Low Combustibility Research Articles

Applications of Surface Modified Ionic Liquid/Nanomaterial Composite in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Nanotechnology is playing an important role in the development of biosensors. The exclusive physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials make them exceptionally suitable for designing new and improved sensing devices, especially electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are salts that exist in the liquid phase at and around 298 K and are entirely composed of ions: a bulky, asymmetric organic cation and usually an inorganic anion but some ILs also has organic anion. ILs have received much attention as a replacement for traditional volatile organic solvents as they possess many attractive properties such as intrinsic ion conductivity, low volatility, high chemical and thermal stability, low combustibility, and wide electrochemical windows, etc. Due to negligible or nonzero volatility of these solvents, they are considered “greener” for the environment in comparison to volatile organic compounds. ILs have been widely used in electrodeposition, electrosynthesis, electrocatalysis, electrochemical capacitor, lubricants, plasticizers, solvent, lithium batteries, solvents to manufacture nanomaterials, extraction, gas absorption agents etc. [1, 2, 3, 4]. This review discusses the electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on carbon nanotubes, metal oxide nanoparticles, and ionic liquid/composite modified electrodes. The main thrust of the review is to present an overview on the advantages of use of RTILs along with nanomaterials for electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Consequently, recent developments and major strategies for enhancing sensing performance have been thoroughly discussed.

難燃性燃料油の燃焼性評価

難燃性燃料油の燃焼性評価

電子制御燃料噴射による難燃性燃料対応

電子制御燃料噴射による難燃性燃料対応

ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids and Green Futures

AbstractReview: 40 refs.

Applications of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Ionic liquids (ILs) are salt that exist in the liquid phase at and around 298 K and are comprised of a bulky, asymmetric organic cation and the anion usually inorganic ion but some ILs also with organic anion. ILs have attracted much attention as a replacement for traditional organic solvents as they possess many attractive properties. Among these properties, intrinsic ion conductivity, low volatility, high chemical and thermal stability, low combustibility, and wide electrochemical windows are few. Due to negligible or nonzero volatility of these solvents, they are considered “greener” for the environment as they do not evaporate like volatile organic compounds (VOCs). ILs have been widely used in electrodeposition, electrosynthesis, electrocatalysis, electrochemical capacitor, lubricants, plasticizers, solvent, lithium batteries, solvents to manufacture nanomaterials, extraction, gas absorption agents, and so forth. Besides a brief discussion of the introduction, history, and properties of ILs the major purpose of this review paper is to provide an overview on the advantages of ILs for the synthesis of conducting polymer and nanoparticle when compared to conventional media and also to focus on the electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on IL/composite modified macrodisk electrodes. Subsequently, recent developments and major strategies for enhancing sensing performance are discussed.

Non-oxidant Thermal Treatment for Organic Waste Neutralization

The paper presents the results of experimental approach on organic waste from food industry processing for complete neutralization, energy generation and disposal. Non-oxidant processes pyrolysis based were conducted both at laboratory and pilot scale aiming for product complete neutralization with respect to pathogen germs, bio-degradation and medium-long term storage risk. The results of the study represent alternatives to currently used disposal solutions mainly based on incineration. For the experimental analysis three main waste types were considered: primary stage processing meat industry (feathers), second stage processing meat industry (bones). Noticeable quantities of organic residues such as feather, bone meal, blood and offal waste are generated by poultry processing industries. These residues making up about 25% to 37% of initial product body weight are a considerable waste of the meat processing industry, due to high specific volume, being produced about million tons per year world-wide. Disposal of chicken meat processing industry is a major concern and accumulation of important waste quantities results in environmental pollution of soil, water and air with direct impact on human health. Depending on processing costs the industry sector uses the incineration (usually provided by specialized companies) or the production of meat and bone meal. To limit the risk of disease transmission via feed and food chain the recovery of organic materials for animal feed is banned. The incineration presents the major disadvantage of important energy consumption due high water content of the product together with polluting emissions and low efficiency if energy recovery is used. For the incineration process support fuel is required due to low combustibility properties of the product. With respect to landfiling the products are considered as difficult substrates for anaerobic digestion because of their high protein and lipid content which are inhibitory for the process.The research focused on the influence of thermal treatment process parameters on product neutralization efficiency and pyrolysis by-products physical-chemical characteristics with respect to energy potential recovery.

