the control group. The protein standardssignificantly decreased at probability (P<0.05). In the concentration of total protein and albumin, it recorded (3.600 and 4.00) dL/g compared to the control group (5.400 and 4.80) dL/g. There were no significant differences in the globulin protein between the different groups. Yet, adding Bacillus species to the infected group of rats had a significant effect in the reduction of the negative influence on all parameters measured in the experiment.

Effects of Hypolipidemic Drugs on Psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic, systematic, inflammatory disease in which multiple metabolic and immunologic disturbances lead to lipid abnormalities, impaired glucose tolerance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and numerous metabolic disorders. In clinical practice, the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of lipid abnormalities are statins and fibrates. Statins are characterized by pleiotropic effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and antiproliferative. They work by reducing the concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, and triglycerides and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque. Fibrates are medications, which help to lower triglycerides, LDL, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels and increase lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In recent years, many new drugs were found to normalize the lipid profile in patients with psoriasis: glitazones (pioglitazone, troglitazone), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Pioglitazone improves the lipid profile, including the decrease of triglycerides, fatty acids, and LDL, as well as the increase of HDL. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs decrease modestly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, and triglycerides. The purpose of this study is to assess the current state of knowledge on the effect of different hypolipidemic treatments on the course of psoriasis. The study includes literature from medical databases PubMed and Google Scholar. We were browsing PubMed and Google Scholar until the beginning of December. The systematic review includes 41 eligible original articles.

Dietary choline and betaine intake, cardio-metabolic risk factors and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese adults

BackgroundCholine is an important metabolite involved in phospholipids synthesis, including serum lipids, and is the immediate precursor of betaine. There are numerous studies with inconsistent results that evaluated the association between dietary choline intakes with cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, the association between dietary betaine and choline intakes with cardio-metabolic risk factors is not well studied. In the current study, our aim was to evaluate dietary choline and betaine intakes in the usual diet of obese individuals and to assess its association with serum lipids, blood pressure and glycemic markers among obese individuals.MethodsWe recruited a total number of 359 obese people aged between 20 and 50 years in the present study. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used for dietary assessment; dietary choline and betaine intakes were calculated using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database. National cholesterol education program adult treatment panel (NCEP-ATP)-III criteria was used metabolic syndrome (MetS) definition. Enzymatic methods were used to assess biochemical variables. Body composition was measured with the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method.ResultsHigher body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), fat-free mass (FFM) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were observed in higher tertiles of dietary choline intake (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in terms of biochemical parameters among different tertiles of dietary choline intake, while systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were reduced in higher betaine tertiles (P < 0.05). For total dietary choline and betaine intakes, there was a reduction in DBP and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations (P < 0.05). Also, a non-significant reduction in serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and MetS prevalence was observed in higher tertiles of dietary choline and betaine intakes. After classification of the study population according to MetS status, there was no significant difference in biochemical variables in subjects with MetS (P > 0.05), while in the non-MetS group, SBP, DBP, TG and insulin levels reduced in higher tertiles of dietary betaine and choline (P > 0.05).ConclusionAccording to our findings, higher dietary intakes of choline and betaine were associated with lower levels of blood pressure and LDL concentrations among obese individuals. Further studies are warranted to confirm the results of the current study.

Effects of Starvation and Refeeding on Growth, Digestion, Nonspecific Immunity and Lipid-Metabolism-Related Genes in Onychostoma macrolepis.

