Low Budget Research Articles

Advancements in single-crystal silicon with elevated-laser-liquid-phase-epitaxy (ELLPE) for monolithic 3D ICs

In this study, we present a low thermal budget elevated-laser-liquid-phase-epitaxy technique designed for the precise fabrication of single-crystal islands (SCIs) intended for use in middle-end-of-line (MEOL) FinFETs. Each of these SCIs features a (100) orientation tended from Si seeding structure and is successfully integrated as channel materials in the MEOL circuit of a monolithic 3D IC (3DIC). This technique effectively mitigates the typical performance disparities associated with poly-Si channel materials in upper tiers, addressing a significant challenge in advanced electronic device fabrication and potentially enhancing the performance and reliability of MEOL FinFETs in monolithic 3DIC.

Funding and Delivery of Syringe Services Programs in the United States, 2022.

Objectives. To describe the current financial health of syringe services programs (SSPs) in the United States and to assess the predictors of SSP budget levels and associations with delivery of public health interventions. Methods. We surveyed all known SSPs operating in the United States from February to June 2022 (n = 456), of which 68% responded (n = 311). We used general estimating equations to assess factors influencing SSP budget size and estimated the effects of budget size on multiple measures of SSP services. Results. The median SSP annual budget was $100 000 (interquartile range = $20 159‒$290 000). SSPs operating in urban counties and counties with higher levels of opioid overdose mortality had significantly higher budget levels, while SSPs located in counties with higher levels of Republican voting in 2020 had significantly lower budget levels. SSP budget levels were significantly and positively associated with syringe and naloxone distribution coverage. Conclusions. Current SSP funding levels do not meet minimum benchmarks. Increased funding would help SSPs meet community health needs. Public Health Implications. Federal, state, and local initiatives should prioritize sustained SSP funding to optimize their potential in addressing multiple public health crises. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(4):435-443. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307583).

Impact, Implications, Challenges of Accelerating Maternal Mortality Rates in Indonesia

This article discusses the impacts, implications and challenges of accelerating maternal mortality rates in Indonesia. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in Indonesia is still a serious public health problem. MMR in Indonesia shows a downward trend throughout the 1991-2015 period. However, in 2012 the infant mortality rate increased again and then fell in 2018. Even though it shows a decline, the MMR in Indonesia is still relatively high and still above the MDGS target of 102 per 100,000 live births. MMR in Indonesia in 2021 compared to 2020. The impact of a high MMR is a decline in the productive and competitive workforce, a decline in social welfare and poverty, a decline in life expectancy and quality of life in society, a decline in fertility rates and population growth, which can affect the demographic structure and demographic bonus. and declining reproductive and nutritional health status of women and children. Meanwhile, the implications arising from a high MMR are implications in terms of health, social, economic and development status. The challenges faced by Indonesia in reducing MMR are the low health budget allocation, the lack of health facilities and personnel, low access to PONED (Basic Emergency Neonatal Obstetric Services) and PONEK (Comprehensive Emergency Neonatal Obstetric Services) facilities, high disparities in socio-economic levels, and low awareness and healthy living behavior in the community. The conclusion of this short article about the maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is that the maternal mortality rate in Indonesia is still high and has not yet reached the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target set by the UN, namely 70 per 100,000 live births in 2030. This article recommends Reducing MMR requires comprehensive and collaborative efforts from all parties, including central and regional governments, health institutions, civil society organizations, academics, media and society.

Potensi Tanaman Sangitan (Sambucus javanica) sebagai Fitoremediator Tanah Tercemar Logam Berat Zn dari Air Limbah Industri Pelapisan Logam

