Low Level Of Competition Research Articles

Research on Commercialization Development of Flower Headdress Products in Quanzhou, Fujian under the Perspective of Internet Economy

This study takes the unique flower headdress product of Quanzhou Xunpu Village as the research subject, and explores the characteristics and strategies of its online publicity and offline services under the Internet economy mode. This study uses the fantasy theme analysis method and content analysis method to analyze the short videos on the theme of hairpin flowers, and uses the SWOT analysis method to discuss the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and challenges of the development of the hairpin flower industry, and draws the conclusions that the online publicity of the hairpin flower products in Quanzhou is homogenized, the offline services are caught in the low level of competition, and the development of the tourism economy has contributed to the dissolution of the local cultural traditions.

The study of the range, availability and affordability of vitamin B1 medicines combined with vitamin B6 and/or B12 in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine

Aim. To conduct a study of the range of combined neurotropic vitamins B in the pharmaceutical market, to analyze their availability and affordability for patients with neurological diseases. Materials and methods. The study was conducted using data from the State Register of Medicines of Ukraine, ATC classification, and information on statistical retail prices from the online service www.tabletki.ua. Such research methods as systematization, generalization, comparative, marketing, content analysis, pharmacoeconomic analysis by the “cost of illness” method were used. Results. The pharmaceutical market of vitamin A11DB group Vitamin B1 in combination with vitamin B6 and/or B12 registered in Ukraine as 43 trade names (TN) of medicines has been analyzed taking into account all dosage forms; among them, 53.5 % are medicines of domestic manufacturers. Among dosage forms, the vast majority are solutions for injection (65.1 %). Only 56 % of the registered medicines are accessible, i.e. available for sale in regional pharmacies, with an equal proportion of domestic and foreign manufacturers. In 63 % of the drugs studied, the price liquidity ratio indicator shows fluctuations from 0.51 to 1.0, which indicates a significant range of drug prices, a relatively low level of competition in the market, and negatively characterizes the availability of these drugs for the population. It has been found that for injectable dosage forms of the drugs studied, the coefficient of adequacy of solvency ranges from 1.41 % to 3.30 %, and for oral medicines – from 0.67 % to 6.20 %, i.e., the cost of purchasing one package of a complex vitamin B medicine does not exceed 6.20 % of the average monthly salary on the example of the Odesa region, which is not included in the List of territories where military operations are (were) conducted or temporarily occupied. A pharmacoeconomic analysis has been conducted using the “cost of illness” method; and the drugs of choice have been selected taking into account the information on their equivalence provided by the manufacturer. According to the results of this analysis, it has been found that the cost of treating polyneuropathy with complex vitamin B medicines produced in Ukraine is 1.4-6 times more affordable than in the case of imported analogues. Conclusions. The results presented indicate the need to introduce additional mechanisms for compensating the cost of vitamin B medicines in order to increase the level of socio-economic affordability of pharmaceutical care provided in pharmacies. In addition, they can be used in the formation of the range of medicines to ensure the availability of medicines of choice, taking into account the most affordable cost of the treatment course.

Financial resilience and sustainability: examining green innovation trends post-stock price crashes in China

The primary objective of this study is to uncover whether the occurrence of stock price crash (SPCR) influences firms’ engagement in green innovation (GI) and change in GI activities. Using data for China’s A-share listed firms from 2009 to 2022, our initial findings reveal that firms increase their investments in GI after SPCR occurrence and this effect is consistent with a change in GI. The mechanism analysis shows increased financial constraints prompting firms to adopt GI to alleviate the strain on financing, thereby enhancing overall financial stability. Additionally, the impact of SPCR on GI is more prominent in state-owned enterprises and in those with politically connected CEOs. Moreover, heterogeneity analysis shows that firms located in high-tech regions and those with low levels of bank competition tend to invest more in GI activities after the occurrence of SPCR. Overall, the findings are robust and remain valid after using propensity score matching and system generalized method of moments models.