The present research was conducted to assess the influences of starvation and refeeding on growth, nonspecific immunity and lipid metabolic adaptation in Onychostoma macrolepis. To date, there have been no similar reports in O. macrolepis. The fish were randomly assigned into two groups: control group (continuous feeding for six weeks) and starved-refed group (starvation for three weeks and then refeeding for three weeks). After three weeks of starvation, the results showed that the body weight (BW, 1.44 g), condition factor (CF, 1.17%), visceral index (VSI, 3.96%), hepatopancreas index (HSI, 0.93%) and intraperitoneal fat index (IPFI, 0.70%) of fish were significantly lower compared to the control group (BW, 5.72 g; CF, 1.85%; VSI, 6.35%; HSI, 2.04%; IPFI, 1.92%) (p < 0.05). After starvation, the serum triglyceride (TG, 0.83 mmol/L), total cholesterol (T-GHOL, 1.15 mmol/L), high-density lipoprotein (HDL, 1.13 mmol/L) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, 0.46 mmol/L) concentrations were significantly lower than those in the control group (TG, 1.69 mmol/L; T-GHOL, 1.86 mmol/L; HDL, 1.62 mmol/L; LDL, 0.63 mmol/L) (p < 0.05). The activities of intestinal digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and protease) in the starved-refed group were significantly lower than those in the control group after three weeks of starvation (p < 0.05). The highest activities of immune enzymes such as lysozyme (LZM), acid phosphate (ACP), alkaline phosphate (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and catalase (CAT) in the hepatopancreas were presented in the starved-refed group at second week, and significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, starvation significantly improved intestinal immune enzymes activities (p < 0.05). the lowest TG contents and the highest expression levels of lipolysis genes including hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 isoform A (CPT-1A) appeared in the hepatopancreas, muscle and intraperitoneal fat after starvation, indicating the mobilization of fat reserves in these tissues (p < 0.05). After refeeding, the recovery of TG content might be mediated by the upregulation of the expression levels of lipogenesis genes such as sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Understanding the duration of physiological and metabolic changes in O. macrolepis and their reversibility or irreversibility to supplementary feeding response could provide valuable reference for the adaptability of O. macrolepis in large-scale culturing, proliferation and release.

Effect of Rhodiola rosea Rhizome and Punica granatum Fruit Peel on the Metabolic Processes and Physiological Activity of Rats Fed with Excessively Fat Diet.

Rhodiola rosea (golden root) and Punica granatum (pomegranate), as well as a number of other species of medicinal plants, exert an array of biological effects: adaptogenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. However, there are not enough contemporary studies of their influence on metabolic processes, especially in cases of imbalanced diet. Lipid dysregulation is the main reason for many diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Recently, a growing amount of evidence has suggested the positive effects of certain natural nutrients on lipid metabolism. The work aims to define the general effect of golden root rhizome and pomegranate peel on physiological activity and metabolic processes in model animals fed with excessively fat diet. This study is relevant for the development of drugs and food additives for treatment and prophylaxis of metabolism disorders. In a 30-day experiment, we determined the effect of golden root (Rhodiola rosea L.) rhizome and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel on the physiological activity and metabolic processes of 24 laboratory rats consuming a high-fat diet. The physical activity was evaluated according to the mass gain of animals and change in the relative mass of the internal organs, and also the functional conditions of the central nervous system, as demonstrated by the indicators of the locomotor activity and emotional status, determined in the open field test. The influence on the metabolic processes was revealed by biochemical and clinical blood analyses. Body mass of rats fed with golden root (R. rosea) reached 125.8 % of the initial body mass; when fed on pomegranate (P. granatum), it reached 123.9 %; and the control group reached only 111.5 % of the initial body mass. The rhizomes of R. rosea in the diet of male rats during the month of the experiment did not cause significant changes in the relative organ mass, and the pomegranate peel fruits led to a decrease in the thymus relative mass, as well as liver and brain. R. rosea rhizomes in the rats' diet led to an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase, and also to a decrease in the concentration of urea and urea nitrogen. Diet supplemented with R. rosea also contributed to a strong decrease in plasma concentrations of bilirubin and triglycerides (up to 57.0 % compared with the concentration in the control group). The rhizomes of R. rosea contributed to an unreliable decrease in the atherogenicity index. The pomegranate peel also greatly increased alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced plasma triglyceride concentrations. In addition, in rats consuming the peel of P. granatum, blood glucose concentration decreased. Under the influence of P. granatum, a strong increase in the atherogenic index of plasma (up to 518.6 % of the control) was observed because of a decrease in the concentration of high-density lipoproteins (up to 57.1 %) and a simultaneous elevation of the concentration of low-density lipoproteins (up to 158.3 % of the control). Open field test between groups remained without significant changes. The results indicate that the rhizome of R. rosea and peel of P. granatum are safe as food additives to high-fat diet and did not cause pathological changes and side effects, and at the same time significantly influence the metabolic processes (lipid and carbohydrate). Our study theoretically substantiates the use of R. rosea rhizome and P. granatum peel for the production of nutraceutical and pharmacological products for the correction of metabolic disorders of people and animals. Doses and periods of their application require further research.