Phytoremediation is an alternative biological treatment that can be used to reduce soil or water pollutants. Phytoremediation has the advantage of environmentally friendly waste products and a lower budget compared to physical and chemical processes. In addition, phytoremediation has the weakness of long contaminant absorption times, and quite a few plants that are used as phytoremediation agents die because they are unable to survive the high concentrations of heavy metals contained in polluted media. This study aims to determine the ability of the S. javanica (S. javanica) plant as a phytoremediator for soil contaminated with the heavy metal Zn from industrial wastewater. Phytoremediation lasted for 10 days by contacting artificial Zn wastewater with a concentration of 5 mg/L and as much as 50 ml/day on the test plants. The planting medium used was 100% soil (A1) and 50% homogenized soil with 50% manure (A2). Tests were carried out on each part of the plant and growing medium with contact times of 0, 5, and 10 days of phytoremediation. The plant used as a phytoremediator is Sangitan (S. javanica). The optimum contact time in this study occurred on the 10th day of phytoremediation, and the addition of a 50% dose of organic matter in manure had an effect on the concentration of the heavy metal Zn. The accumulation of heavy metal Zn in plant leaves was greater than in roots, with an average BCF of 0.694 for leaves and 0.308 for roots. While the TF value > 1 represents that the Sangitan plant (S. javanica) has the potential to be a phytoremediator and has a high ability to translocate the heavy metal Zn.

Financial implications of the process of shrinking Polish cities for selected aspects of city budgets

Contemporary demographic processes involving the decline and aging of the population and the accompanying economic crisis in many cities around the world are referred to as shrinking. The causes and effects of this phenomenon are still insufficiently explained. The article investigates the financial effects of shrinking on the budgets of Polish cities. The article aims to indicate how the loss of inhabitants may affect the city’s economy, and thus the city’s budget, and to identify and assess differences between selected budget categories in shrinking cities and in those cities that have not experienced the problem of depopulation. First, a literature review was conducted, followed by a financial analysis of the budgets of shrinking cities, which was supplemented with a comparative analysis of the selected revenues and expenditures of budgets of cities that were not undergoing the shrinking process. The research period covered the years 2018–2022. As the analyses show, the way in which cities’ demographic problems impact their financial situation occurs through the economy, the condition of which in the era of knowledge-based economies depends on human capital resources. The financial analysis of selected budget indicators allowed us to conclude that shrinking cities had much lower budget revenues per capita, lower revenue independence, and lower budget expenditures. The opposite situation was observed in the case of expenditure on benefits for natural persons, the higher level of which in shrinking cities confirmed the need for greater involvement of cities in financing social policy.

Compact rover surveying and laser scanning for BIM development.

This paper presents a custom made small rover based surveying, mapping and building information modeling solution. Majority of the commercially available mobile surveying systems are larger in size which restricts their maneuverability in the targeted indoor vicinities. Furthermore their functional cost is unaffordable for low budget projects belonging to developing markets. Keeping in view these challenges, an economical indigenous rover based scanning and mapping system has developed using orthogonal integration of two low cost RPLidar A1 laser scanners. All the instrumentation of the rover has been interfaced with Robot Operating System (ROS) for online processing and recording of all sensorial data. The ROS based pose and map estimations of the rover have performed using Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) technique. The perceived class 1 laser scans data belonging to distinct vicinities with variable reflective properties have been successfully tested and validated for required structural modeling. Systematically the recorded scans have been used in offline mode to generate the 3D point cloud map of the surveyed environment. Later the structural planes extraction from the point cloud data has been done using Random Sampling and Consensus (RANSAC) technique. Finally the 2D floor plan and 3D building model have been developed using point cloud processing in appropriate software. Multiple interiors of existing buildings and under construction indoor sites have been scanned, mapped and modelled as presented in this paper. In addition, the validation of the as-built models have been performed by comparing with the actual architecture design of the surveyed buildings. In comparison to available surveying solutions present in the local market, the developed system has been found faster, accurate and user friendly to produce more enhanced structural results with minute details.

Ayurveda & Bioactives as Adjuvant for Dna Modulation in Cancer Treatment & Adverse Drug Reaction [ADR] – A Glimpse of Traditional Indian Nanotechnology

Bioactives such as Curcumin and Quercetin and herbs such as “Tulsi”/ Holy basil [_Occimum sanctum_ L.] can provide relief from Adverse drug reaction [ADR] caused by chemotherapy in cancer patients. About 50% patients face moderate ADR issues such as nausea, vomiting, headache, and fewer [20-30%] serious ones [hair loss, loss of fertility and immunity]. The growing recurrence or resistance of cancers to chemotherapy and antimicrobial resistance [AMR] are other emerging challenges in addressing the global cancer burden, among the top causes of death. Two targets of herbal/ bioactive actions include topoisomerase that affects cell replication and telomere length and it may reduce resistance/ recurrence also. Patients with special conditions the old, children and less developed countries with low health budgets can especially develop from it.

