Low-density Lipoprotein Triglycerides Research Articles

365-OR: A Machine-Learning Approach to Estimate Insulin Resistance from Untargeted Metabolomics Data

Insulin resistance (IR) is constantly invoked as a contributor to numerous common diseases, e.g. diabetes, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease; however, with the exception of a narrow segment of diabetes-related studies, IR is infrequently measured and rarely measured well. Our goal was to develop IR estimation models for the dynamic measure of insulin sensitivity (SI) and the basal measure of homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMAIR) from metabolomics data combined with minimal clinical data, e.g. age, sex, BMI. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Elastic Net regression were used to build estimation models using 1274 metabolites, prioritized by trait associations and collected in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study (IRASFS). Three metabolite transformations were implemented (inverse normal transformation, standardization, and Box Cox transformation) to account for distributional differences and tested to optimize estimation. The analysis was performed in one Mexican American (MA) recruitment site (San Luis Valley, CO (SLV), N=450) and tested in another MA recruitment site (San Antonio, TX (SA), N=473). In addition, the two MA recruitment sites were combined and estimation models tested in the African American recruitment site (AA; Los Angeles, California, N=495) to assess generalizability. Estimated SI was correlated with empiric SI in the SA (r2=0.77) and AA (r2=0.74) testing datasets. Further, we tested estimated SI for association with BMI, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides with results consistent with those observed for empiric SI. The same framework was used to estimate HOMAIR, and yielded similar results. In summary, we have developed methods for estimating multiple measures of IR from a single blood sample. This approach will greatly expand our ability to provide meaningful insight into the role of IR in disease, supporting the potential for application to a wide-range of biomedical studies. Disclosure N.Allred: None. D.W.Bowden: None. F.Hsu: None. S.Chen: None. M.Ng: None. M.O.Goodarzi: Advisory Panel; Nestlé Health Science, Other Relationship; Nestlé Health Science. J.I.Rotter: None. L.E.Wagenknecht: None. M.Bancks: None. R.N.Bergman: Consultant; Lilly, ReCor Medical, Inc., Research Support; AstraZeneca. Funding National Institutes of Health (DK118062)

1399-P: Lipoprotein Subfractions and Type 2 Diabetes Incidence in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) and Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Cohorts

Background: Atherogenic dyslipidemia is prevalent in individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) but less is known about composition of lipoprotein subfractions in diverse racial/ethnic groups. We examined associations between lipoprotein subfractions and incident T2D among participants of the MASALA and MESA cohorts. Methods: Adults aged 45-84 years without T2D and with fasting serum, demographic and clinical data at baseline and 2-5 year follow-up were included. Lipoprotein subfractions were measured at baseline using NMR spectrometry on a common platform. LASSO regularized logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, lipid-lowering agents and waist circumference assessed odds of incident T2D with adjustment for multiple comparisons. Results: Analyses included 3839 participants with average age of 62 years, 51% women, mean BMI 28 kg/m2 and 234 incident T2D cases. Triglycerides (TG) in LDL-5, LDL-6 and HDL-3 and HDL-4 were associated with odds of incident T2D and free cholesterol in HDL-1 was inversely associated (Table). There were no interactions by race. Conclusions: TG in small, dense HDL and LDL were positively associated, while free cholesterol in large HDL was inversely related to odds of incident T2D at first follow-up in participants of the MESA and MASALA cohort studies. Disclosure M.D.Gadgil: None. D.M.Herrington: None. S.Singh: None. N.R.Kandula: None. A.M.Kanaya: None. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1K23DK119404-01A1); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Center Research Resources/National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (R01HL093009); National Institutes of Health (UL1RR024131); Medical Research Council/National Institute for Health and Care Research (NC-PC-12025); National Institute for Health and Care Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (75N92020D00001, HHSN268201500003I, N01HC-95159, 75N92020D00005, N01HC-95160, 75N92020D00002, N01HC95161, 75N92020D00003, N01HC95162, 75N92020D00006, N01HC95163, 75N92020D00004, N01HC95164, 75N92020D00007, N01HC95165, N01HC95166, N01HC95167, N01HC95168, N01HC95169); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR000040, UL1TR001079, UL1TR001420)