Study of the electrochemical characteristics of sulfonyl isocyanate/sulfone binary electrolytes for use in lithium-ion batteries

p-Toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (PTSI) has been used as a novel film-forming additive in tetramethylene sulfone (TMS)-based electrolytes and the mixed electrolytes have been examined for use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The ionic conductivities of the TMS/PTSI composite electrolytes with lithium salt are mostly in the order of 10 −3 S cm −1 at ambient temperature and the electrochemical stability windows are in excess of 5.0 V versus Li/Li +. Compared with pure TMS-based electrolyte, the mixed electrolytes show lower melting points, better wettability and enhanced battery performance. The improved battery performance is mainly attributed to the formation of an effective solid electrolyte interface layer formed by the reductive decomposition of PTSI. The battery performance is influenced strongly by the presence of sulfonyl groups in isocyanate and the addition of different lithium salts. Moreover, the mixed electrolytes exhibit good thermal stability and low combustibility. All of the results show that the sulfonyl isocyanate/sulfone mixed electrolytes are a promising choice for use in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

Ionic liquids and green futures.

Ionic liquids (ILs) offer manifold prospects as solvents (1) for the extraction and processing of materials while avoiding or minimising the handling, inadvertent release and ultimate disposal of more common organic solvents. As the name implies, ILs are frequently liquid at room temperature and consist entirely of ionic species, in contrast to more usual pure liquids like water and acetone, which contain electrically neutral molecules. An IL is a salt in which either or both of the ions are large, and the cation possesses a low degree of symmetry. These aspects tend to diminish the lattice energy of the crystalline state of the salt and therefore reduce the melting point. There are in general two principal kinds of IL, those that are simple salts consisting of a single anion and a single cation and others known as binary ionic liquids which are salts involving an equilibrium. As an example, [[C.sub.2][H.sub.5]N[H.sup.+.sub.3]][N[O.sup.-.sub.3]] is a simple salt that exhibits simple melting behaviour, whereas the binary ionic liquid systems furnished by mixtures of aluminium(III) chloride and 1,3-dialkylimidazolium chlorides contain a number of different ionic species with melting points that vary according to the quantity of each component. In consequence of their negligible vapour pressure, high thermal stability, profound lack of flammability, and tailorable solubility for particular compounds, ILs have many green/environmental applications of which the range of examples chosen below merely gives an indication. One of the earliest truly room temperature ionic liquids was ethylammonium nitrate [[C.sub.2][H.sub.5]N[H.sup.+.sub.3]][N[O.sup.-.sub.3] (m.p. 12[degrees]C), reported by Walden in 1914 (2). In the 1970s and 1980s, ionic liquids based on alkyl-substituted imidazolium and pyridinium cations, with halide or trihalogenoaluminate anions, were initially developed for use as electrolytes in battery applications (3,4). An important feature of the imidazolium/pyridinium halogenoaluminate salts is that their physical properties, e.g. viscosity, melting point, and acidity, may be fine-tuned according to the nature of the alkyl substituents and the ratios of imidazolium/pyridinium and halide/halogenoaluminate ions (5). Sensitivity to moisture/water and acidity/basicity presented an obstacle for some applications of ILs which was circumvented by the creation of air- and water-stable ILs with 'neutral' weakly coordinating anions such as hexafluorophosphate (P[F.sub.6.sup.-]) and tetrafluoroborate [(B[F.sub.4.sup.-]).sup.1]. ILs containing less toxic anions such as bistriflimide (6) [[[(C[F.sub.3]S[O.sub.2]).sub.2]N].sup.-] are being developed along with others completely devoid of halogens. ILs with less toxic cations have also been devised, with ammonium salts (e.g. based on choline (7)), appearing to offer an almost equally adaptable scaffold as imidazolium does. Properties of ILs ILs tend to be moderate-to-poor conductors of electricity, are non-ionizing, non-flammable and frequently exhibit extremely low vapour pressure. Many ILs have a low combustibility, excellent thermal stability, very broad liquid ranges of maybe a few hundred degrees, and are good solvents for various polar and non-polar compounds. Many classes of chemical reactions, including Diels-Alder reactions and Friedel-Crafts reactions, can be carried out in ILs and they may also provide effective solvents for biocatalysis (8). The miscibility of ionic liquids with water or organic solvents varies with alkyl chain lengths on the cation and the type of anion present. ILs may be functionalized to act as acids, bases or ligands, and have been used as precursor salts in the preparation of stable carbenes. Because of their particular properties, ILs are attracting increasing attention in many fields, including organic chemistry, electrochemistry, catalysis, physical chemistry, engineering, fuel and environmental applications. In many synthetic processes using transition metal catalysts, metal nanoparticles may form the actual catalyst or act as a catalyst reservoir, and ILs may assist the formation and stabilization of such catalytically active transition metal nanoparticles. …