Second-generation involvement and the digitalisation of family firms: evidence from China

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the impact of second-generation involvement on the digitalisation of family firms. Through theoretical and empirical research on Chinese listed family firms, we investigate the complex relationship between second-generation involvement and the digital transformation process. The findings reveal that the involvement of second-generation members hinders digital transformation to a certain extent, with managerial risk preference playing an intermediary role in this relationship. Second-generation involvement has a stronger inhibitory effect on digitalisation in smaller firms and firms within industries with lower levels of competition. Additionally, the moderating role of ownership concentration and institutional investor shareholding on the relationship between second-generation involvement and digital transformation is explored. The results indicate that ownership concentration and institutional investor shareholding can alleviate the negative impact of second-generation involvement on the digitalisation of family firms. This study enriches socioemotional wealth theory by examining the family firm’s digitalisation and provides practical guidance to promote their digitalisation.

Intellectual property protection and enterprise innovation: Evidence from China

In this paper, we introduce a conceptual framework to scrutinize the non-linear correlation between intellectual property protection and enterprise innovation performance using panel data (2012–2020) from listed firms. The results exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship of IPP on EIP. Our analysis underscores the important role of R&D intensity and disclosure quality in this relation, identifying them as potential transmission channels for IPP's effect on EIP. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that when companies are state-owned or located in innovative pilot cities, the inverse U-shaped relationship becomes more pronounced. Conversely, this relationship is significantly weakened in markets with lower levels of competition.

International Trade and Economic Development

Economic development is a longer and continuous process. It depends upon various aspects. Some countries have developed very fast. Some other countries developing at a slower pace. Western countries have developed with their efforts. However Eastern countries and major Asian countries are looking toward the West for investment and technical advancement. Governments and organizations of developing countries strive hard to speed up economic development. But expected support could not be getting by developing countries. If they get technical know-how and capital are old dated and insufficient. Apart from technological development foreign trade plays a vital role in economic development. The foreign trade acts as an engine for growth for developed countries. It fails to act for developing countries. For this, several reasons are responsible. Some of them are, backwardness in technology, low-level investment, low level of competitiveness, and weak bargaining capacity, etc.,

The road to national competitiveness is paved with innovation and entrepreneurship: a qualitative comparative analysis

ABSTRACT In the twenty-first century, competitiveness has become a pillar of sustainable development strategies around the world. Numerous international organizations and academics cite innovation and entrepreneurship as determinants of competitiveness. By incorporating innovation and entrepreneurship into the economy and society, countries have been able to implement policies to boost national competitiveness. However, not all countries have been equally successful because each country has its own unique characteristics that apply only within its national borders. An innovation system refers to the innovation institutions, actors, and infrastructures that shape innovation activities within national or regional boundaries. This article identifies the configurations of conditions that lead to high and low levels of national competitiveness. This paper presents the results of fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) with six causal conditions. The results reveal six combinations of factors that increase national competitiveness. R&D, innovation, entrepreneurship support policies, and GDP per capita are crucial elements. In contrast, developed entrepreneurship does not guarantee competitiveness achievement if a country possesses poor R&D and institutional infrastructures. The implications of this study can help resource allocation by supporting the design and implementation of effective innovation and entrepreneurship policies.

Productivity of the Great Egret (Ardea alba) and Grey Heron (A. cinerea) in mixed heronries in Poland and behavioral response of fledglings to a drone

Productivity of avian populations provides important demographic information helpful in understanding population dynamics and processes involved during species expansions. We tested the hypothesis that the productivity of the two species of ecologically similar herons that breed together in mixed heronries is related to their expansion status. We expected the expansive species, colonizing the new area and increasing in numbers, to outperform the native species, whose abundance is stable. We studied the breeding success of two herons in mixed colonies in eastern Poland in 2018: Great Egret (Ardea alba) (an expansive species, increasing breeding range and population size), and the Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) (a native species, stable breeding population). Mean productivity (number of young per nest) was similar for Great Egret and Grey Heron and appeared correlated to each other in mixed heronries. Productivity of both species was unrelated to the colony size, but Grey Heron tended to have higher productivity as the proportion of Great Egret nests in the colony increased. Similar productivity of both species can be explained by the sufficient food resources coupled with the low level of competition. The two species differed significantly in their response of young to the approaching drone: the mean probability of a young Great Egret adopting an upright display was 0.47 compared to only 0.18 in a young Grey Heron (P=0.025). This was unlikely an age-related difference as the fledglings of both species were at a similar stage of development, but may represent some kind of a species-specific trait. Our research once again shows that UAVs allow a quick and non-invasive study of the size of the breeding populations and reproductive performance of herons, egrets and other wading birds.