The Application of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal and Its Fermentation Products in the Diet of Megalobrama amblycephala Juveniles

This study assessed the potential applicability of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MO) and fermented Moringa oleifera leaf meal (FMO) as feed supplements for aquatic animals. Five experimental diets, including the basal diet (control), 2.2% and 4.4% MO-supplemented diets (MO2 and MO4), and 2.2% and 4.4% FMO-supplemented diets (FMO2 and FMO4), were prepared for feeding Megalobrama amblycephala juveniles. After the eight-week feeding trial, the growth performance, muscle nutritional composition, plasma and hepatic biochemistry indicators were measured. The results demonstrated that MO and FMO had no detrimental effects on the growth performance of M. amblycephala juveniles. The muscle crude protein, crude lipid, and total free amino acids contents were significantly enhanced in the FMO4 group (p < 0.05). The liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase α mRNA level was significantly increased and the lipoprotein lipase mRNA level was markedly reduced in the FMO4 group (p < 0.05). Therefore, the FMO4 group exhibited a significant increase in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, total superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly increased in the FMO4 group (p < 0.05). The FMO2 and FMO4 groups exhibited an anti-inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression levels of toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor-kappa B, and tumor protein P53 mRNA (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the 4.4% FMO treatment increased muscle crude protein content, enhanced lipogenesis, and improved the hepatic antioxidant abilities of M. amblycephala juveniles, while 2.2% FMO and 4.4% FMO improved the liver anti-inflammatory capacities.

Association of serum lipids and random plasma glucose levels with severity of diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common vision-threatening chronic microvascular, microangiopathy complication of diabetes militias.We have designed this cross sectional observational study to understand the role of serum lipids and random plasma glucose level with severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study was accomplished with 210 patients that came to us in the diabetic clinic. There were two groups: Group A - All DM patients with no apparent sign of diabetic retinopathy (Grade I) and Group B - All DM Patients with any signs of diabetic retinopathy (Grade II - V). Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was graded according to The International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale on dilated fundus examination and fundus phtotograpgy. Serum lipids (Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides) were then assessed according to NCEP ATP III guidlines. The correlation of the severity DR was then assessed with serum lipids and random plasm glucose.We found that total cholesterol and triglycerides played a detrimental role in the severity of diabetic retinopathy and the likelihood of developing a more severe form of diabetic retinopathy was dependent on their levels (P<0.05). The Association of HDL and LDL with different grades of diabetic retinopathy was also found significant (P<0.05). However, the association of VLDL (P>0.05) was found insignificant. Similarly, the values of total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL showed a significant rise with severity of diabetic macular edema (DME)In this present study, the significant association of total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL with DR thus concludes that along with strict glycemic monitoring and control, the of control of hyperlipidemia is also noteworthy to prevent the progression of DR and DME.

Renoprotective effects of genetically proxied fibroblast growth factor 21: Mendelian randomization, proteome-wide and metabolome-wide association study

BackgroundFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has demonstrated efficacy for reducing liver fat and reversing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in phase 2 clinical trials. It is also postulated to have anti-fibrotic effects and therefore may be amenable to repurposing for the prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). MethodsWe leverage a missense genetic variant, rs739320 in the FGF21 gene, that associates with magnetic resonance imaging-derived liver fat as a clinically validated and biologically plausible instrumental variable for studying the effects of FGF21 analogs. Performing Mendelian randomization, we ascertain associations between instrumented FGF21 and kidney phenotypes, cardiometabolic disease risk factors, as well as the circulating proteome (Somalogic, 4907 aptamers) and metabolome (Nightingale platform, 249 metabolites). ResultsWe report consistent renoprotective associations of genetically proxied FGF21 effect, including higher glomerular filtration rates (p = 1.9 × 10−4), higher urinary sodium excretion (p = 5.1 × 10−11), and lower urine albumin-creatinine ratio (p = 3.6 × 10−5). These favorable effects translated to lower CKD risk (odds ratio per rs739320 C-allele, 0.96; 95%CI, 0.94–0.98; p = 3.2 × 10−4). Genetically proxied FGF21 effect was also associated with lower fasting insulin, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic BP, p < 1.0 × 10−07) and blood lipid (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein B, p < 6.5 × 10−24) profiles. The latter associations are replicated in our metabolome-wide association study. Proteomic perturbations associated with genetically predicted FGF21 effect were consistent with fibrosis reduction. ConclusionThis study highlights the pleiotropic effects of genetically proxied FGF21 and supports a re-purposing opportunity for the treatment and prevention of kidney disease specifically. Further work is required to triangulate these findings, towards possible clinical development of FGF21 towards the treatment and prevention of kidney disease.