Arginine, symmetric and asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in canine leishmaniasis

The study aimed to investigate the levels of arginine, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in dogs with canine leishmaniasis (CanL) and their relationship with some renal and cardiovascular parameters. A total of 60 dogs were enrolled, including 40 with CanL and 20 healthy controls. The CanL group was divided into four stages based on clinical and laboratory findings. The levels of plasma arginine, SDMA, and ADMA were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data from the healthy group were compared with those from the CanL group, and according to the stages. In dogs with CanL, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma creatinine, cystatin-C, phosphorus, potassium, and low-density lipoprotein concentrations, the urine protein/creatinine ratio, the amount of nitric oxide, and creatine kinase-MB activity were higher, while the high-density lipoprotein concentration was lower compared to healthy controls. The concentration of arginine was low (p < 0.05) and the levels of ADMA (p < 0.001) and SDMA (p < 0.05) were high in dogs with CanL. There were no statistically significant differences in arginine concentration among the different stages of CanL. However, the concentration of plasma ADMA was higher in all stages of CanL compared to the healthy group, and the concentration of plasma SDMA was higher in Stage IV compared to the healthy group and Stage III. The present study demonstrates for the first time a decrease in arginine concentration and an increase in ADMA concentration in dogs with CanL. The increase in SDMA concentration in dogs with CanL was consistent with previous studies. However, compared to other renal parameters, SDMA exhibited limited performance distinguishing between clinical stages of CanL. These findings could be a source for future diagnostic and therapeutic studies to explain the renal and cardiovascular pathophysiology of CanL. Additional clinical studies that include treatment and patient follow-up with an assessment of the acute phase response are needed to provide a more detailed understanding of the changes observed in dogs with CanL.

The Oxidized Lipoproteins In Vivo: Its Diversity and Behavior in the Human Circulation

A high concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in circulation has been well-known as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The presence of oxidized LDLs (oxLDLs) in atherosclerotic lesions and circulation was demonstrated using anti-oxLDL monoclonal antibodies. The so-called "oxLDL hypothesis", as a mechanism for atherosclerosis development, has been attracting attention for decades. However, the oxLDL has been considered a hypothetical particle since the oxLDL present in vivo has not been fully characterized. Several chemically modified LDLs have been proposed to mimic oxLDLs. Some of the subfractions of LDL, especially Lp(a) and electronegative LDL, have been characterized as oxLDL candidates as oxidized phospholipids that stimulate vascular cells. Oxidized high-density lipoprotein (oxHDL) and oxLDL were discovered immunologically in vivo. Recently, an oxLDL-oxHDL complex was found in human plasma, suggesting the involvement of HDLs in the oxidative modification of lipoproteins in vivo. In this review, we summarize our understanding of oxidized lipoproteins and propose a novel standpoint to understand the oxidized lipoproteins present in vivo.

Positive effects of Quercetin, Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Ascorbic Acid composition in the treatment of women with metabolic syndrome

Relevance of study. Metabolic syndrome (MS) increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type ІІ diabetes. Correction of the MS manifestations is important for reducing cardiovascular risk. Aim - to study the effects of using a composition consisting of quercetin (Q), polyvalent iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) and ascorbic acid (AA) in women with MS. Materials and methods. 60 women with MS took part in the study. They were divided equally into two groups. The control group patients received a placebo for one month, and the main group received a composition of Q, IONs and AA for one month too. Anthropometric parameters, fasting plasma glucose level and standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum lipid concentration, and microvascular endothelial function in a sample with reactive post-occlusion hyperemia were determined. Results. The use of the composition led to a decrease in the glycemia level of both on an empty stomach and after 2 hours of SGTT, the concentration of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in blood serum in atherogenic dyslipidemia patients. At the same time, there was an improvement in the endothelium functional state of the microvessels, as evidenced by an increase in the maximum volume velocity of skin blood flow in the reactive hyperemia test. Conclusion. It was found that the use of a composition Q, IONs and AA had a positive effect on cardiovascular risk factors in MS patients. _________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: iron oxide nanoparticles; quercetin; metabolic syndrome; glucose and blood lipids; the microvascular endothelium function.