What Impacts the strength of perceived barriers to and drivers of energy efficiency in manufacturing SMEs?

In the manufacturing sector, improving energy efficiency in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is typically more challenging than in larger companies. Although the barriers to and drivers of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) are relatively well researched and identified in the literature, little attention has been paid to the factors that influence how SMEs perceive them. This study uses a sample of 220 manufacturing SMEs in Slovenia to econometrically assess the relevance of a comprehensive set of firm-, business-, energy- and energy efficiency–related characteristics to the barriers to and drivers of EEMs identified in the literature. The objective of this study is to identify which factors influence the importance of various barriers and drivers while accounting for firm heterogeneity. The results show that among the most influential factors of perceived barriers are energy intensity and export orientation, which are associated with the lower importance of perceived barriers, while debt works in the opposite direction. Surprisingly, firm size does not have an impact on barriers, except for one – the additional risk involved in EE investments, whereas it impacts several drivers. A low level of competition in the market and ownership of the firm's premises also contribute to the lower intensity of perceived barriers. In terms of the perceived importance of drivers, the most influential factors are firm size, the presence of an energy-responsible person in the firm and the company's employee energy efficiency awareness programme. Among the approaches to improve energy efficiency, the introduction of an energy policy or energy management system and certifications have the greatest influence on removing barriers, while energy consulting is not found to be significant. Furthermore, the importance of drivers is mainly positively associated with energy audits. These results provide useful policy implications for how to address the energy efficiency gap in manufacturing SMEs by targeting factors that would most effectively lower barriers to and strengthen drivers of energy efficiency.

ФАКТОРЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ЭКСПОРТНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

One of the most important strategic directions of the state is the growth of the volume of agricultural products and food and the formation of a national export policy. Currently, the development of export activities in the agricultural sector of the economy is becoming one of the conditions for increasing the level of sustainability and stability of its economic growth. This is due to the fact that food around the world is an indicator of wellbeing, regardless of nation. Food is becoming practically the main strategic product. It, regardless of the socio-economic development of the state, becomes an effective means of confrontation between countries. It should be noted that the main role in the world market for food and agricultural raw materials is played by economically developed countries, which solve the food problem in their own interests. At the same time, despite the great agrarian potential, the competitive advantages of the state are manifested, as a rule, in the raw materials market of agri-food products, which becomes one of the main obstacles to the development of exports of agricultural products of any state. In addition, the low level of competitiveness of agricultural raw materials reduces the efficiency of their export supplies. A high level of competitiveness of agricultural products, raw materials and food can be achieved both by stimulating exports and through technical and technological modernization of agroindustrial products. It is also necessary to develop an export infrastructure, the task of which is to promote domestic products to the foreign market of agricultural products, raw materials and food. It is possible to increase the production of highly competitive, high-quality products intended for export only if there is an effective national export policy, which should be based on factors influencing the strategic directions of export of agri-food products.

Impact of Transparency and Disclosure (TD) on the Market Valuation of the Firms in India: The Moderating Role of Competition

The competitive business environment is new world order, which applies to firms worldwide. Corporate transparency and disclosure (CTD) impact the market valuation of the firms. However, the impacts of CTD on the value in the competitive business environment are not explored well, which is the current study’s aim. Panel data of 76 diversified Indian firms are gathered. The sample (76 firms) is shortlisted from the BSE 100 index for 10 years (2010–2019). The static panel data are applied to the data. It is found that competition negatively (the learners’ index is an inverse proxy of competition) moderates the CTD’s impact on the valuation of the firms. This finding implies that a low level of competition in the business environment enhances the CTD’s impact on the firm’s valuation more than a high level of competition. Moreover, no other study finds a nonlinear positive association of CTD on the valuation and the moderation by competition. The study’s unique outcomes that CTD is effective for valuation only when it reaches a threshold level (found through nonlinear association) and a low level of competition can enhance CTD’s impact on the valuation is a significant contribution of the study.