Cinnamomum cassia on Arterial Stiffness and Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Outcomes of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Cinnamomum cassia is a medicinal plant whose use has demonstrated benefits on body weight, blood pressure, glucose, and lipids. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of C. cassia on arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction (ED) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 18 subjects aged 40-65 years, with a diagnosis of T2DM of one year or less since diagnosis and treated with Metformin 850 mg daily. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either C. cassia or a placebo in 1000 mg capsules, thrice a day, before each meal for 12 weeks. At baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and Flow Mediated Dilation were measured, as well as body weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively, triglycerides, creatinine, and transaminases. The Mann-Whitney U test for differences between groups and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for intragroup differences were used, and a P ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. After C. cassia administration, statistically significant reductions in body weight (81.4 ± 10.4 kg vs. 79.9 ± 9.0 kg, P = .037), BMI (30.6 ± 4.2 kg/m2 vs. 30.1 ± 4.2 kg/m2, P = .018), and HbA1c (53 ± 5.4 mmol/mol vs. 45 ± 2.1 mmol/mol, P = .036) were observed. No changes statistically significant on arterial stiffness, ED, FG, BP, and lipids were observed. C. cassia administration decreases body weight, BMI, and HbA1c without statistically significant changes on arterial stiffness, ED, FG, BP, and lipids. CTR Number: NCT04259606.

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids Across Age-Groups.

Aging plays a crucial role in the mechanisms of the impacts of genetic and environmental factors on blood pressure and serum lipids. However, to our knowledge, how the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the correlation between blood pressure and serum lipids changes with age remains to be determined. In this study, data from the Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR) were used. Resting blood pressure, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and fasting serum lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TGs) were measured in 2378 participants (1189 twin pairs). Univariate and bivariate structural equation models examined the genetic and environmental influences on blood pressure and serum lipids among three age groups. All phenotypes showed moderate to high heritability (0.37-0.59) and moderate unique environmental variance (0.30-0.44). The heritability of all phenotypes showed a decreasing trend with age. Among all phenotypes, SBP and DBP showed a significant monotonic decreasing trend. For phenotype-phenotype pairs, the phenotypic correlation (Rph) of each pair ranged from -0.04 to 0.23, and the additive genetic correlation (Ra) ranged from 0.00 to 0.36. For TC&SBP, TC&DBP, TG&SBP and TGs&DBP, both the Rph and Ra declined with age, and the Ra difference between the young group and the older adult group is statistically significant (p < .05). The unique environmental correlation (Re) of each pair did not follow any pattern with age and remained relatively stable with age. In summary, we observed that the heritability of blood pressure was affected by age. Moreover, blood pressure and serum lipids shared common genetic backgrounds, and age had an impact on the phenotypic correlation and genetic correlations.

Longitudinal physical activity patterns and the development of cardiometabolic risk factors during adolescence.