Abstract Number ‐ 262: Cognitive Decline in Patients with Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis and Effect of Serum Lipid Profile

Introduction We determined the effect of baseline low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations on cognitive decline, in patients with symptomatic high grade intracranial stenosis. Methods We analyzed a cohort of stroke patients who had baseline and 4 months follow‐up Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. MoCA score worsening after 4 months was the outcome of interest, defined as worsening of ≥ 2 points from baseline. Baseline LDL and TG concentrations (mg/dl) were assessed, and univariate and multivariate analysis using logistic regression were performed to identify predictors of worsening MoCA scores. Results A total of 349 patients were analyzed. 313 and 315 patients had baseline LDL and TG, respectively. 61 (17%) had a worsening of MoCA scores. The mean baseline LDL was 97.3 (39.1) in the worsening group, compared to 110.6 (44.8) in those with no worsening (p = 0.014). 23% of patients with LDL &lt; 100 had worsening in MoCA score compared to 11% of patients with LDL ≥ 100 (p&lt; 0.006). The mean baseline TG was 145.7 (102.2) in the worsening group, compared to 170.7 (135.4) (p = 0.053). On multivariate analysis, higher age (p = 0.014) and lower baseline LDL (p = 0.046) were predictors of worsening MoCA scores. Conclusions Patients who did not undergo any worsening MoCA scores had higher LDL and TG levels at baseline, and only older age and lower baseline LDL scores predicted worsening scores at 4 months. Presumably, the patients with high baseline lipid levels were treated more aggressively with dietary modifications and statins, which could have led to cognitive protective effect regardless of serum lipid profile.

The effect of extracts of fruits of different cultivars of Cornus mas L. on plasma lipid profile in experimental diabetes mellitus

Background. Diabetes mellitus with impaired transport of glucose from the blood into the cells against the background of absolute or relative hypoinsulinemia is accompanied by the development of dyslipidemia. Therefore, it is important to find therapeutic agents capable of alleviating the symptoms and, as a result, the course of diabetes. Screening of antidiabetic agents indicates that one of their main potential sources is natural products of plant origin. However, although a wide range of plant extracts are known to be used to treat diabetes, the use of only some of them has been scientifically proven. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of biologically active substances available in the extracts of fruits of different cultivars of Cornus mas L. on plasma lipid profile in experimental diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. Wistar male rats with starting weight of 140–170 g were used for all experiments. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg of body weight). The animals were divided into five groups. The first (control) and the second (diabetic control) groups orally received 1 mL of water daily for 14 days. Diabetic animals of the third to fifth groups were orally administered extracts of red and yellow fruits of Cornus mas L. and the “Loganic acid” extract, respectively, in the amount of 20 mg/kg of body weight for 14 days. The concentration of low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and cholesterol was determined in the rats’ blood plasma. Atherogenic indices were calculated based on lipid profile in blood plasma. Results. The total cholesterol content in diabetic rats’ blood plasma was reliably reduced when the extract of the red fruits of the Cornus mas L. “Podolski” cultivar was administered. “Loganic acid” extract, obtained from the yellow fruits of the “Yantarnyi” and “Flava” cultivars of Cornus mas L., decreased the concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and the content of low-density lipoproteins against the background of an increase in the content of high-density lipoproteins in blood plasma. The atherogenic indexes made it possible to establish that the degree of risk of cardiovascular complications due to diabetes is significantly reduced against the background of the administration of extracts of cornelian cherry fruits. Conclusions. Extracts of the fruits of the “Podolski”, “Yantarnyi” and “Flava” cultivars of Cornus mas L. correct the lipid profile of blood plasma in streptozotocin-induced diabetes animals and, as a result, may potentially prevent the development of atherosclerotic changes and cardiovascular complications. The fruits of Cornus mas L. may be potential agents in the therapy of dyslipidemia in diabetes.

Evaluating the effects of dietary allicin-rich extract on the production performance, egg quality, caecal bacterial population and lipid profile of laying hens

Abstract Consumers' need to prefer pathogen-free animal products has led nutritionists to increasingly look for alternatives to synthetic additives, of which garlic has been considered as a natural additive. Therefore, a 12-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the potential of the dietary allicin-rich extract on the performance of laying hens. Eight hundred and forty (840) 28 weeks old Bovans Brown laying hens were randomly allotted to two experiments; the first study had four dietary treatments with 6 replicates and 20 birds and the second study had three treatments with 6 replicates and 20 birds per pen using a completely randomised design. The dietary treatments consisted of a negative control (Ncon./C, standard diet without antibiotics), positive control (Pcon./C +, standard diet + 1.0Â g/l oxytetracycline), allicin-rich extract with low concentration (AEL, Ncon. + 0.5Â ml/kg), allicin-rich extract with high concentration (AEH, Ncon. + 1.0Â ml/kg) and allicin-rich extract in drinking water (AE/C - + 1.0Â ml/l of fresh drinking water). No statistical differences (PÂ >Â 0.05) were observed in feed consumption and egg weight among all the treatments but egg production, egg mass and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved (PÂ <Â 0.05) by the addition of allicin-rich extract at 0.50Â ml/kg. Albumen was significantly superior (PÂ <Â 0.05) in the AE group compared to the positive control group. With age, viable total coliform, E. coli and Clostridium perfringens were significantly lower (PÂ <Â 0.05) in the experimental groups compared to the negative control group. Significantly lower (PÂ <Â 0.05) concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein were recorded in the AE group. It can be concluded that the incorporation of dietary allicin-rich extract reduced pathogenic bacteria and boosted feed efficiency, egg production and blood lipid depending on the mode of application.