АНАЛИЗ СОСТОЯНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ГРУЗОВЫХ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ПЕРЕВОЗОК В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The development of road freight transportation in the field of transport and logistics services in Russia is considered in the context of constant changes in the world economy. An analysis was carried out of the factors influencing the volume of cargo turnover and the need to develop cross-border interaction with neighboring countries, as well as expand its own cargo base. The low level of competitiveness of domestic transport and logistics companies compared to foreign companies operating in Russia is noted, and the dynamics of updating road freight transport is also reflected. Active implementation of modern digital technologies and electronic data ex-change in the field of road freight transportation on the Russian market

Starbucks in Comparison to Other Beverage Brands in the Chinese Market

After years of economic growth, China's social wealth has been greatly accumulated, but Chinese enterprises are still there. At a low level of competition and lacking core competitiveness, Starbucks has developed into a world leader in just over two decades. A famous brand, its keen grasp of consumer demand in the era of the experience economy, as well as the mode and core of its brand operation. The creation of competitiveness is worthy of domestic enterprises to learn and research, through the study of Starbucks, hope to be able to domestically. The coffee market has some inspiration. This article examines and analyzes the performance of Starbucks in the Chinese market compared to other beverage brands. It evaluates Starbucks' marketing strategies and market conditions, drawing insights into the development of retail coffee in China. By analyzing the timing of Starbucks' entry into the Chinese market, the state of the Chinese beverage market, and the current situation of the retail coffee market in China, it provides an understanding of Starbucks' expansion strategy, store location strategy, and the challenges it faces, along with feasible recommendations.

Flexible feeding: Dairy cow personality affects changes in feeding behavior and milk production under feed competition conditions

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of individual cow personality traits on feeding behavior and production under low levels of feeding competition, and to determine whether personality traits influence how feeding behavior changes in response to greater feeding competition. Forty-two Holstein cows were assigned to 1 automated feed bin per cow (low competition condition) from 15 to 28 d in milk (DIM; period 1, P1), and 2 feed bins per 3 cows (higher competition condition) from 63 to 76 DIM (period 2, P2). A total mixed ration (TMR) was fed into the automated feed bins which recorded each feed bin visit time, duration, and intake. Cow personality traits were assessed at 21 DIM during P1 and at 70 DIM during P2 using a combined arena test, measuring behavioral responses to a novel environment, novel object, and novel human. Principal components analysis of behaviors observed during the P1 combined arena test revealed 1 factor (interpreted as active-explorative) from the novel environment test explaining 51% of the variance, and 3 factors (interpreted as fearfulness, active-explorative, and sociability toward conspecifics) from each of the novel object (76% cumulative variance) and human (75% cumulative variance) tests. The principal components analysis of behaviors observed during the P2 combined arena test revealed 2 factors jointly from the environment, object, and human tests (interpreted as fearfulness and active-explorative) that together explained 68% of the variance. Fearfulness and active-explorative trait scores were correlated across P1 and P2, indicating stability of personality over a challenging period and advancing DIM. In P2 when competition for feed was increased at greater stage of lactation, the more active-explorative cows appeared to make few alterations to their feeding behavior, yet still maintained their milk yield, compared with lower competition in P1. In contrast, cows who were more fearful increased their feed bin visits from P1 to P2, and less fearful cows increased their eating rate, without increased milk production, despite advanced lactation. Overall, the results indicate that cows of different personalities adopt different feeding strategies in response to a change in their environment, and may benefit from tailored management during challenging periods.

ESG greenwashing and equity mispricing: Evidence from China

This paper explores the impact of ESG greenwashing on equity mispricing. Using a firm-level panel dataset from 2011 to 2021, we posit and document that ESG greenwashing provokes investor sentiment, thus leading to equity mispricing. Compared with the relationship with underpricing, the positive relationship between ESG greenwashing and overpricing is more significant. Cross-sectional tests show that the impact is especially evident in the pre-COVID-19 era, in firms with low-quality external auditing, in firms with low levels of industry competition, and in firms operating in less environmentally regulated areas. Furthermore, we find that peer firms' ESG greenwashing is positively related to equity mispricing.