To examine the associations between longitudinal physical activity (PA) patterns and the development of cardiometabolic risk factors from adolescence to young adulthood. This cohort study encompassed 250 participants recruited from sports clubs and schools, and examined at mean age 15 and 19. Device-measured moderate-to-vigorous PA was grouped into five patterns (via a data-driven method, using inactivity maintainers as a reference). The outcomes were: glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI). Linear growth curve models were applied with adjustment for sex, age, fruit/vegetable consumption, cigarette/snuff use, and change in the device wear-time. Insulin and BMI increased among decreasers from moderate to low PA (β for insulin 0.23, 95% CI 0.03-0.46; β for BMI 0.90; CI 0.02-1.78). The concentration of HDL cholesterol decreased (β -0.18, CI -0.31 to -0.05) and that of glucose increased (β 0.18, CI 0.02-0.35) among decreasers from high to moderate PA. By contrast, among increasers, blood pressure declined (systolic β -6.43, CI -12.16 to -0.70; diastolic β -6.72, CI -11.03 to -2.41). Already during the transition to young adulthood, changes in PA are associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors. Favorable blood pressure changes were found among PA increasers. Unfavorable changes in BMI, insulin, glucose, and HDL cholesterol were found in groups with decreasing PA. The changes were dependent on the baseline PA and the magnitude of the PA decline.

Role of herbal tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze, Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Morinda citrifolia L.) in lowering cholesterol level: A review and bibliometric analysis

Dyslipidemia is defined as an imbalance level of lipids in the blood which is manifested by hypercholesterolemia and requires effective treatments or preventions. Numerous studies have discussed the various medicinal properties of Camellia sinensis, Zingiber officinale, and Morinda citrifolia, however, no bibliometric study about the trends and use of these three plants in cholesterol management around the world. Hence, this study employed the Scopus database to review the available literature on the potential cholesterol-lowering effects of these medicinal plants. In total, 822 articles were extracted, covering 360 keywords. Bibliometric analysis was done using VOSviewer software to analyse the global trends of the published articles focusing on the keywords, authors, countries, publication sources, and documents. The bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, drug-herb interaction, and safe dosage were also addressed. The three plants were used globally in Asia, Africa, Europe, North America and South America. Z. officinale was the most researched plant, while India produced the highest number of documents. It was observed that these plants were scientifically proven in lowering the low-density lipoproteins cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol while increasing the high-density lipoproteins cholesterol due to their powerful bioactive constituents such as theaflavin, flavonol, gingerol, paradol, and niacin. Their major bioactive compounds have various mechanisms of action in altering lipid levels which require further studies to explore their mechanisms and benefits in a polyherbal form. Certain herbal-drug interactions and dosage should be taken into consideration to ensure the safe and effective usage of these plants. Our results hold significance for traditional and empirical medical evidence of this topic. More research collaborations are also needed to uncover research gaps such as molecular mechanisms, polyherbal formulations, and clinical trials. This will help in recognizing herbal medicine as a treatment approach for dyslipidemia.

Complex Extract of Polygonatum sibiricum and Nelumbinis semen Improves Menopause Symptoms via Regulation of Estrogen Receptor Beta in an Ovariectomized Rat Model.

Menopause is a hormone-deficiency state that causes facial flushing, vaginal dryness, depression, anxiety, insomnia, obesity, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease as ovarian function decreases. Hormone-replacement therapy is mainly used to treat menopause; however, its long-term use is accompanied by side effects such as breast cancer and endometriosis. To identify the effect of a complex extract of Polygonatum sibiricum (PS) and Nelumbinis semen (NS) on improving menopause without side effects, an ovariectomized rat model was established to analyze several menopause symptoms. Compared to single extracts, the complex extract restored vaginal epithelial cell thickness and decreased serotonin concentration by increasing the estrogen receptors ERα (ESR1) and ERβ (ESR2), depending on the ratio. Although the complex extract exerted a lower weight-loss effect than the single extracts, improved blood-lipid metabolism was observed after increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis was alleviated by suppressing osteoclast production. Thus, by increasing only ERβ expression without regulating ERα expression in the uterus, the complex extract of PS and NS may be a natural treatment for improving menopause symptoms without side effects, such as endometriosis.

Vegetarian or vegan diets and blood lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.