Research on Influence Law of Fuel Structure for Low-FeO Sintering

Micro–sintering equipment was applied to simulate sintering process of iron ore. FeO content of sinter-samples under different fuel structures was measured, and then the effect of fuel structure on fluidity of liquid phase and strength of bonding phase were analyzed in this paper. The proper fuel structure was finally discussed under low FeO sintering condition. The results show that: when anthracite was adopted as partial substitution of coke breeze as part of solid fuel, FeO of sinter reduces and self-strength of bonding phase increases. Although fluidity of liquid phase reduces, the fluidity index it is still above 0.8, which can meet the liquid volume needed for sintering. When CDQ powder is used as part of solid fuel, FeO of sinter also reduces, but fluidity of liquid phase and self-strength of bonding phase reduce a little due to its low combustibility. Taking experimental results and practical production together into account, it can be concluded that proper fuel structure that meets low FeO sintering should be “70% coke+30% anthracite”.

Synthesis and properties of electromagnetic wave shielding polymer materials with low flammability

AbstractNovel polyethylene‐ and polypropylene‐based electromagnetic wave shielding and absorbing composite materials with low combustibility, enhanced thermal and mechanical properties, containing graphite, grinded wood, and fire retardants, were developed and investigated. Flame‐resistance, thermal and mechanical properties of these materials was investigated. Electromagnetic wave reflection coefficients over the frequency range 20–40 GHz were measured; at moderate concentration (10–15%) of functional filler, reflection coefficient can be as low as −16 dB for PE and −11 dB for PP composite, respectively. Coke formation mechanism was investigated, the principal role in this process is attributed to aromatization and condensation of aromatic compounds with the formation of polycyclic aromatic systems, an important role of phosphoric acids in accelerating this process was found. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Effect of phosphonic acid salt derivatives on the fireproofing indexes of plasticized polyvinyl chloride

The efficacy of the thermostabilizing and plasticizing effect of new phosphorus-containing systems was investigated in production of items with low combustibility, smoke formation, and toxicity of the products of decomposition. A PVC composite containing mixed pyromethylphosphonic acid ammonium-magnesium salt had the best fireproofing indexes.

Prospects for development of phthalocyanine-containing polymeric materials

Ways of manufacturing polymeric phthalocyanine-containing materials in the form of fibres, films, membranes, and nanostructures, used as photosensitizers, in medicine, in solving environmental problems, and as working electrochemical elements in highly sensitive sensors and gas analyzers, are proposed. Polymer composites with incorporated phthalocyanines have high thermo-and photostable properties and low combustibility. The possibility of synthesizing phthalocyanine nanocrystals in different polymer matrices is demonstrated. These composites, which have optical homogeneity, are new optical media made from organic substances with optical and semiconductor properties.

Polymer composite materials with fibrous and disperse basalt fillers

The advantage of basalt fibres in comparison to glass fibres was demonstrated. The process parameters for production of basalt fibre are reported. The manufacturing processes in processing polypropylene composites with low combustibility and poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites filled with basalt fibres in lines based on a cascade screw-disk extruder are examined. Technology for obtaining polymer coatings using composites with basalt flakes and their properties are described.