PRODUCT QUALITY AS THE BASIS OF COMPETITIVENESS
 OF RUSSIAN ENGINEERING

The low level of competitiveness of domestic equipment significantly reduces consumer demand. This problem can be solved only on the basis of improving the quality level and operational reliability of manufactured machines, which are laid down in the production of equipment. (Research purpose) The research purpose is improving the manufacturing quality and reliability of Russian-made machines and equipment by improving their production and technical service. (Materials and methods) Investigated as initial information and materials the actual data on machines and equipment involved in agricultural production of countries; indicators of the intensity of their use and operational reliability. The following research methods were applied: monographic, comparative assessments, statistical, analysis and synthesis. (Results and discussion) The work is aimed at determining the reasons for the low level of quality of Russian equipment, substantiating the need for innovative development of production systems and technical service of machinery and equipment. It was determined that the basis of the high competitiveness of foreign equipment is the use of a proprietary method of technical service. The expediency of innovative development of the production and technological system and the creation of machine-building firms has been established. Only the company is interested in improving the quality of manufactured equipment, and only the company can organize branded technical service of its products. (Conclusions) The conducted organizational and technological studies have shown that improving the quality of manufacturing and reliability parameters of machinery and equipment based on the developed innovative method of organizing production and technical service will bring Russian engineering to a competitive level and ensure competitiveness and import substitution in technology.

Fish Gut Microbiome Analysis Provides Insight into Differences in Physiology and Behavior of Invasive Nile Tilapia and Indigenous Fish in a Large Subtropical River in China.

The gut microbiome is thought to play vital roles in host fitness and local adaptation to new environments, thereby facilitating the invasion of the host species. The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (NT) is an aggressive and omnivorous species that competes with native fishes for food resources, and it has successfully invaded much of the Pearl River basin in China. Here, we investigated the gut microbiomes of invasive Nile tilapia and indigenous black Amur bream (BA) in the same river section using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results indicated that the gut microbiome of NT had several special characteristics, e.g., higher alpha diversity and greater niche breadth, compared with the bream. The gut microbiota of the small size of Nile tilapia (NTS) and small size of black Amur bream (BAS) groups were dominated by Proteobacteria, while those of the NTS and large size of Nile tilapia (NTL) and BAS and large size of black Amur bream (BAL). BAL and NTL were characterized by Firmicutes and Fusobacteriota, respectively. We found that Pseudomonas, Cetobacterium, Ralstonia, and Romboutsia were biomarkers of the NTS, NTL, BAS, and BAL groups, respectively. Moreover, the results collectively suggested that the clustering coefficients of BAL and NTL networks were greater than those of BAS and NTS networks, and BAS had the smallest network among the four groups. Positive interactions between two ASVs dominated the BAS, NTS, and NTL networks, while the proportion of negative interactions between two ASVs in the BAL network was remarkably increased. Low levels of interspecies competition in the NT gut microbiome would contribute to high diversity in the dietary niches and would also benefit the survival and local adaptation of the host. Our results identified specific biomarkers of gut microbial species in invasive Nile tilapia and provided useful information concerning how to monitor and manage invasive Nile tilapia populations.

Paper 60: Effect of Mouthguard Type on Severity of Concussion During Game-Related College Football Competition. A 16-Season Prospective Study