Due to growing environmental focus, plant-based diets are increasing steadily in popularity. Uncovering the effect on well-established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death worldwide, is thus highly relevant. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to estimate the effect of vegetarian and vegan diets on blood levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B. Studies published between 1980 and October 2022 were searched for using PubMed, Embase, and references of previous reviews. Included studies were randomized controlled trials that quantified the effect of vegetarian or vegan diets vs. an omnivorous diet on blood lipids and lipoprotein levels in adults over 18 years. Estimates were calculated using a random-effects model. Thirty trials were included in the study. Compared with the omnivorous group, the plant-based diets reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels with mean differences of -0.34 mmol/L (95% confidence interval, -0.44, -0.23; P = 1 × 10-9), -0.30 mmol/L (-0.40, -0.19; P = 4 × 10-8), and -12.92 mg/dL (-22.63, -3.20; P = 0.01), respectively. The effect sizes were similar across age, continent, duration of study, health status, intervention diet, intervention program, and study design. No significant difference was observed for triglyceride levels. Vegetarian and vegan diets were associated with reduced concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B-effects that were consistent across various study and participant characteristics. Plant-based diets have the potential to lessen the atherosclerotic burden from atherogenic lipoproteins and thereby reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Impact of telemedicine on treatment of diabetes mellites in patients with cardiovascular Disease during SARS-Cov-2 pandemic

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background In 2020, the Japanese government issued a new policy to facilitate telemedicine to prevent spread of SARS-Cov-2 infection in outpatient of medical facilities. This policy included consultation via telephone or web and issuing prescriptions directly to pharmacies. However, the patients with diabetes mellites usually have few symptoms. Accordingly, evaluation of control status and medical feedback is difficult on telemedicine basis. We sought to evaluate the impact of telemedicine on the treatment of DM in patients with cardiovascular disease during SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic period. Method Between April and Oct 2020, 165 patients with cardiovascular disease having diabetes mellites utilized telemedicine. We retrospectively analyzed indices of patients’ condition and compared them before and after telemedicine. These indices included serum blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, HDL, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride. Result Mean age of the patients was 74.0 ± 9.6 years. Average interval of telemedicine was 6.6 ± 3.4 months. The value of HbA1c before and after telemedicine period was 6.7 ± 0.9 and 7.0 ± 1.2 % respectively (p=0.006). No statistical difference was observed in systolic/diastolic blood pressure, HDL LDL cholesterol and triglyceride during same period. Conclusion In telemedicine for the patients with cardiovascular disease, additional caution is needed when patients had concomitant diabetes mellites.

Exercise training, dietary intervention, or combined interventions and their effects on lipid profiles in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

AimsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effects of Ex (exercise training) vs. DI (dietary intervention) vs. combined Ex and DI on total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in adults with overweight and obesity. Data synthesisPubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to identify original articles published until March 2022, using keywords for the categories “exercise training,” “dietary intervention,” “overweight and obesity,” and “randomized.” Studies that included lipid profiles as outcomes and performed in adults with body mass indexes (BMIs) ≥ 25 kg/m2 were included. A total of 80 studies involving 4804 adult participants were included in the meta-analysis. Ex was not as effective as DI for reducing TC and TG and was less effective for reducing LDL. In addition, Ex increased HDL to a greater extent than DI. Combined interventions decreased TC, TG, and LDL but did not increase HDL more than Ex alone. Combined interventions failed to reduce TC or LDL but decreased TG and increased HDL more than DI alone. ConclusionsOur results suggest that the combination of Ex and DI can be more effective than either Ex or DI alone in improving lipid profiles in adults with overweight and obesity.