X-ray astronomy from the lunar surface.

Motivated by efforts to return humanity to the Moon, three cases are reviewed for X-ray astronomy from the lunar surface: (i) facilitation of ambitious engineering designs including high-throughput telescopes, long focal length optics and X-ray interferometery; (ii) occultation studies and the gain they enable in astrometric precision; and(iii) multi-messenger time-domain coordinated observations. The potential benefits of, and challenges presented by, operating from the Moon are discussed. Some of these cases have relatively low mass budgets and could be conducted as early pathfinders, while others are more ambitious and will likely need to await improvements in technology or well-developed lunar bases. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades (part 2)'.

Modern Cybersecurity Software Helps Utilities Avoid Cyberattacks

For small public water systems, vulnerability to cyberattacks is a serious concern. This is especially true for systems operating on a low budget for upgrading outdated information technology equipment and cybersecurity plans.

The Use of Evidence to Design an Essential Package of Health Services in Pakistan: A Review and Analysis of Prioritisation Decisions at Different Stages of the Appraisal Process.

Pakistan embarked on a process of designing an essential package of health services (EPHS) as a pathway towards universal health coverage (UHC). The EPHS design followed an evidence-informed deliberative process; evidence on 170 interventions was introduced along multiple stages of appraisal engaging different stakeholders tasked with prioritising interventions for inclusion. We report on the composition of the package at different stages, analyse trends of prioritised and deprioritised interventions and reflect on the trade-offs made. Quantitative evidence on cost-effectiveness, budget impact, and avoidable burden of disease was presented to stakeholders in stages. We recorded which interventions were prioritised and deprioritised at each stage and carried out three analyses: (1) a review of total number of interventions prioritised at each stage, along with associated costs per capita and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted, to understand changes in affordability and efficiency in the package, (2) an analysis of interventions broken down by decision criteria and intervention characteristics to analyse prioritisation trends across different stages, and (3) a description of the trajectory of interventions broken down by current coverage and cost-effectiveness. Value for money generally increased throughout the process, although not uniformly. Stakeholders largely prioritised interventions with low budget impact and those preventing a high burden of disease. Highly cost-effective interventions were also prioritised, but less consistently throughout the stages of the process. Interventions with high current coverage were overwhelmingly prioritised for inclusion. Evidence-informed deliberative processes can produce actionable and affordable health benefit packages. While cost-effective interventions are generally preferred, other factors play a role and limit efficiency.

Has the Consumer Perception Changed? An Overview of Consumer Behavior towards Organized Retail Sectors in Kolkata, India

The research paper focuses on the change of consumers’ perception towards purchasing different commodities in the organized retail outlets of Kolkata. The study revealed that the behaviour of a consumer towards a particular outlet mainly depends upon factors like product availability, spending pattern, sales man services, store layout etc. The research shows that currently a large section of consumers is attracted towards the organised retail outlets because of wide range of services like variety of payment options provided by the store, visibility of the billing counter, wide range of brands availability, quality of the products, and better service at the store have majorly attributed to preference of organized retail store over the unorganized outlets. Also, parameters like visibility of display of MRP, discount offers, quality of service at the organized store, trolley service facilities etc. are some of the reasons of inclination of consumers towards organized retail stores as compared to traditional retail formats. The study has found mostly the younger generation consumers are tending to have a tendency towards making new experiences mainly for groceries and have an urge to make spontaneous purchases compared to older generation of consumers. Apart from the positive aspects, the study also observed a bunch of constraints that restricts a consumer from going to an organized retail store which are the factors like lower budget, inability of the lower income group of people due to financial constraints, lack of advertisements, unavailability of low-priced products, most of the necessary products being easily available in the traditional markets, illiteracy etc. are some of the major constraints found in the study which have contributed to 19.48% of variance and has been further renamed as consumers perception by using the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) method.

Epitaxial Growth of Large-Scale 2D CrTe2 Films on Amorphous Silicon Wafers With Low Thermal Budget.