Objectives: Prior studies have either claimed or disputed the role of mouthguard protection in reducing the incidence of concussion. Other than investigating a decrease in concussion rate, no long term studies have specifically compared the effect of type of mouthguard protection on the severity of concussion. The increasing incidence of head trauma in sport, the potential for long-term traumatic brain injury, and concerns of rising medical costs, dictate a focus on variables that may influence concussion severity in contact sports. Therefore, this study quantified the effect of mouthguard type on severity of concussion during game-related college football competition. Methods: 40 universities were evaluated over 16 competitive seasons (2006-2021) across all Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) conferences. Mouthguard type was divided into two groups based on dentist- fitted and self-fitted (generic/boil and bite). Outcomes of interest included concussion severity (simple: 0-10 days time loss, complex: > 10 days time loss), injury category, player position, injury situation, injury mechanism, elective imaging, and playing surface. Data were subject to multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) and Wilks’ λ criteria using GLM procedures, and expressed as incidence rates (lR) per 10 game season. Results: Of the 2,332 games documented, 9,563 total injuries were reported, resulting in 708 (589 simple, 119 complex) concussion cases, consisting of 653 player-to-player contacts and 55 player-to- surface impacts. MANOVA indicated significant main effects of mouthguard type by concussion severity ( F1,705 = 3.587; P = .028), player position by team ( F2,705 = 3.551; P = .029), player position by skill position ( F8,699 = 2.373; P = .016), and injury mechanism ( F6,701 = 4.467; P < .001). Post hoc analyses indicated a significantly lower ( P = .023) incidence of complex concussions [1.3, (95% CI, 0.9-1.6) vs 2.1 (1.7-2.5)], with a significantly higher ( P = 0.014) occurrence of simple concussions [8.7, (95% CI, 8.4-9.1) vs 7.9 (7.5- 8.3)] while wearing dentist-fitted versus self-fitted mouthguards, respectively. Although significantly greater ( P <.05) incidences of concussion were documented across offensive teams [4.3, (95% CI, 3.8- 4.8) vs 3.3 (2.9-3.8)], quarterbacks [0.9, (95% CI, 0.6-1.2) vs 0.3 (0.2-0.6)], and players tackled above the waist [2.8, (95% CI, 2.4-3.3) vs 1.7 (1.4-2.1)] than observed across other teams and injury mechanisms while wearing dentist-fitted as compared to self-fitted mouthguards, respectively. The majority of these cases, however, were diagnosed as simple concussions. Of the 1,150 games (49.3%) played on a 3-layer artificial turf (≥9.0 lbs/ft2) infill system and 1,182 games (50.7%) played on natural grass, surface-related concussions on artificial turf (n = 26; 3.7% of total concussions; 21 simple, 5 complex concussions) and natural grass (n = 30; 4.2 % of total concussions; 23 simple, 7 complex concussions) were minimal and less severe on both surfaces than often perceived. Conclusions: The significantly lower incidence of complex concussions documented with dentist-fitted mouthguards during college football competition may reflect greater shock absorption and redistribution of energy during head impact due to more optimal fit and fabrication when compared to self-fitted mouth protection, translating to less severity of trauma and more expedient return to play. This longitudinal study directly compares and addresses type of mouthguards as they relate specifically to concussion severity. Although findings of this study may be generalizable only to this level of football competition, further research is warranted into lower levels of competition, e.g., high school, youth football, where the use of self-fitted mouthguards is prevalent.

Product Market Competition and Strategic Disclosure of Industrial Segment-Level Information

ABSTRACT This study examines how several determinants of industry product market competition—product substitutability, market size, and entry costs—affect managers’ strategic disclosure of industrial segment-level information. I find evidence of an inverted U-shaped relation between competition and managerial disclosure of segment-level research and development expenditure. Competition is insignificantly (negatively) related to the likelihood of managers disclosing segment-level number of employees at low (high) competition levels. Competition is insignificantly related to disclosure of the segment-level number of employees. The study also finds that a firm’s market share interacts with competition in the industry to influence managerial disclosure. When a firm’s market share increases, managerial disclosure of segment-level information also increases, with this relation becoming stronger at higher competition levels. This study contributes to the literature by showing that the nature of product market competition and a firm’s competitive position in an industry are important determinants of industrial segment-level disclosure. JEL Classifications: D4; L1; M40; M41.

DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN SERBIA FOR THE PERIOD 2015−2020. YEARS

The sector of small, medium enterprises and entrepreneurs has an important role in economic development of all countries. In recent years, they have become carriers of economic growth, regardless these are countries with developed economies, developing countries or countries in transition. These businesses entities contribute to increasing dynamics of the economy and improving its competitiveness. Their basic role in the economic system is to solve the problem related to low economic activity, low innovation, low level of competitiveness, unequal distribution of wealth and income, as well as high unemployment rate through the creation of new jobs. In Serbia, they also represent an important economic factor of development. Given that, they have the potential for further growth and development, this paper is about analysis of the development of the entrepreneurial sector in Serbia and neighboring countries, with special reference to the period from 2015 to 2020 years. The sector of small and medium enterprises is an extremely important economic segment, as the analysis of the development of this sector will show.