(297) Evaluation of Endothelial Function and Metabolic Profile in Patients with Prostate Cancer Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy

Abstract Introduction Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the cornerstone of prostate cancer treatment. ADT delays cancer progression, alleviates cancer-related symptoms, and is associated with survival gains. Despite these established benefits, the therapy comes with known side effects, such as increased cardiovascular adverse events and metabolic changes. Despite the well-established association between the level of circulating testosterone and endothelial integrity, the direct effects of ADT on endothelial function remain controversial. Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of ADT on endothelial function, through the analysis of vascular parameters of the brachial artery, and the measurement of serum inflammatory markers. It was also our goal to evaluate early impact of ADT on anthropometric and metabolic parameters Methods We prospectively evaluated men with moderate to high-risk prostate cancer treated with ADT from January to July 2022 at our institution. Patients with decompensated diabetes mellitus (HbA1c &amp;gt;9%), active smokers or smokers who have ceased for less than 5 years and those with confirmed diagnosis of peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, angina, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization or stroke, were excluded. Brachial artery assessment included vascular diameter and flow-mediated (endothelium-dependent) vasodilation (FMD) using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Our metabolic and inflammatory profile included serum measurement of total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, basal insulin, C-reactive protein, and bioimpedance assessment of body fat distribution. All measurements were performed at baseline and after 3 months of ADT initiation with goserelin acetate 10.80mg. Results A total of 14 men with mean age of 67.9 ± 6.9 years were included. The prevalence of diabetes in the present cohort was 21.4%. FMD demonstrated a slight increase following ADT, which did not reach statistical significance after 3 months (median 2.2% vs. 5.0%; p = 0.8224 – Figure 1). Baseline brachial artery diameter significantly decreased with ADT compared to baseline (median diameter 0.43cm vs 0.40cm; p = 0.006). With regard to the metabolic profile, ADT significantly increased insulin resistance: fasting insulin levels (mean 9.67 ± 6.09 vs 13.19 ± 7.47; p = 0.002), glycated hemoglobin (mean 5.79% ± 0.47 vs 6.22% ± 0.75; p = 0.009) and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance increased significantly after 3 months (p = 0.006). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean 112.00 ± 27.35 vs 128.90 ± 29.00; p = 0.01) and triglycerides (mean 145.40 ± 78.52 vs 168.20 ± 105.80; p = 0.03) concentrations were higher after 3 months of ADT. No significant differences were found in body fat distribution. Conclusions Although the present study has not demonstrated a significant change in brachial artery FMD, we verified an important and surprisingly early worsening of the metabolic profile with ADT, especially increased insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, which represent well-established risk factors for cardiovascular events. Disclosure No

Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Cardiovascular illnesses (CVDs) stay a main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Various danger factors contribute to the improvement and development of CVDs, encompassing each modifiable and non-modifiable element. This abstract pursues to spotlight the important thing cardiovascular chance factors and their impact on coronary heart fitness. Age and Gender: Advancing age and being male are non-modifiable risk factors associated with increased CVD threat. Guys are usually at a better chance than premenopausal women; but, this difference decreases put up-menopause. High blood pressure: extended blood strain is a sizeable modifiable chance issue for CVDs. control hypertension damages blood vessels, selling atherosclerosis and increasing the threat of heart assault, stroke, and coronary heart failure. Dyslipidemia: high degrees of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, coupled with low stages of HDL cholesterol, make contributions to atherosclerosis and plaque formation, main to coronary artery disorder and other cardiovascular complications. Smoking: Cigarette smoking is a main modifiable risk element for CVDs. It damages blood vessels, accelerates atherosclerosis, and decreases oxygen delivery to tissues, heightening the risk of heart disease and stroke. Diabetes Mellitus: each type 1 and kind 2 diabetes drastically raises the danger of CVDs because of insulin resistance, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities that adversely affect blood vessels and the heart. Obesity: - extra body weight, specifically abdominal adiposity, increases the likelihood of CVDs using contributing to insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and inflammation. Bodily state of being inactive: Sedentary lifestyle and shortage of regular bodily pastimes are connected to weight problems and numerous metabolic disturbances that sell CVD improvement. Circle of relatives records: A high-quality own family record of premature CVD increases an individual's chance, suggesting a capacity genetic predisposition to heart disease. Weight-reduction plan: - consuming a diet excessive in saturated and Tran’s fat, salt, and introduced sugars even as missing fruits, veggies, and whole grains can make contributions to the CVD threat. Strain and intellectual health: chronic pressure, depression, and anxiety can impact CVD risk via numerous mechanisms, consisting of unhealthy coping behaviors and hormonal imbalances. Alcohol consumption: whilst mild alcohol consumption may also have some cardiovascular blessings, immoderate ingesting can boost blood strain and make contributions to coronary heart muscle damage. Efforts to mitigate cardiovascular hazard factors should recognition on lifestyle adjustments, consisting of ordinary workouts, a heart-wholesome diet, smoking cessation, stress management, and blood pressure and cholesterol control. Early identification of chance factors and their effective control can play an important role in decreasing the burden of cardiovascular illnesses and improving typical coronary heart health.