2D van der Waals (vdW) magnets open landmark horizons in the development of innovative spintronic device architectures. However, their fabrication with large scale poses challenges due to high synthesis temperatures (>500 °C) and difficulties in integrating them with standard complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology on amorphous substrates such as silicon oxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (SiNx). Here, a seeded growth technique for crystallizing CrTe2 films on amorphous SiNx/Si and SiO2/Si substrates with a low thermal budget is presented. This fabrication process optimizes large-scale, granular atomic layers on amorphous substrates, yielding a substantial coercivity of 11.5 kilo-oersted, attributed to weak intergranular exchange coupling. Field-driven Néel-type stripe domain dynamics explain the amplified coercivity. Moreover, the granular CrTe2 devices on Si wafers display significantly enhanced magnetoresistance, more than doubling that of single-crystalline counterparts. Current-assisted magnetization switching, enabled by a substantial spin-orbit torque with a large spin Hall angle (85) and spin Hall conductivity (1.02 × 107 ℏ/2e Ω⁻¹ m⁻¹), is also demonstrated. These observations underscore the proficiency in manipulating crystallinity within integrated 2D magnetic films on Si wafers, paving the way for large-scale batch manufacturing of practical magnetoelectronic and spintronic devices, heralding a new era of technological innovation.

Realization of low specific-contact-resistance on N-polar GaN surfaces using heavily-Ge-doped n-type GaN films deposited by low-temperature reactive sputtering technique

We developed a low-temperature ohmic contact formation process for N-polar GaN surfaces. Specific-contact-resistances of 9.4 × 10−5 and 2.0 × 10−5 Ω cm2 were obtained using Ti/Al metal stacks on heavily-germanium-doped GaN films, which were deposited at 500 °C and 600 °C using a radical-assisted reactive sputtering method, respectively. The electrode sintering temperature was as low as 475 °C. Carrier concentrations for the 500 °C and 600 °C samples were 2.6 × 1020 and 1.8 × 1020 cm−3, respectively. These results suggest that this method is highly effective in reducing the contact resistance of GaN devices with low thermal budgets.

The Revolution in Breast Cancer Diagnostics: From Visual Inspection of Histopathology Slides to Using Desktop Tissue Analysers for Automated Nanomechanical Profiling of Tumours.

We aim to develop new portable desktop tissue analysers (DTAs) to provide fast, low-cost, and precise test results for fast nanomechanical profiling of tumours. This paper will explain the reasoning for choosing indentation-type atomic force microscopy (IT-AFM) to reveal the functional details of cancer. Determining the subtype, cancer stage, and prognosis will be possible, which aids in choosing the best treatment. DTAs are based on fast IT-AFM at the size of a small box that can be made for a low budget compared to other clinical imaging tools. The DTAs can work in remote areas and all parts of the world. There are a number of direct benefits: First, it is no longer needed to wait a week for the pathology report as the test will only take 10 min. Second, it avoids the complicated steps of making histopathology slides and saves costs of labour. Third, computers and robots are more consistent, more reliable, and more economical than human workers which may result in fewer diagnostic errors. Fourth, the IT-AFM analysis is capable of distinguishing between various cancer subtypes. Fifth, the IT-AFM analysis could reveal new insights about why immunotherapy fails. Sixth, IT-AFM may provide new insights into the neoadjuvant treatment response. Seventh, the healthcare system saves money by reducing diagnostic backlogs. Eighth, the results are stored on a central server and can be accessed to develop strategies to prevent cancer. To bring the IT-AFM technology from the bench to the operation theatre, a fast IT-AFM sensor needs to be developed and integrated into the DTAs.

What Do Different People Look for in a Partner? Effects of Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Mating Strategies on Partner Preferences.