A Numerical Analysis of Pulverized Coal Combustion in a Multiburner Furnace

A three-dimensional numerical simulation is applied to a pulverized coal combustion field in a furnace equipped with three burners, and the trajectories of the coal particles with respect to each burner, which are hardly obtained experimentally, are also investigated in detail. Simulation results are compared with experimental results. The results show that the numerical and experimental results are consistent generally. Also, the examination of the particle trajectories shows that most of the unburned carbon originates from the upper-stage burner. This result suggests that the overall unburned fraction can be reduced by supplying coal with a low combustibility to lower- or middle-stage burners and supplying coal with a high combustibility to the upper-stage burner.

Fabrication of polyester decorative upholstery materials with low combustibility

The efficacy of the flameproofing effect of alkylphosphonic acid ammonium salt for polyester materials was investigated. It was shown that treating materials with a 12% solution of APAAS (alkylphosphonic acid ammonium salt) resulted in difficultly ignitable materials. Materials characterized by high surface density and thickness acquired higher flameproofing indexes. The study of thermolysis of polyester materials treated with APAAS showed that this flame retardant causes the formation of carbonized residue of a certain mass, composition, and structure which reduces the combustibility of the material. The flameproof properties of polyester fabrics modified with APAAS persisted over multiple chemical cleanings.

Physical and chemical modification of polyester fibres and filaments to improve the consumer properties of the finished articles

Different types of polyester fibres and filaments with valuable consumer properties are obtained by physical modification of PET. The fibres from chemically modified PET have high dyeability with disperse and cationic dyes, high thermal shrinkage, and low pilling in comparison to standard polyester. A polyester fibre with low combustibility (OI > 27) was made by incorporating fireproofing compounds in polycondensation of PET.

Epoxy-carbazole compositions. Part I. Compositions with 9-(2,3-epoxypropyl)carbazole

Compositions of low-molecular weight epoxy resin Ruetapox 0162 mixed with various amounts of 9-(2,3-epoxypropyl)carbazole (EPK) have been prepared and cured by isophorone diamine. Mechanical, thermal and photoluminescence properties of obtained materials were determined. It was found that low- molecular weight epoxy resin is an excellent dispersing matrix for carbazole groups, which secures suitable mechanical properties, low combustibility and high thermal stability of prepared materials. Moreover, it was observed that the addition of 10 wt. % of EPK improves compression strength by 15%, flexural strength by 33% and also slightly decreases water absorption. Thin film forming ability and optic properties, characteristic for isolated carbazole molecules (photoluminescence maxima at 352 and 368 nm), point at the possibility to use studied materials for light-emitting diodes (LED) construction.

Production and Use Of Polyester Fibres Today and Tomorrow

World production of polyester fibres and filaments in 2002 attained a record level: 20.4 million tons, including 11.8 million tons of complex filaments (+8%) and 8.6 million tons of fibres (+6%). The share of the former has increased at high rates in recent years and is now 58%, which is 16% higher than the share of fibres and twist. New kinds of fibres and filaments based on different polyesters are being manufactured on an industrial scale: liquid crystalline polymers — Vectran HS and Vectran M, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (industrial fibres), poly(butylene terephthalate) (fibres with high dyeability), and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (fibres and filaments), as well as fibres with low combustibility, antibactericidal, conducting, and other fibres.

Polyester Fibre with Low Combustibility

Synthesis of PET modified with Ukanol FR 50/1 fireproofing compound was investigated. Modified PET and fibres made from it were manufactured on a pilot industrial scale. The physicomechanical indexes of the modified fibre correspond to the mass-produced fibre and the oxygen index (27.7%) corresponds to the required fireproofing level.

Physicochemical Principles for Creation of Blended Textile Materials with Low Combustibility and Hybrid Reinforced Composite Materials Made from Them

The following are common to fibre blends and CM made from them: extremal dependence of the combustion indexes of the fibre blend and CM on the ratio of fibres in the blend and large contribution of small amounts of another kind of added fibre in the reciprocal effect of the fibres on thermooxidative degradation of the fibres constituting the blend; closeness of the combustibility indexes of the fibre blend and CM in the absence of a reciprocal effect of the fibres on the thermostability and weight loss in thermolysis of the fibre blend to the combustibility indexes of the less combustible constituents; lower combustibility of CM in reinforcement with a uniform fibre blend than in layered distribution of these fibres in the blend; higher actual strength properties of CM than the calculated values.