Effect of a Reduced-Calorie Diet on Plasma Levels of Inflammatory and Metabolic Factors in Overweight/Obese Patients with Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

Calorie restriction without malnutrition is likely to improve cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate calorie restriction on markers of cardiometabolic risk in overweight/obese adults with cardiovascular risk factors. In a parallel controlled trial, patients with overweight or obesity and one or more cardiovascular risk factor were randomized to a modest reduced-calorie diet (75% of the total calculated energy requirements) or control (no calorie restriction) groups and followed up for two months. Body weight, dietary intake, fasting plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neuropeptide Y (NPY), lipids, and glycemic factors were measured at baseline, and after two months. The differences were analyzed with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Sixty-six participants (33 in each group) completed the study. Body weight changed in the reduced-calorie diet group (- 3.05 ± 2.65 kg), and blood pressure was improved (systolic -6.96 ± 12.04 and diastolic - 3.90 ± 8.97 mmHg). The reduced-calorie diet improved plasma ICAM-1 (change from baseline - 0.45 ± 1.99 ng/mL, P = 0.033, ANCOVA), MCP-1 (change from baseline - 0.50 pg/mL, P = 0.011, ANCOVA), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (change from baseline - 9.35 ± 19.61 mg/dL, P < 0.001, ANCOVA), and triglyceride (change from baseline -33.66 ± 49.08, P = 0.001, ANCOVA), but BDNF, NPY, and other cardiometabolic factors were not different. In overweight/obese subjects with cardiovascular risk factors which have been under medical treatment with risk-reducing medications, a modest weight loss induced by a reduced-calorie diet improved lipid profile, blood pressure, and reduced ICAM-1 and MCP-1 levels but had no effect on plasma BDNF or glycemic factors.

Relationship between visceral adiposity index and glycemic and metabolic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) is a gender-specific mathematical model based on BMI, waist circumference (WC) and lipid parameters. No study has yet examined the relationship between this index and the glycemic and metabolic parameters in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The current study aims at examining the relationship between glycemic and metabolic control and VAI in children and adolescents with Type 1 DM. A total of 150 children and adolescents aged 6-18years with Type 1 DM were included in this study. Anthropometric, glycemic and metabolic parameters were examined. VAI was calculated using gender-specific formulas. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 23. The average age of the participants was 12.2 ± 3.1years (females 53.0%). The females had higher rates of VAI, microalbuminuria and hypertension than males. Participants of both gender with higher VAI quartiles had higher anthropometric measurements, insulin usage, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides and urine microalbumin and had poor glycemic control. Sex adjusted correlation analysis showed that VAI is negatively correlated with estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), and positively correlated with insulin dose, LDL-C, triglycerides, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and microalbuminuria. The present paper is the first study examining the relationship between Type 1 DM and VAI. Higher VAI values in children and adolescents with type 1 DM may adversely affect glycemic and metabolic control. VAI can be a useful and new method in evaluating glycemic and metabolic control in children and adolescents with Type 1 DM.

Lipoprotein subfraction profiling in the search of new risk markers for myocardial infarction: The HUNT study.