Partner preferences are an important differential in relationship formation and evolutionary fitness, and vary according to individual, ecological, and social factors. In this study, we evaluated the variation in preference for intelligence, kindness, physical attractiveness, health, and socioeconomic level among individuals of different sexes and sexual orientations in a Brazilian sample. We analyzed the preference scores of 778 heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men and women in three budgeted mate design tasks (low vs. medium vs. high budget) and their association with sociosexuality, attachment styles, homogamy, and willingness to engage in short- and long-term relationships. Results indicated a global trait preference order, with intelligence ranking first, followed by kindness, physical attractiveness, health, and lastly by socioeconomic status. Typical sex differences were observed mostly within the heterosexual group, and specific combinations of sex and sexual orientation were linked to variation in preference for physical attractiveness, kindness, and socioeconomic status. We also found unique associations of the other variables with partner preferences and with willingness to engage in short- or long-term relationships. By exploring the partner preferences of non-heterosexual individuals from a Latin American country, an underrepresented group in evolutionary psychology research, our results help understand the universal and specific factors that guide partner preferences and human sexual behavior.

Assessment of the Potential of Sunflower Grown in Metal-Contaminated Soils for Production of Biofuels

Environmental biotechnology needs solutions that are associated with a low budget and cleaner remediation, and which are connected to resources and energetic valorization, to be able to encourage a circular bioeconomy. A prospective resolution for heavy-metal-contaminated soils is the application of phytoremediation approaches merged with bioenergy generation using the resulting biomass. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) has been studied as a feedstock for biodiesel generation, and appears to be very attractive for biogas and bioethanol production. The current study reports an innovative energetic valorization approach of H. annuus biomass derived from the application of a phytoremediation strategy devised to remove Zn and Cd from an industrially contaminated soil (599 mg Zn kg−1 and 1.2 mg Cd kg−1)—and its comparison to the analysis of the same energetic valorization pathway for sunflower plants growing in an agricultural non-contaminated soil. After plant harvesting, bioethanol was produced from the aboveground tissues, and applied in the transesterification of the oil obtained through seed extraction for the generation of biodiesel. Also, biogas production was assessed through the root’s biomass anaerobic digestion. Similar yields of oil extraction—0.32 and 0.28 mL g−1 DW—were obtained when using seeds from H. annuus cultured in contaminated and non-contaminated soils, respectively. The production yield of bioethanol was superior using biomass from the agricultural non-contaminated soil (0.29 mL g−1 DW) when compared to the industrial metal-contaminated soil (0.20 mL g−1 DW). Zinc was measured in minor levels in bioethanol and oil (ca. 1.1 and 1.8 mg mL−1, correspondingly) resulting from the biomass cultivated in the industrialized soil, whereas Cd was not detected. The production yield of biogas was superior when using root biomass from H. annuus cultivated in agricultural non-contaminated soil (VS max. ca. 104 mL g−1) when compared to the one deriving from the industrial contaminated soil (VS max ca. 85 mL g−1). Generally, results demonstrate that substantial production yields of the tested biofuels were attained from biomass resulting from phytoremediation, corroborating this integrated original approach as a valuable alternative for the phytoremediation of HM-polluted soils and as an important strategy for plant biomass valorization.

Rapid and low temperature micro inverted pyramid texturing of silicon via copper catalyzed chemical etching for high efficiency PEDOT:PSS/silicon hybrid solar cells

Here, a rapid, low-temperature yet effective micro-inverted structuring of silicon (Si) via a low thermal budget copper catalyzed chemical etching (CuCCE) has been demonstrated for efficient hybrid heterojunction solar cells (HSCs) based on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/Si in the basic device design ‘Ag/PEDOT:PSS/n-Si/In:Ga’. The inverted pyramidal (IP) arrays have been obtained on a large area of the partially polished (PP) Si surface by the CuCCE in etch bath consisting of Cu(NO3)2/HF/ H2O2 in 100 mM:4.5 M:1.5 M at room temperature (30 °C). The IP-Si shows significantly reduced total surface reflectance (<7 %) than the PP-Si (>30 %) for broad spectral range. The high efficiency device on the interconnected IP-Si surface shows power conversion efficiency (PCE) >10.75 % which is direct enhancement of ∼4 folds (absolute) when compared with the HSCs made on the PP-Si surface. Such high efficiency HSCs employing the CuCCE based inverted structured solar grade Si surface and detailed analyses of PEDOT:PSS/Si interface have rarely been addressed. The junction property has been studied with the help of Nyquist plots and Mott-Schottky (C-V) analyses of impedance sepctroscopy. A direct 2.9 fold enhancement in the recombination resistance along with high barrier potential found for the optimized IP-Si structured HSCs facilitated the improved junction and minimum recombination at the PEDOT:PSS/n-Si interface. The enhanced PCE is primarily attributed to improved light harvesting ability of the IP-Si surface, junction and passivation properties with conformal coverage of the PEDOT:PSS layer. The study will help to explore the high potential of the CuCCE based IP-Si surfaces for future high efficiency devices.