Angiopoietin-like proteins inhibitors: New horizons in the treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia and familial hypercholesterolemia.

Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTL) are involved in the regulation of numerous physiological and biochemical processes. ANGPTL3, 4 and 8, which are involved in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism, are particularly important. ANGPTL3, 4 and 8 have been shown to regulate triglyceride availability depending on the nutritional status of the body. In addition, a deficiency of these proteins has been found to cause hypolipidemia (reduction of all lipid fractions). Increases in ANGPTL3, 4 and 8 appear to be associated with cardiovascular risk. Animal studies indicate that the use of ANGPTL3 (evinacumab) inhibitors significantly reduces plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein concentrations. The use of evinacumab in clinical trials also led to the normalization of plasma lipid concentrations in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. The results of these studies indicate that evinacumab may in the future be used in the treatment of lipid disorders, especially those with hypertriglyceridemia.

A Diet Enriched in Monounsaturated Fats Decreases Low Density Lipoprotein Concentrations in Cynomolgus Monkeys by a Different Mechanism than does a Diet Enriched in Polyunsaturated Fats

To determine the mechanisms whereby dietary fat saturation influences LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations, 10 cynomolgus monkeys were fed each of three experimental diets enriched in saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids in a crossover design consisting of three 13-wk periods. Each diet contained 30% of energy as fat with 0.05 mg cholesterol/kJ and differed solely by the isocaloric substitution of fatty acids as 60% of total fat energy. The replacement of dietary saturated fatty acids with either mono- or polyunsaturated fatty acids resulted in significant reductions of plasma total cholesterol (-17% and -30%, respectively), HDL cholesterol (-32% and -41%, respectively), apoA-1 (-37% and -44%, respectively), and apolipoprotein B (-28% and -36%, respectively) concentrations. Additionally, when dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids were substituted for saturated fatty acids, a 27% reduction in VLDL + LDL cholesterol was significant. Metabolic experiments suggested that the significantly reduced concentrations of apolipoprotein B observed during the monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid phases relative to the saturated fatty acid phase could not be entirely explained by changes in LDL apolipoprotein B clearance but rather were likely due to decreased LDL apolipoprotein B production rates. However, enhanced LDL apolipoprotein B catabolism accounted for the even greater reductions in VLDL + LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations observed during the polyunsaturated fatty acid phase vs. the monounsaturated fatty acid phase. Our data suggest that monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids lower apolipoprotein B concentrations by distinct mechanisms, with polyunsaturated fatty acids affecting LDL apolipoprotein B catabolism as well as production.

Impact of Alpinia galanga and zinc on semen quality and some reproductive hormone constituents in California rabbit bucks.