Traditional biomarkers used to measure risk of myocardial infarction (MI) only explain a modest proportion of the incidence. Lipoprotein subfractions have the potential to improve risk prediction of MI. We aimed to identify lipoprotein subfractions that were associated with imminent MI risk. We identified apparently healthy participants with a predicted low 10-year risk of MI from The Trøndelag Health Survey 3 (HUNT3) that developed MI within 5 years after inclusion (cases, n = 50) and 100 matched controls. Lipoprotein subfractions were analyzed in serum by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at time of inclusion in HUNT3. Lipoprotein subfractions were compared between cases and controls in the full population (N = 150), and in subgroups of males (n = 90) and females (n = 60). In addition, a sub analysis was performed in participants that experienced MI within two years and their matched controls (n = 56). None of the lipoprotein subfractions were significantly associated with future MI when adjusting for multiple testing (p<0.002). At nominal significance level (p<0.05), the concentration of apolipoprotein A1 in the smallest high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions was higher in cases compared to controls. Further, in sub analyses based on sex, male cases had lower lipid concentration within the large HDL subfractions and higher lipid concentration within the small HDL subfractions compared to male controls (p<0.05). No differences were found in lipoprotein subfractions between female cases and controls. In sub analysis of individuals suffering from MI within two years, triglycerides in low-density lipoprotein were higher among cases (p<0.05). None of the investigated lipoprotein subfractions were associated with future MI after adjustment for multiple testing. However, our findings suggests that HDL subfractions may be of interest in relation to risk prediction for MI, especially in males. This need to be further investigated in future studies.

Ameliorative Effect of Tamarind Leaves (Tamarindus indica) Aqueous Extract against Inflammation via Modulating Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Mediators in Wistar Rats

Inflammation affects many illnesses, like metabolic conditions, psychotic neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Hence, many anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed by professionals. These drugs may have adverse effects. Many natural and plant-origin bioactive compounds have anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of tamarind leaves was evaluated using an animal model. The present research concluded that the tamarind leaf supplementation decreased cholesterol, triglycerides LDL and VLDL levels and hence possess hypolipidemic effects on rats. Tamarind leaves supplementation also showed an antioxidant effect through increasing SOD, catalase and reduced glutathione activities. Tamarind leaves supplementation also showed an anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing IL-6 and COX-1 as well as increasing IL-10 levels in serum and kidney, but no significant difference was observed in TNF-α, COX-2 and 5- LOX levels. Tamarind leaves reduce oxidative stress and inflammation by restoring the body's natural antioxidant equilibrium and controlling the production of inflammatory mediators. Thus, tamarind leaves can be used as a functional food and nutraceutical to reduce inflammation.

Role of DNA methylation in the relationship between glioma risk factors and glioma incidence: a two-step Mendelian randomization study

Genetic evidence suggests glioma risk is altered by leukocyte telomere length, allergic disease (asthma, hay fever or eczema), alcohol consumption, childhood obesity, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and triglyceride levels. DNA methylation (DNAm) variation influences many of these glioma-related traits and is an established feature of glioma. Yet the causal relationship between DNAm variation with both glioma incidence and glioma risk factors is unknown. We applied a two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) approach and several sensitivity analyses (including colocalization and Steiger filtering) to assess the association of DNAm with glioma risk factors and glioma incidence. We used data from a recently published catalogue of germline genetic variants robustly associated with DNAm variation in blood (32,851 participants) and data from a genome-wide association study of glioma risk (12,488 cases and 18,169 controls, sub-divided into 6191 glioblastoma cases and 6305 non-glioblastoma cases). MR evidence indicated that DNAm at 3 CpG sites (cg01561092, cg05926943, cg01584448) in one genomic region (HEATR3) had a putative association with glioma and glioblastoma risk (False discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05). Steiger filtering provided evidence against reverse causation. Colocalization presented evidence against genetic confounding and suggested that differential DNAm at the 3 CpG sites and glioma were driven by the same genetic variant. MR provided little evidence to suggest that DNAm acts as a mediator on the causal pathway between risk factors previously examined and glioma onset. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use MR to appraise the causal link of DNAm with glioma risk factors and glioma onset. Subsequent analyses are required to improve the robustness of our results and rule out horizontal pleiotropy.