Implementation Performances of Green Open Space Policy in Makassar City, Indonesia

Makassar as one of Indonesia's largest cities, has seen a variety of environmental repercussions as a result of its rapid urbanization and population increase. The management of green open space is part of the city government's objective for a sustainable city vision. The policy implementation was delayed, according to an earlier study, by issues of facilities, infrastructure, and budgeting. It is necessary to do additional studies using different methods to measure implementation performance more precisely. Within three months, primary and secondary data were collected for a mixed methodology approach that focused on the administrative and technological viability of a policy while employing effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, and equality as research criteria. The percentage had increased to 3.52% during the last two years as a result of the budget increase, and there were now seven different types of GOS totaling 1,461 hectares located unevenly among 14 districts, where the distribution priority was not primarily based on population density as the main indicator. Performance throughout implementation was efficient and effective. Law, regulation, and guidelines that were thorough and clear, the involvement of the private sector, good coordination of implementer agencies, collaborative deliberation, the use of integrated licensing technology, and corporate social responsibility were noteworthy factors supporting performance. The performance in terms of adequacy and equality required additional improvement, necessitating more focus on low responsiveness, low budgeting, bad facilities, accuracy in prioritizing distribution, land conversion, and land price.

Energy density enhancement of scalable thermoelectric devices using a low thermal budget method with film thickness variation

Additive manufacturing has been investigated as a more time, energy, and cost-efficient method for fabricating thermoelectric generators (TEGs) compared to traditional manufacturing techniques. Early results have been promising but are held back by including a high-temperature, long-duration curing process to produce high-performance thermoelectric (TE) films. This work investigates the synergistic effect of four factors – a small amount of chitosan binder (0.05wt%), a combination of micron and nano-sized particles, the application of mechanical pressure (20 MPa), and thickness variation (170, 240, 300 µm) – on the performance of stencil printed p-Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 (p-BST) and n-Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 (n-BTS) TE composite films. The combination of these four factors controls the micro and nanostructure of the films to decouple their electrical and thermal conductivity effectively. This resulted in figures of merit (ZTs) of 0.89 and 0.5 for p-BST and n-BTS thinner (170 µm) films, respectively, comparable to other additive manufacturing methods despite eliminating the high-temperature, long-duration curing process. The process was also used to fabricate a 6-couple TEG device, which could generate 357.6 µW with a power density of 5.0 mW/cm2 at a ∆T of 40 K. The device demonstrated air stability and flexibility for 1000 cycles of bending. Finally, the device was integrated with a voltage step-up converter to power an LED and charge and discharge capacitor at a ∆T of 17 K, demonstrating its applicability as a self-sufficient power source.

Studi Komparasi Pengalaman Menginap Tamu pada Hotel Kabin Area Perkotaan dan Kawasan Wisata Kota Bandung

Cabin and low budget hotels are in great demand today, both in urban areas and in tourist areas. Although much in demand, until now there has been no research that measures how the experience of staying in urban areas and tourist areas compares. This study aims to analyze the guest's stay experience at the cabin hotel by comparing the two objects so that it can be used as an evaluation for the cabin hotel management to further improve service quality in providing a good stay experience. The approach used in this study is descriptive quantitative with cross-tabulation data analysis (Crosstab) assisted by SPSS version 25.0 software. By measuring the stay experience based on customer experience indicators consisting of sensor experience, emotional experience, and social experience. In cabin hotels, the results of research felt by tourists show that the experience of staying at cabin hotels in urban areas is more dominant in the sensor experience indicator, while in tourist area cabin hotels it is more dominant in the emotional experience indicator. For future researchers, the researcher suggests adding other variables and taking samples with a wider scope to maximize the quality of services provided for a better and memorable stay experience. And provide training to staff in terms of superior service such as improving interpersonal skills and being responsive to guest needs.