The objective of the current study was to investigate the influence of synergism of the dry powder of Alpinia galanga rhizomes (AGR) and/or zinc sulfate in the diet on semen quality and reproductive traits of California rabbit bucks. The study was conducted in two stages. First stage: appreciation of semen characteristics, 36 California rabbit bucks (aged 5 months) with average body weights of 2980 g were divided randomly into six treatments (six individuals each). The treatment groups were: first group, control fed basal diet (C); second group, fed basal diet plus 1 g AGR/kg dry matter (DM) (AGR1); third group, fed basal diet plus 2 g AGR/kg DM (AGR2); fourth group, fed basal diet plus 200 mg Zn/litre drinking water (Zn); fifth group, fed basal diet plus 1 g AGR/kg DM and 200 mg Zn/litre drinking water (AGR1 + Zn); sixth group, fed basal diet plus 2 g AGR/kg DM and 200 mg Zn/litre drinking water (AGR2 + Zn). Second stage: the previous bucks were used to determine the efficiency of semen on reproductive fertility traits, 48 mature does (aged 6 months, nulliparous) with an average body weight of 3050 ± 20.7 g were divided randomly into six treatments and inseminated with previous groups of treated bucks. The results of the first stage, recorded high activity on gonadotropins hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), free testosterone (FT), progesterone (P4) and oestrogen (E217β) concentrations for AGR1 + Zn and AGR2 + Zn compared with the control group. Groups AGR1, AGR2, AGR1 + Zn and AGR2 + Zn had significantly lowered concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas high-density lipoprotein and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were increased significantly compared with the control group. The group supplemented with AGR with or without Zn had significantly improved ejaculate volume, advanced motility, sperm concentration, and cell integrity. Fertility rate and litter size were improved in all groups compared with the control. It was concluded that supplementing diets with Alpinia galanga and Zn significantly increased sperm percentage, motility and reproductive hormones (testosterone, FSH, LH, E217β, P4). This suggested that this plant when used may be favourable for improved sperm quality and fertility parameters.

Evaluation of the Association between Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and All-Cause Mortality in Geriatric Patients with Hip Fractures: A Prospective Cohort Study of 339 Patients

Many factors affect the prognosis of hip fractures in the elderly. Some studies have suggested a direct or indirect association among serum lipid levels, osteoporosis, and hip fracture risk. LDL levels were found to have a statistically significant nonlinear U-shaped relationship with hip fracture risk. However, the relationship between serum LDL levels and the prognosis of patients with hip fractures remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the influence of serum LDL levels on patient mortality over a long-term follow-up period. Elderly patients with hip fractures were screened between January 2015 and September 2019, and their demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. Linear and nonlinear multivariate Cox regression models were used to identify the association between LDL levels and mortality. Analyses were performed using Empower Stats and R software. Overall, 339 patients with a mean follow-up period of 34.17 months were included in this study. Ninety-nine patients (29.20%) died due to all-cause mortality. Linear multivariate Cox regression models showed that LDL levels were associated with mortality (HR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.53, 0.91, p = 0.0085) after adjusting for confounding factors. However, the linear association was unstable, and nonlinearity was identified. An LDL concentration of 2.31 mmol/L was defined as the inflection point for prediction. A LDL level < 2.31 mmol/L was associated with mortality (HR = 0.42, 95%CI: 0.25, 0.69, p = 0.0006), whereas LDL > 2.31 mmol/L was not a risk factor for mortality (HR = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.70, 1.63, p = 0.7722). The preoperative LDL level was nonlinearly associated with mortality in elderly patients with hip fractures, and the LDL level was a risk indicator of mortality. Furthermore, 2.31 mmol/L could be considered a predictor cut-off for risk.

Effect of Pregnancy Stages on Changes in Lipid Profiles

Defines Pregnancy is a physiological process occurring among women and female mammals; it usually begins with the process of fertilization of one egg or more, and the evolution of the atom inside the mother's womb is called a fetus or Embryo and continues the development of the fetus inside the mother until the birth. Usually, Pregnancy in women Aly40-36 continues)) almost a week after the end of the last menstrual cycle, more studies on Pregnancy in which women took the biggest in the research and investigation share, compared with studies conducted on female mammals. Pregnancy might result through a traditional male-female partnership or using cutting-edge medical technology. Nevertheless, the fetus grows and develops inside the mother's womb.&#x0D; Pregnancy is associated with major changes inside lipid profiles During Pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the level of triglycerides (T.G.), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total Cholesterol (T.C.), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and VLDL levels in the third trimester of Pregnancy in Tikrit city pregnant women. Ninety blood samples were taken at various times throughout Pregnancy for this prospective investigation. The analysis of variance was used to look at the data, and a significance level of p 0.05 was used. The results showed that the concentration of Cholesterol increased significantly with the progression of Pregnancy, as it was higher in the second and third stages of Pregnancy compared to the first stage of Pregnancy, while no significant differences were shown in the concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with the progression of Pregnancy. In contrast, the first and last stages of Pregnancy were significantly superior in the concentration of VLDL and triglycerides (T.G.) compared to the second stage of Pregnancy. Delayed T.G. When high blood pressure in Pregnancy is combined with raised blood T.G. levels, a condition known as preeclampsia may develop. This correlation has the potential to provide light on the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and inform the design of interventions aimed at its early identification and prevention.